英语试题公共英语部分

英语试题公共英语部分注括号里面的文字的意思

1.根据整篇短文的理解加进去，只是为了正片读起来相对比较通顺而已，省去括号里面的内容也可

2.考虑的翻译的可读性，改变了原本的表述方法，括号里是字面上的意思

3.每句与每句之间的衔接的逻辑连接词

4.对前句翻译的说明另，有些翻译仍然不够通顺，请见谅！八，Put thefollowing passageinto Chinese:、1Critics ofearly schoolingcite researchthat questionswhether4-year-old childrenare readyto take on formal learning.早教的批评者援引有关4岁的小孩是否已经准备好接受正规学习的研究Educators findthat oldertoddlers are more likely to succeed during their school careers,whereas theiryounger counterparts are more likely to fail.一些教育者们发现那些学步较晚的小孩更能胜任学校的功课，而那些较早学步的小孩反而不尽人意Kindergarten children who turnfive duringthe latterhalf of the yearseem to be ata disadvantagewhen itcomesto physical,emotional,social,and intellectualdevelopment.那些4岁半即将5岁的幼儿园小孩，在生理、心理、社交、智力的发展上似乎处于劣势地位Additionally,childrenwhoare nearly six when they enter kindergarten tend to receive better grades andscore higheron achievementtests throughout their schooling experience than do those who beginkindergartenhaving justturned five.另外，相比于那些刚刚5岁就被送进幼儿园的小孩，那些接近6岁才进入幼儿园的小孩在他们学校功课中常常能够获得更好的成绩，在成绩测试中也常常获得较高的分数（一个Being brightand verballyskillful and being ready for schooldo notseem to be thesame thing.小孩）聪明、语言表达能力（是否强）与（他）是否适龄入学似乎并不是一回事It iseasy toconfuse the superficial poise and sophistication of many of todays children with innermaturity.如今小孩身上表现出来沉着、老练与内在的成熟，这两者很容易被混淆Indeed,evidence suggeststhat early schooling boomerangs:Youngsters whoseparents pushthem toattain academic successin preschoolare lesscreative,have moreanxiety abouttests,and,by theend ofkindergarten,fail tomaintain theirinitial academicadvantage overtheir less-pressured peers.实际上，有证据显示，早教所带来的恰恰适得其反那些被父母后面督促着而学业有成的小孩（往往）缺乏创造力,而且对于考试他们显得更加焦虑同时，相对于没有收到重压的同龄人，到学前教育结束之时，他们（已）难以维持最初在学业上的优势Many psychologistsand educatorsremain skepticalof approachesthat place4-year-olds in a formaleducationalsetting.对于将4岁小孩放入正式教育的这种做法，许多心理学家和教育家都持怀疑态度按照一位教授的原They questionwhether environmentalenrichment cansignificantly alterthe built-in话“那些与他们父亲打闹的孩子们，早早就明白了打人和踢人或者其他形式的暴力行为都是不允许的J他们知道何时“住手”They learnwhen toshut itdown.*At playand inother realms,fathers tend to stresscompetition,challenge,initiative,risk takingandindependence.在玩耍亦或是其他的一些地方，父亲往往会强调竞争、挑战、主动、冒险和独立Mothers,ascaretakers,stress emotionalsecurity andpersonal safety.（而）母亲作为看护者，强调的是情绪上和人身的安全感On theplayground fathersoften try to get the childto swingeven higher,while mothersare cautious,worrying aboutan accident.在游乐场中，爸爸经常试着让孩子的秋千摆的更高，而妈妈却总是小心翼翼担心意外、（与第一篇重复）7Critics ofearlyschoolingcite researchthat questionswhether4-year-old childrenare ready totakeonformallearning.Educators findthat oldertoddlers aremore likelytosucceedduringtheirschoolcareers,whereas theiryoungercounterpartsaremorelikely tofail.Kindergarten childrenwho turnfive duringthe latterhalf of the yearseem to be ata disadvantagewhenit comesto physical,emotional,social,and intellectualdevelopment.Additionally,children whoarenearlysixwhentheyenterkindergartentendtoreceivebettergradesandscore higheron achievementteststhroughouttheirschoolingexperiencethandothose whobegin kindergartenhaving justturned five.Being brightand verballyskillful andbeing readyfor schooldo notseem to be thesame thing.It iseasyto confusethesuperficialpoiseand sophisticationofmany oftodayschildrenwithinnermaturity.Indeed,evidence suggeststhat earlyschooling boomerangs:Youngsters whoseparents pushthem toattain academic successin preschoolare lesscreative,have moreanxiety abouttests,and,by theend ofkindergarten,fail tomaintain theirinitial academicadvantage overtheir less-pressured peers.Many psychologistsand educatorsremain skepticalof approachesthat place4-year-olds in a formaleducationalsetting.They questionwhether environmentalenrichment cansignificantly alterthe built-indevelopmental timetableof achild rearedinanon disadvantagedhome.They do not deny,however,thevalue of day-care centersand nurseryschools thatprovide ahomelike environmentand allow childrenconsiderable freedomto play,develop at their ownpace,and evolvetheir social skills.But theypoint outthat manyof the things children once did in first grade are now expected of them inkindergarten,andthey worry lest more and more will now be asked of4-year-olds.These psychologistsand educatorsbelievewe aredriving youngchildren toohard and thereby deprivingthem of their childhood.、8Sociologically,advertising supportsthe masscommunication media.从社会学角度来说，广告是支撑大众传播媒体运营的基础It paysall thecosts ofcommercial televisionand radio.广告为商业电视和广播媒体提供开销It providesviewers withfree entertainmentand newsprograms,though viewersare oftenannoyed bycommercialinterruptions.尽管观众们老是因为插播商业广告恼火，然而广告却为观众们提供了免费的娱乐和新闻节目（然而观众们正因此而不必为娱乐和新闻节目买单）Without advertising,readers wouldhave topay ahigher pricefor newspapersand magazines,and manyof the publicationswould go out ofbusiness.如若没有广告，读者们便不得不为昂贵的报纸和杂志买单，许多出版商也会因此倒闭、9Most publicationshave lotsof advantages.各种出版物都有其各自的优势纸质出版Paper ispleasant tohandle,easy toread,and veryportable:you canread italmost anywhere.物适于上手、易于阅读、便于携带，让你随时随地享受阅读On theother hand,print hasits weaknesses.而从另一方面来说，印刷品也有他的短板Paper is expensive,and articlesare oftencut tofit thespace available.（那就是）纸张非常贵，并且文章通常都需要缩减以适纸张篇幅Printing anddistributing paperisexpensiveand takestime.（同时）印刷和分发这些纸质出版物既耗时又耗财Printed materialsare expensiveto storeand almostimpossible tosearch.印刷品的储藏较为昂贵，且难于（字面基本上不可能用于）检索Electronic publishingoffers solutionsto all these problems.电子媒体为所有这些问题提供了解决方案、10In areport calledResearch Capabilityof theUniversity Systemlaunched thisweek thegroupclaims thatfunds areneeded topay forthe professionaldevelopment“of universityteachers whoare not activein research,to helpthem keepup with their subjectand improvethe coursesthey teach.一份叫做大学系统的潜在研究能力的报告在这周公布，其研究小组声称为了使那些消极于研究的大学老师跟上他们所在领域（的研究进展），提升他们所教课程的质量，我们需要建立一个基金来激励那些有专业发展的大学老师、11None of the methodsconceived twodecades agohas yetto discovera uniformwarningsignal thatpreceded allquakes,let aloneany signthat wouldtell whetherthe comingtemblor ismildor akiller.20年前的这些预报地震的方法中，还尚未发现一种统一的预警信号能够提前预测地震，更不用说预警是否能提醒将至的地震的强烈程度地震是由许多因子引起的Earthquake formationcan betriggered bymany factors.因此，找到一种通用的预警信号是不可能的So,finding oneall-purpose warningsign isimpossible.、12Challenge assumptions.挑战假设Reserve theassumptions youmake aboutproblems.记下你对于每个问题所做展开的设想List theassumptions andwrite theopposite.将这些设想与对其立面一一罗列Henry Fordchallenged thepractice ofhaving workersgo to where buildingmaterials werekept,in亨利•福特挑order tobuild cars,by creatinga systemthat broughtthe materialsto theworkers instead.战了了汽车制造过程中的常规做法，创新了一种汽车装配系统，将所有的零配件的生产分配到每个工人手中，而不是像过去那样单纯将工人们领进堆满零配件的厂房里正是因为如此逆转，生产流水线就这样诞生了With thisreversal,the assemblyline wasborn.13\Nowadays,we heara lotabout thegrowing threatof globalization,accompanied bythosewarnings that the richpattern oflocal lifeis beingundermined,and manydialects andtraditions arebecomingextinct.如今，我们听到了不少有关全球化的威胁在不断增长的说法，还听到了这样的警告丰富多彩的地方生活方式正在遭到破坏，许多方言和传统正在消亡但是，But stopand thinkfor amoment about the manypositive aspectsthat globalizationis bringing.静下心来，考虑一下全球化带来的许多有利之处Read onand youare bound to feelcomforted,readytoface theglobal future,which issurely inevitablenow.继续思考下去，你肯定会觉得有所慰藉，乐于面对全球化的未来一一现在看来，这种未来不可避免Consider theInternet,that primeexample ofour shrinkingworld.想一想因特网这个使我们这个世界变小的绝好例子Leaving asidethe all-to-familiar worriesabout pornographyand politicalextremism,even the mostnarrow-minded mustadmit that the netoffers immeasurablebenefits,not justin termsof education,thesector forwhich itwas originallydesigned,but more importantly ona globallevel,the spreadof newsandcomment.撇开人们对色情文学和政治极端化的普遍担忧，就连最目光短浅的人都肯定承认因特网给我们带来了不可估量的利益，不只是在教育方面一一因特网最初就是为教育设计的，更重要的是全球范围内信息和观念的传播It willbe increasinglydifficult forpoliticians tomaintain theirregimes ofmisinformation,as theoppressedwill notonly findsupport andcomfort,but also be able to organizethemselves moreeffectively.对于政治家来说，要想维持他们误传的政权将会越来越困难，因为被压迫者将不仅得到支持与安慰，而且能够更有效地组织自己MTV is another globalprovider thatis oftencriticized forimposing popularculture on theunsuspecting millionsaround the world.音乐电视是另一个全球性的传播物一一因为在全世界数以百万计没有疑心的人中强行推广流行文化而经常受到批评Yet theviewers*judgment onMTV isundoubtedly positive;it isregarded as indispensable bymost oftheglobal teenagegeneration whowatch it,a vitalpart ofgrowing up.不过，毫无疑问，观众对音乐电视的看法还是肯定的;全世界看过音乐电视的大多数青少年——正在成长的主要群体一一都认为音乐电视绝对必要And in the finalanalysis,what harmcan a few songsand videoscause总而言之，几首歌和几部录像能够造成怎样的损害？Is theworld dominanceof brandslike Nikeand Coca-Cola sobad forus whenall issaid anddone在该说的都说了、该采取的行动也采取了时，像耐克和可口可乐这样的世界主导品牌就会对我们有害吗？Sportswear and soft drinksare harmlessproducts whencompared to the manyother thingsthat have beenglobally availablefor a longer period of time-heroin andcocaine,for example.同许多其他更长时期内在全世界都可得到的产品相比一一比如海洛因和可卡因，运动装和不含酒精的饮料没有害处In anycase,just becauseNike shoesand Cokecans arefor sale,it doesntmean you have tobuy them-even globalization cannot deprivethe individualof hisfree will.无论如何，正是因为耐克运动鞋和可乐易拉罐在待销，所以并不意味着你非得购买它们不可一一即使是全球化也不可能剥夺人们的自由意愿Critics ofglobalizationcanstop issuingtheir doomand gloomstatements.全球化的批评者可以停止发表他们的悲观言论了Life goeson,and hasmore tooffer for many citizensof theworld thanit didfor theirparents*generation.生活会继续，生活将给予世界上许多人的乐趣比给予这些人的父辈的乐趣多、14A qualityeducation is the ultimateliberator.素质教育是最根本的解放It canfree peoplefrom poverty,giving themthe powerto greatlyimprove their lives andtake aproductiveplace insociety.它可以使人们摆脱贫困，赋予他们能力迅速改善他们的生活，从事社会中具有创造性的工作It canalso freecommunities andcountries,allowing them to leapforward intoperiods ofwealth andsocialunity thatotherwise would not bepossible.它还可以使社会和国家解除负担，使它们迅速跨入富裕与社会和睦的时期，而用别的方式是不可能达到这种效果的For thisreason,the internationalcommunity hascommitted itselfto gettingalltheworlds childrenintoprimary schoolby2015,a commitmentknown asEducation forAll.因此，国际社会承诺到二O一五年时，将让世界上的所有儿童都上小学，这就是著名的“教育面向所有人”的承诺Can educationfor allbe achievedby2015到二一五年时，“教育面向所有人”的目标能够实现吗？，尽管这是一项艰巨的任务，但回答肯定The answeris definitelyyes althoughit is a difficulttask.是“能够”If wcnow measurethe goalin termsof childrensuccessfully completinga minimumof fiveyears ofprimaryschool,instead ofjust enrollingfor classes,which usedto be the measuringstick foreducation,then thechallenge becomeseven moredifficult.如果我们现在根据孩子顺利读完最少五年的小学来评估该目标，而不只是根据班级的注册人数来评估该目标一一过去用于评估教育的方法，那么，这种挑战就会更加艰难Only32countries wereformerly believedto be at riskof notachieving educationfor allon thebasis ofenrollmentrates.以前，根据注册率，只有三十二个国家被认为面临实现不了“教育面向所有人”目标的风险The numberrises to88if completionrates areused as the criterion.如果把毕业率当作评估标准的话，那么这个数字会上升为八十八个Still,the goalis achievablewith theright policiesandtheright supportfrom theinternationalcommunity.尽管如此，只要政策合适，国际社会又给予适当的援助，该目标还是可以实现的59of the88countries atrisk canreach universalprimary completionby2015if theybring theefficiencyand qualityof theireducation systemsinto linewith standardsobserved inhigher-performing systems.如果八十八个有风险的国家使其教育体系的效率和质量达到效率更高的体系所奉行的标准，那么，到二O一五年时，其中的五十九个国家就可以实现“所有孩子都能够小学毕业”的目标They alsoneed significantincreases inexternal financingand technicalsupport.这些国家也需要国际社会给予资金和技术方面的大力援助The29countries laggingfarthest behindwill notreach thegoal withoutunprecedented ratesof progress.如果没有空前的发展速度，二十九个最落后的国家将不可能实现该目标But thisis attainablewith creativesolutions,including use of informationtechnologies,flexible andtargetedforeign aid,and fewerpeople livingin poverty.但是，如果有创造性的解决方法，这个目标也可以实现一一包括使用信息技术，国际社会灵活、目的明确的援助以及更少的生活贫困的人们A keylesson ofexperience aboutwhat makesdevelopment effectiveis that a countryscapacity touseaid welldepends heavilyon itspolicies,institutions andmanagement.但是，如果有创造性的解决方法，这个目标也可以实现一一包括使用信息技术，国际社会灵活、目的明确的援助以及更少的生活贫困的人们Where acountry scoreswell on these criteria,foreign assistancecan behighly effective.基于这些标准，在一个国家表现好的领域，国际社会的援助就可能非常有效、15SpeechwritingThe successof a speech is often attributedto theskill of the speaker,with meritbeing giventospeakers whoare confident,articulate,knowledgeable andabletodeliver aspeech withconviction.演讲的成功往往归功于演讲者的技巧，这既是演讲者的优势，同时也足以让演讲者充满自信、滔滔不绝、旁征博引，且能够让其能够以坚定的信念进行演说But oftenit is not thespeakers whowrite thesemoving speeches,it is a speechwriter.然而，写出这些感人讲稿的却常常不是这些演讲者，而是演讲稿撰写人And oneindustry in which thispractise iscommon isthat ofpolitics.其中，政治圈便是深谙此道的行家So whatdoes ittake to be apolitical speechwriter那么，要如何才能成为一名政治演讲稿撰写人呢？One techniqueis introducingcontrast.其中一个技巧就是引入对比当你要通过积极的笔调来This isextremely usefulwhen presentinga positivespin ona negativeissue.扭转消极事件的时候，这是极其有效的One of themostfamous examplesof thiscan beseen inaspeechgiven byformer AmericanPresidentJohn FKennedy:nAsk notwhat yourcountry can do foryou but what youcandofor yourcountry.n其中一个较有名的例子就是美国前总统约翰•肯尼迪的一次演讲“不要问你的国家能为你做什么而是你能为你的国家做什么”Another techniqueis theuse ofthree-part lists.另一个技巧就是三段式的应用This can be anexcellent way of addingfinality orconfirming astatement.这是一种让你给出结论和确认观点的绝佳方法英国前首相托尼•布莱尔就就特Former BritishPrime MinisterTony Blairwas afan ofthis technique.别钟情于这种方法One ofhis mostfamous campaignslogans wasneducation,education,education

1.“教育、教育、教育”就是他最有名的竞选口号之一These techniquescan beused liketools-they can be chosenfrom atoolbox andapplied asnecessary.这些技巧就像工具一般，当你需要的时候，你只需从工具箱里选择一件合适的就行A fewother techniquesyou mightfind ina speechwriterstoolbox mightbetheuseofimagery,anecdotesand alliteration.当然还有其他一些技巧，如意象、奇闻轶事、押头韵等So nexttime youhave toprepare aspeech orpresentation,try applyingone ormore of thesetechniques andsee ifyouhavewhat ittakes tobe awinning speechwriter.那么下次当你准备一场演讲或其他表演时，试着用上面提到的技巧，看看你是否能成为一个成功的演讲稿撰写人、16What makesan originalcontributor inscience isoften notonly ability,but alsosomethingelse,something apparentlyintangible,and noteasily detected.一个人在科学中有独创的贡献，这往往不仅（是他的个人）能力问题，还有其他的因素，一些无形的、难以察觉的因素这些因素深This extrasomething liesdeeply within the individualand needstobenurtured and tested.埋于每个人当中，需要去培养和磨练动机Motivation isa personaltrait thatis primarilyinstilled byseniors such as teachersor parents.是因人而异的，它来自于老师、父母等长辈的循循善诱An important aspect indeveloping motivationisthesetting ofgoals.培养动力的一个重要方面是确定目标A personprobably hasset long-range goals,or atthis pointmorelikedreams,such aswinning theNobelPrize.一个人可能已树立起长久的奋斗目标，这在当时看来还很不现实，比方说要获得诺贝尔奖其实这是很This isgreat aslong asthe individualis realisticallyworking towardshort-range goalsalso.好的，只要他同时能现实地向短期的目标去努力这些就是日常的成These are the day-to-day accomplishmentsthat reallymake workinghard seemfun.就，这些成就确实能使刻苦工作显得饶有乐趣Proficiency inanything requiresa great deal ofdetermination andself-discipline.要精通任何事情都需要极大的决心和自律精神此外，I addition,a personsability tocope withfrustration isalso an important factorin oneslife career.一个人应付挫折的能力也是他毕生事业中起作用的一个重要因素在实Repeated failuresat makingexperiments may be toomuch formany talentedwould-be scientists.验过程中屡遭失败，对于许多有“的想要成为科学家的人来说，可能是非常难受的The determinationto continue,withthe realization thateverything worthwhiletakes a great deal ofpatience,isanessential requirement.认识到凡是值得去做的一切事情都需要极大的对性并决心继续做下去，这是必备的基本条件These factors,together withinherent dedication,will bringabout therealization ofones aspirations.这些因素，再加上固有的献身精神，将会促使个人的强烈愿望得以实现Through allthis it isnotthe triumphbut thestruggle thatbrings aboutthe completepersonal satisfactioninknowing thatyou as a scientisthave givenyour all.由于这一切并不是胜利，而是奋斗，你会产生一种只有你本人才能领略到的完全的满足，因为你意识到作为一个科学工作者你已经献出了你的一切17\I wouldcompare readingto visitingfriends—in thespiritual ratherthan physicalsense.我觉得读书好比串门儿一一精神上的串门，而非身体力行的串门Opening thebook islike gettinginto thedoor uninvited;and turninga fewpages,we mayfindourselves inhis study.翻开书本就想推开一扇未拜访的朋友家的大门；略翻几页，我们便觉得我们已身临其境Besides,we cango visithim asfrequently aswe wantand atany timewe wish.而且，只要我们愿意，我们可以无时无刻经常地去拜访他If wefail to getthepith ofhis argument,we canjust leavewithout saying“good-bye orturn to someoneelse forhelp,and comeback tochallenge him.如果不得要领，还可以不辞而别，或者另找高明，抑或回头和他对质We canget closeto thehost andlisten toevery wordhe has to say,no matterwhere heresides,at homeorabroad,what aperson hewas oris,a contemporaryor aman of the past,whatever fieldhe specializesin,or whetherhe istalking abouta serioussubject ofimportance orsimply chattingplus crackingjokes.不论我们要拜见的主人住在国内国外，不问他属于现代古代，不问他什么专业，不问他讲正经大道理或聊天说笑，都可以挨近前去听个足够We canindulge ourselvesin theanecdotes andamazing talesof thepast,and appreciatethe profoundnouveautheories ofour ownage orhear sensationalarguments meantto shocktheworld.我们沉浸于前朝列代的遗闻逸事之中，也可以领教当代最奥妙的创新理论或有意惊人的故作高论In anutshell,we canbang thedoor shut-closing thebook thatis-the minutewe findanythingdisagreeable ordistasteful,and leaveforthwith.反正话不投机或言不入耳，不妨抽身退场，甚至砰一下推上大门一一就是说，拍地合上书面No onewill blameus.谁也不会嗔怪这是书以外的世界里难得This isthe kindof freedomwe canhardly expectother thanfrom thebooks.的自由！、18The currentvisit toTaiwan forexchange,brief andcursory asit is,has enabledus toseemany places,to visitold friendswhile makingnew acquaintances.这次到台湾访问交流，虽然行程匆匆，但是，看了不少地方，访了旧友，交了新知大家走到一起，谈论的一个重要话题就是中华民族在21世纪的强盛Whenever peoplegather together,animportanttopic ofdiscussion hasbeen howthe Chinesenation canbecomeprosperous andpowerful in the21st century.大家走到一起，谈论的一个重要话题就是中华民族在21世纪的强盛Although theyoung peopleon theMainland andin Taiwanlive indifferent socialcontexts,with theirindividuallydifferent experiencesof life,in theinnermost recessesof theirhearts arewrought anindeliblemark by the finetraditions ofthe Chineseculture.虽然祖国大陆、台湾的青年生活在不同的社会环境中，有着各自不同的生活经历，但大家的内心都深深铭刻着中华文化优秀传统的印记They allcherish thesame idealto rejuvenatethe Chinesenation.他们都拥有着振兴中华民族的共同理想In thisgreat epochatthe turn ofthe century,our motherlandis developingtoward greaterprosperity andpowerfulness.在世纪之交的伟大时代，我们的祖国正在走向繁荣富强海峡两岸人民也将加强交流，共同推进祖国统一大业的早日完成People acrossthe TaiwanStraits areboundtostrengthen theirexchanges and will mutuallypromote the海峡两岸人民也将earliest possibleachievement ofthe greatcause ofreunification ofthe motherland.加强交流，共同推进祖国统一大业的早日完成The preciousopportunities andthe tremendouschallenges attheturnofthecentury havepushed theyoungpeople tothe foregroundofthehistorical arena.世纪之交的宝贵机遇和巨大挑战将青年推到了历史前台At thistransitional phasebetween the two millennia,in whatway theyoung generationshould embracetheforthcoming newcentury repletewith hopesisaquestion towhich we have toseek ananswer.跨世纪青年一代应该用什么样的姿态迎接充满希望的新世纪，这是我们必须回答的问题、19The cultureof anysociety isusually thoughttobeof twokinds:material andnonmaterial.任何社会的文化一般都被分为两类物质文化和非物质文化Material cultureincludes theman-made phenomenawhich havephysical propertiessuch asheight,breadth,and weight.物质文化包括具有高度、宽度和重量等物理属性的人为现象A boat,a machine,a house——all theseobjects arepart ofthe material culture.船、机器和房屋一一所有这些东西都被归为物质文化的一部分The nonmaterial culture isthat portionoftheenvironment whichsurrounds manand whichhas animpacton hisbehavior butwhich lacksthese materialproperties:values,beliefs,traditions,and allthe otherhabitsand ideasinvented andacquired byman as a memberof society.非物质文化则是人类所处环境的一部分，它影响着人类的行为却缺乏上述的那些物质属性,非物质文化是人作为社会一员所创立和获得的价值观、信仰、传统观念及一切其他习惯和思想Contemporary sociologicaltheory tendsto assignprimary importancetothenonmaterialcultureinchoosing problemsfor study.当代社会学理论在选择说要研究的问题时，往往侧重于非物质文化It assumes,for example,that boats,planes,automobiles,and soforth,are notnearly soimportantasthetraditions wehave developedwhich maketheir manufacturepossible-indeed,which prescribehow weareto usethem.比如，社会学理论认为船、飞机、汽车等物品的重要性远不如人们为制造这些东西——确切地说是为规定其使用方法而形成的传统观念的重要性The emphasisof contemporarysociology isto insistthat thematerialculturewouldnotexist hadnot thenonmaterialculture firstbeen availableto suggestthe ideaswhich areembodied in the inventionsofmaterial culture.当代社会学所强调的是，如若不是先有了能孕育物质文化的非物质文化，物质文化就无从产生、20As ascourge ofthe modemsociety,obesity has become theworlds biggestpublic-healthissue today—the maincause ofheart disease,which killsmore peoplethese daysthan AIDS,malaria,war.肥胖是现代社会的祸害，目前已经成为最严重的公众健康问题，心脏病主要因肥胖而起，而现如今因心脏病致死的人数已超过死于艾滋病、疟疾、战争的人数Since theWorld HealthOrganization labeledobesity anepidemic in2000,reports onits fearfulconsequenceshave comethick andFast.自从世界卫生组织于2000年将肥胖症定为“流行病”以来，已经连篇累牍地发表了有关肥胖症引起可怕后果的报告Will public-health warnings,combined withmedia pressure,persuade people togetthinner,just astheyfinally putthem offtobacco对肥胖症发出的公共卫生警示，加上传媒宣传所形成的压力，是否会像最终促使烟民们戒烟那样，说服人们去减肥呢？Possibly.In therich world,sales ofhealthier foodsare boomingand newfigures suggestthat overthepast yearAmericans gotvery slightlythinner forthe firsttime inrecorded history.这是有可能的在富裕国家，健康食品的销量正在大幅上升，而且新的数据表明，在过去的一年美国人的体重有史以来首次略有下降But evenif Americansare losinga fewounces,it willbe manyyears beforethe countrysolves the healthproblems causedby halfa centurysdining toexcess.但是即使美国人是瘦了一点，美国要解决因半个世纪以来饮食过度而造成的健康问题，还需要许多年时间And,everywhere elsein theworld,people arestill pilingon thepounds.况且，在世界各地，人们的体重仍在增加Thats whythere isnow aconsensus amongdoctors thatgovernments shoulddo somethingto stopthem.这就是为什么现在医生们一致认为各国政府应采取措施来制止人们发胖developmental timetableof achild rearedinanon disadvantagedhome.通过丰富环境能否显著地改变一个成长在普通家庭（字面非弱势家庭）孩子的自然成长规律（字面发展/成长时间表），这是他们有所质疑的地方They do not deny,however,the valueofday-care centersand nurseryschools thatprovide ahomelikeenvironment andallowchildrenconsiderable freedomto play,develop attheir ownpace,and evolvetheirsocialskills.然而，他们也并不否认那些托儿所和幼儿园的发挥的重要性它们给孩子们提供了家一样的环境，充分自由的玩乐空间，任孩子们慢慢成长（字面让它们按照自己的步伐成长/发展），同时还培养了它们的社交能力But theypoint outthatmanyofthethingschildrenoncedidinfirstgradearenowexpectedof theminkindergarten,and theyworrylestmoreand morewillnowbeaskedof4-year-olds.但是，它们也指出，以前许多在一年级才要求掌握的事情现在希望还在幼儿园的孩子也要学会，他们甚至还唯恐4岁的小孩知之过少（字面他们唯恐小孩所要要求的将越来越多）Thesepsychologists andeducators believewe aredriving youngchildren toohard and thereby deprivingthemof theirchildhood.（同时）这些心理学家和教育家们认为，我们如此这般强压这些孩子以至于剥夺了他们的童年、2People havewondered foralongtime howtheir personalitiesand behaviorsare formed.人的个性和行为习惯是如何形成的？这是困扰着人们很长时间的一个问题It snot easyto explainwhy oneperson isintelligent andanother isnot,or whyone iscooperative andanotheris competitive.为什么人的智力千差万别（一个人聪明，而另一个人却不是）？为什么有些人（一个人）乐于协作，有些人（另一个人）却争强好胜？要解释这些并不易Social scientistsare,of course,extremely interestedin thesetypes ofquestions.当然，这些问题也是社会科学家们所极其关心的问题他们想（为They wantto explainwhy wepossess certaincharacteristics andexhibit certainbehaviors.我们）解释为什么我们具备特定的个性、表现出一定的行为举止然而There areno clearanswers yet,but twodistinct schoolsof thoughtsonthematter havedeveloped.这并没有确切的答案（可言），但是基于这个问题的两个思想流派已经发展起来As onemight expect,thetwoapproaches arevery differentfrom oneanother,andthere isa greatdealofdebate betweenproponents ofeach theory.正如你所料，两种思想流派是截然不同的，而二者理论的支持者之间存在剧烈的争论The controversyisoftenconveniently referredto as“nature/nurture.”他们二者（关于这个问题的）争论的往往很容易被归结为“先天得之或后天养成二Those whosupport the“nature“side ofthe conflictbelieve thatour personalitiesand behaviorpatternsarc largelydetermined bybiological andgenetic factors.那些“先天得之”论的支持者认为，我们的性格和行为模式在很大程度上取决于生物和遗传因素That ourenvironment haslittle,if anything,to dowith ourabilities,characteristics,and behavioriscentral tothis theory.我们所处的环境对我们能力、个性、行为（的塑造）甚至可能并没有什么作用，而这一点正是“先天得之”论的核心Taken toan extreme,this theorymaintains thatour behavioris predeterminedto suchagreatdegree thatweare almostcompletely governedby ourinstincts.这种理论甚至极端地坚持认为，我们的行为模式在很大程度上是先天决定的；因此，我们几乎完全受我们的本能所支配Proponents ofthe“nurture“theory,or asthey areoften called,behaviorists,claim thatourenvironment ismoreimportantthan ourbiologically basedinstincts indetermining howwe willact.“后天养成”论的支持者们，抑或是常称之为行为学家，他们声称在决定我们的行为模式时，环境比以生理为基础的本能更为重要A behaviorist,B.F.Skinner,sees humansas beingswhose behavioris almostcompletely shapedby theirsurroundings.一位名叫斯金纳（B.ESkinner）行为学家认为，人类的行为模式完全是由周围环境塑造的Thebehaviorists1view ofthe humanbeing isquite mechanistic;they maintainthat,like machines,humansrespond toenvironmental stimuliasthebasis oftheir behavior.行为学家们有关人类的观点是相当的机械的；他们机械的认为，人类对环境刺激的反应是形成他们行为模式的基础The traditionalbelief that a womansplace isin thehome andthata woman oughtnot togooutto workcanhardly bereasonably maintainedin presentconditions.女人当主内（应当待家里）以及女人不应该外出工作，诸如上述传统观念在现如今的条件下将很难合理的维系It issaid thatit isa womanstask tocare forthe children,but familiestoday tendtobesmall andwith ayearor twobetween children.（传统观念）还认为，女人的天职就是照顾小孩，然而现如今家庭规模在逐渐变小，小孩之间的年龄差距也就一两岁如此一来，一个女人用来Thus awomans wholeperiodofchild bearingmay occurwithin fiveyears.照顾小孩得所有时间也就五年之内Furthermore,with compulsoryeducation from the ageof fiveor six,her roleas chiefeducator ofherchildren soonceases.此外，随着五六岁适龄入学，女人作为孩子首席教育家的工作也很快就停止了Thus evenif weagree,thatawoman shouldstay athome tolook afterher childrenbefore theyare ofschoolage,formanywomen,this periodwould extendonly forabout tenyears.因此，即使是我们同意，对于大多数女人来说，待在家里照顾孩子直到他们适龄入学，这段时间也仅仅是10年而已（然It mightbe arguedthat thehouse-proud womenwould stillfind plentyto doaboutthehome.而，仍然）有可能会有争论说，那些以家庭为重的女人仍然可以找到很多与家庭有关的事情去做That maybe so,but itis certainlyno longernecessary forawomanto spendher wholelife cooking,mending andsewing.女人们确有可能如上所述，但是究其一生去做煮饭、修补和缝纫的活已经不再是一个女人所必须的了Washing machinestake thedrudgery outof laundry,the latestmodels beingentirely automaticand abletowash anddry alarge quantityof clothesinafew minutes.洗衣机的问世将洗衣房里枯燥乏味的工作解放，最新式的洗衣机能完成将大量衣物洗涤到烘干的所有工作，而这些工作都是全自动的Refrigerators havemade itpossible tostore foodfor longperiods andmany pre-cooked foodsareobtainable intins.电冰箱的问世使得长时间储存食物成为可能，（与此同时）许多预熟的食物都保存到了罐头中Shopping,instead ofbeing adaily task,can becompleted inone daya week.（这样一来）我们只需一周采购一次，而不是每天如此The newman-made fibresaremorehardwearing thannatural fibresand greatlyreduce mending,whilegood ready-made clothesare cheapand plentiful.（另外，）新型的人造纤维织物比自然纤维的织物更耐磨，在大大节省了修补工作的同时，这些成衣更便宜且更方便批量化、3In countryafter country,talk ofnonsmokers5right isin theair.不吸烟者的权利问题正在一个又一个国家里议论开了While amajority ofcountries havetaken littleor noaction yet,some30nations haveintroducedlegislative stepsto controlsmoking.虽然大多数的国家（对此）极少甚至不采取任何行动，然而有30个国家已经通过立法措施来控烟Many lawshavebeenintroduced inother countriesto helpclear theair fornonsmokers,or tocutcigarette consumption.一些国家通过出台多项法律来保证非烟民不被动吸二手烟（字面还非烟民洁净的空气），或者通过法律减少香烟消费In somedeveloped countriesthe consumptionof cigaretteshasbecomemore orless stabilized.在一些发达国家，香烟消费或多或少已趋于稳定However,in manydeveloping nations,cigarette smokingis seenas asign ofeconomic progress-and isevenencouraged.然而，在许多发展中国家，吸烟（个人认为应该翻译成，烟草消费）被视作经济发展的标志，更有甚者他们还鼓励吸烟As moretobacco companiesgo international,new marketsare soughtto gainnew smokersin thosecountries.随着烟草公司的国际化，这些国家的烟民便成了烟草公司们的新大陆（字面烟草公司需要在这些国家的烟民中找到新的市场）For example,great effortsare madebytheAmerican tobaccoindustry tosell cigarettesin theMiddleEast andNorth Africa-where U.S.tobacco exportsincreased bymore than27percent in

1974.例如，美国烟草业在1974年向中东和北非输出的烟草总额增加了27%以上，为此他们做出了巨大的努力Smoking isharmful tothehealthof people.吸烟有害健康World governmentsshould conductserious campaignsagainst it.世界各国政府应该开展严肃的禁烟运动Restrictions oncigarette advertisement,plus healthwarnings onpackages andbans onpublic smokingincertain placessuchastheatres,cinemas andrestaurants,are themost populartools usedby nationsinsupport ofnonsmokers orin curbingsmoking.限制香烟广告，在烟盒上标识吸烟危害，在剧院、影院、饭馆等公共场所禁烟（等），这是大多数国家为了保证非烟民利益以及控烟的普遍做法But worldattention alsois focusingon anotherstep whichwill makethe smokerincreasinglyself-conscious anduncomfortable abouthis habit.然而，世界各国所关注的下一步重点是，如何让这些烟民更加自觉并且让他们意识到吸烟是陋习Great effortsshould bemade toinform youngpeople especiallyofthedreadful consequencesof takingupthe habit.（同时，）我们应该尽最大努力去告诫年轻人沾上吸烟这个陋习将会带来的恶果与此同时，香烟的价格应当提高And cigaretteprice shouldbe boosted.In thelong run,thereisno doubtthat everybodywould bemuch better-off ifsmoking werebannedaltogether,but peopleare notreadyforsuch drasticaction.在这漫长的禁烟赛跑中，毫无疑问，每个人的生活都将因禁烟而变得美好，然而人们却并没有为这场激烈的禁烟战争做好准备

4、这一篇用了很多比喻及隐喻，还有类比，所以翻译起来比较难，到后面长句较多，超出我的能力范围We aretold the mass mediaarethegreatest organsfor enlightenmentthattheworld hasyet seen;that inBritain,for instance,several millionpeople seeeach issueofthecurrent affairsprogramme,Panoroma.据我们所知，大众媒体是迄今为止最好的启迪民智的方式，比如在英国，时事节目“全景”（Panoroma）每一期都吸引了数百万的观众It istrue thatnever inhuman historywere somany peopleso oftenandsomuch exposedtosomanyintimations aboutsocieties.确实，同时让如此众多的人如此频繁密集地置身于形形色色的社会暗示当中，像这样的情况，在人类历史中还从未有过（这一句当中intimations aboutsocieties社会暗示翻译不好，请见谅）This kindof exposuremay wellbeapoint ofdeparture foracquiring certainimportant intellectualandimaginative qualities,width ofjudgement,a senseofthevariety ofpossible attitudes.置身于其中或许是一种获取某些重要知识、富有想象力的品质、广泛的判断力以及对事物各种可能态度的起点然而单凭如此置身Yet initself suchexposure doesnot bringintellectual orimaginative development.其中却并不能使我们的智力和想象力有所增益It isno more than the masses ofstone whichlie aroundinaquarry andwhich may,conceivably,go tothemaking ofa cathedral.这莫不如采石场中堆卧如山的顽石，你可信，他日将成筑造教堂之材The mass media cannotbuild thecathedral,and theirwayofshowing thestones doesnot alwayspromptothers tobuild.大众媒体并不能筑起教堂，他们如此这般展示这些顽石也并不能使其成为可用之材For thestones arepresented withina self-contained andself-sufficient worldinwhich,itisimplied,simply tolook atthem,to observefleetingly individuallyinteresting pointsof differencebetween themissufficient initself.因为作为这些顽石本身，他们都各自处在一个独立的、自足的世界当中，由于他们的含蓄，我们无非就只能这么看着他们，因此，身处这样的环境，快速的浏览这些顽石各自的闪光点足矣Life isindeed fullof problemson whichwehaveto-or feelwe shouldtryto-make decisions,ascitizens oras privateindividuals.确实，生活本就是各种问题的结合体，因此，身处这种环境中，作为公民或者作为个人的我们，都不得不去抑或觉得理应试着去做决定（或者这么翻译生活充满了许多不管我们作为公民还是个人都必须做出决定的问题）But neithertherealdifficulty ofthese decisions,nor theirtrue anddisturbing challengeto eachindividual,can oftenbe communicatedthrough themassmedia.然而，这些抉择本身所具有的真实难度，还有抉择时所带来令人烦恼的难题，这一切都没有在大众媒体上得到报道和体现（commimitcated意为沟通，交流，若直译读起来不太通顺）The disinclinationto suggestreal choice,individual decision,which istobefound inthemassmedia isnotsimply theproduct ofa commercialdesire tokeep thecustomer happy.大众媒体不愿给出明确的答案，这种行为，不能简单的将其视为一种想要取乐顾客的商业手段It iswithin thegrain ofmass communications.它是存在于大众传媒的产物之中的（The organsoftheEstablishment,however well-intentioned theymaybeand whatevertheir formthe）State,the Church,voluntary societies,political parties,have avested interestin ensuringthatthepublicboat isnot violentlyrocked,andwillso affectthosewhowork withinthemassmedia that they willbe ledinsensiblytowards forms of productionwhich,though theygo throughthe motionsof disputeandenquiry,donotbreak throughthe skintowheresuch enquiriesmight reallyhurt.官方的机构（州、教会、志愿者协会、政党），无论他们是否可能是善意的，都注重自己的既得利益，确保公众的反应不是太激烈，注重自己在社会中的地位不被动摇，并极尽所能的对那些在大众媒体中工作的人造成影响，使他们不知不觉为政府机构的生产形式而左右，尽管这些新闻从业者会走个讨论、询问的过场，但这并不会触及到政府的关键之处（触及到要害）They will tendtomove,when exposingproblems,well withinthe acceptedcliche-assumptions ofdemocraticsociety andwilltendneither radicallyto questionthese clichesnor tomake adisturbingapplication ofthem tofeatures ofcontemporary life.他们揭露问题往往只是在民主社会可以接受的老一套观点内进行既不对这些老一套的表示出一点过激的疑问，在涉及现代生活时也尽量不让各方面感到难堪They willstress the“stimulation“the programsgive,but thissoon becomesan agitationof problemsforthe sakeoftheinterest ofthat agitationitself;they willtherefore,again,assist aform ofacceptance ofthe（现状）.status quo他们会通过电视节目来施以刺激，但是出于利益的角度，这种做法很快的变成一种煽动；最后反过来又成为让大家接受现状的推手There wereexceptions tothis tendency,but theyare uncharacteristic.（当然）这种情况也有例外，然而却不是典型的The resultcanbeseen ina hundredradio andtelevision programsas plainlyasinthe normaltreatmentof publicissues inthe popularpress.在广播电视节目中常能看到这样的处理结果，就如同公共媒体应对普通的公共事件一样简单明了Different levelsof backgroundinthereaders orviewers maybe assumed,but whatusually takesplace isasubstitute forthe processof arrivingat judgement.公众媒体需要考虑到不同层次观众或读者的背景情况，然而常常发生的是Programs suchas thisare noteworthyless forthe“stimulation“they offerthan forthe factthatstimulation repeatedat regularintervals maybecome asubstitute forandsoa hindranceto judgementscarefullyarrived atandtestedinthemind andonthepulses.使...丧失活Mass communications,then,donotignore intellectualmatters;they tendto castrate力them,to allowthemtosit onthe sideofthefireplace,sleek anduseless,a familyplaything.

5、Writing,asacareer,offers arange ofpersonal rewards.作为一种职业，写作能为作者提供一系列的回报写作让人It enablespeopletoexpress themselves,as wellastoentertain,inform,and influenceothers.表达自己的同时，同样能够娱乐、告知、影响他人With onlyafewtools—paper,a typewriter,a pencil,and oftena personalcomputer,a writercan haveanimpact onthe surroundingworld.仅仅需要一张纸、一台打印机、一支笔或者一台个人电脑，作家就可以凭此写出惊世之作Butmost authorsspend hundredsof hoursperfecting theirskills beforethey cansell anyoftheir works.然而，绝大多数的作家能够以写作养活生计之前，他们都需要花费时日去磨练他们的写作技艺要想成为一个作A personwho wantstobea writershould setaside sometime towrite everyday.家，每日行文是必须的想要在文章中Learning toexpress ideasclearly andeffectively inwriting takesagreatdealofpractice.清晰、有效地表达自己的想法需要做大量的写作练习Many experiencedwriters keepa journal.许多有经验的作家都有记日记的习惯日记是储存信息、观察和A journalcan serveasastorehouse forinformation,observations,and ideas.想法的宝库It canalsobea placeto developnew material.它同样也可以是提炼新素材的宝库Beginning writersshould readmany kindsof writingencountered everyday andpay specialattentionto what they findmost interesting.初学写作的人应该阅读日常碰到的各式各样的作品,要特别留意那些他们特别感兴趣的文章News items,feature stories,textbooks,cookbooks,repair manuals,poems,essays,short stories,novels,and playsdiffer intheir methodsof organizingand presentingmaterial.新闻、特写、教材、食谱、维修手册、诗歌、散文、短篇故事、小说和戏剧在组织和呈现素材的时候各有各的手法A beginningwriter whoreads widelyand carefullywill developan appreciationof differentwritingapproaches andstyles.通过广泛而细致的阅读可以帮助初学写作的人提高对不同写作手法和写作风格作品的鉴赏能力In time,the writercan acquirea moreflexible approachto hisor herown work.随着时间的推移，作家就可以在他/她的作品中游刃有余Successful authorswrite aboutsubjects theyknow andunderstand.成功的作家写的主题是他们知晓的领域有时候他们会花They sometimestake weeksor monthsrevising orrefining anarticle,poem,or story.数周甚至数月时间去修改、精炼一篇文章、诗歌或者故事Beginning writersusually benefitfrom findingone ormore friendlycritics whowill readtheirworkanddiscuss itsstrengths andweaknesses withthem.初学写作的人往往能从友善的评论家（的点评）那受益，因为这些评论家会研读他们的作品并与他们一同讨论作品的优点和缺点High schoolsand collegesoffer manylearning opportunitiesfor youngwriters.高中和大学为年轻的作家提供了许多学习的机会Composition andliterature coursescanbehelpful.作文和文学课程（对于年轻的作家）也非常有帮助Creative writingand journalismcourses mayfurther assista beginningwriter indeveloping hisor herskills.创意写作和新闻写作课程可以更加深入的帮助一个初学写作的人提升他/她的写作能力许多Many studentswork onliterary magazines,newspapers,or yearbookspublished bytheir schools.学生在位文学杂志社、报社或者学校年鉴出版出版社工作他们可能在那儿写故事、编辑They maywrite stories,edit articles,or gainother valuableexperience.文章，或者（为写作）积累宝贵的经验、6Few peopledoubt thefundamental importanceof mothersin child-rearing,butwhatdofathers do鲜少有人怀疑母亲在照顾孩子方面的根本重要性，然而，爸爸（的重要性）呢他们对家里面的Much ofwhattheycontribute issimply theresult ofbeing asecond adultinthehome.贡献仅仅是作为家里面第二个成年人所做的Bringing upchildren isdemanding,stressful andexhausting.拉扯大一个小孩往往是吃力的、有压力且疲惫的Two adultscan supportand makeup foreach othersdeficiencies andbuild oneach othersstrengths.两个大人（爸爸妈妈）可以相互支持，互补不足各取所长Fathers alsobring anarray ofunique qualities.爸爸（在养育孩子方面，同样）可以取得一系列特别的作用（字面独特的品质）Some arcfamiliar:protector androle model.其中一些为人们所熟知，即保护者和（孩子的）榜样Teenage boyswithout fathersare notoriouslyprone totrouble.众所周知，没有父亲的男孩更容易招惹麻烦The pathwayto adulthoodfor daughtersis somewhateasier,but theymust stilllearn from their fathers,inways theycannot fromtheir mothers,how torelate tomen.女孩的成人之路相对来说要简单一些，然而，她们也必须仍然要从父亲那儿学习如何与男性相处，这一点是她们无法从母亲那儿学来的They learnfromtheir fathers aboutheterosexual trust,intimacy anddifference.她们从父亲那儿学会了对异性的信任、亲密与区别她们They learnto appreciatetheir ownfemininity fromthe onemale whois mostspecial intheirlives.要从一个男人身上学习欣赏自己身上的女性温柔之美，而这个男人在她生命当中是那么特殊Most important,through lovingandbeingloved bytheir fathers,they learnthattheyare love-worthy.最重要的是，通过从她们的父亲那儿学到爱与被爱，她们将会明白她们不负所爱（字面她们是值得被爱的）Current researchgives muchdeeper—andmoresurprising—insight intothe fathersrole inchild-rearing.对于儿童成长阶段父亲的角色，最近的研究给出了更加深刻且令人意外的发现One significantlyoverlooked dimensionof fatheringis play.其中一个显然被忽略的方面就是玩耍From theirchildrens birththrough adolescence,fathers tendto emphasizeplay morethan caretaking.从呱呱坠地到青春期，父亲往往着重于与孩子们玩耍多过照顾The fathersstyle ofplay islikelytobe bothphysically stimulatingand exciting.与父亲玩耍的是的方式更加倾向于身心的激励（字面身体上的刺激和让人兴奋）With olderchildren itinvolves moreteamwork,requiring competitivetesting ofphysical andmentalskills.与年长一点的孩子相处时，玩耍中要包含了更多的团队合作，还需要有关心理和生理方面的小竞赛这常常类似于一种教学It frequentlyresembles ateaching relationship:come on,let meshow youhow.关系一一来吧，让我来教你怎么做Mothers playmore atthe childslevel.母亲与孩子之间的玩耍多在孩子们的孩童时期They seemwilling tolet thechild directplay.她们对孩子们玩耍的期望较为直接（字面她们更希望让孩子们直接玩）Kids,at leastintheearly years,seem toprefer to play withdaddy.至少在最初的几年里，孩子们更愿意与他们的爸爸玩耍In onestudy of2-5-year oldswho weregiven achoice,morethantwo-thirds chosetoplaywith theirfather.一个对2・5岁这个年龄段小孩的研究指出，当让这些小孩选择跟谁玩时，超过三分之一小孩得选择是他们的爸爸The wayfathers playhas effectson everythingfromthemanagement ofemotions tointelligence andacademicachievement.与父亲玩耍的方式会对很多方面产生影响，从情绪控制到智力发展，甚至是学业成绩It isparticularly importantin promotingself-control.特别是在情绪控制方面有非常重要的促进作用According toone expert,Hchildren whoroughhouse withtheirfathersquickly learnthat biting,kickingand otherformsofphysical violencearenotacceptable/。