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个体差异性辅导教案学科知识点考占.教学V
八、、•能力:目标方法:难点重点课前作业完成情况优口良口中口差口建议检查初中英语三大从句详解句+从属连词+f窗单句结构简单从rdinate Clausei)是复合句中不能独立成句,但具有主语部分和谓语部分,由that.句(Subowho、wher等引导词(CDnnective)引导的非主句部分主语从句宾语从句名词性从句”表语从句从句类别.i同位语从句过课(6类)形容词性从句------定语从句堂1副词性从句一主语从句、表i一状语从句教前四类由于句;后两类定i吾从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句子的功用相当于名词,所以通吾从称名词性从为条件状语从句和状语从句功用相当于形容词,称为形容词性从句状语从可、原因学句还可以分状语从句、方位状语从句和时间状语从句彳过程【宾语从句】
一、概述程在之前对简单句的学习中,我们了解了“主谓宾”这种结构先来回顾一下,比如“他打我‘这个中文句子,这句话应该很好理解,“他”是主语,是整句话中陈述的对象(往往由代词或名词来担当);“打”是谓语,是主语所做的动作;“我”是宾语,用在谓语动词的后面那么,把这句话翻译成英语怎么说?来分析一下吧!句中的是主语,________是动词,作谓语,而________是动作的对象(或者说是行为的承受者),是宾语那么,什么是从句呢?还是先从简单句来理解简单句表示句子中只包含一个主谓宾从句就是一句话当中包含两个句子,也就是两个主谓宾宾语从句在复合句中起宾语作用,是中考重要考点之一对于宾语从句的考查,常是关于宾语从句的引导词(连接词)、时态和语序简析如下⑵当whom、which省去时介词不能提前例Is hetheboyyouwent therewilh他是和你一起去那儿的男孩吗?This istheroom helivedin,这是他住过的房间⑶当whom,which作为含有介词的动词短语的宾语时,介词一般来说不能拆开提前例:Youre theveryman whomIm lookingfbr.你正是我在找的那个人【状语从句】
一、概述状语从句指的是在主从句中作状语的从句,修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等状语从句放在主句之前时,常用逗号分开;若放在主句之后,一般不用逗号按其意义和作用划分,常见的有以下几种状语从句可以表示时间、条件、原因、地点、目的、结果、让步、方式、比较等意义
1.时间状语从句
2.条件状语从句
3.原因状语从句
4.结果状语从句
5.比较状语从句
6.目的状语从句
7.让步状语从句
8.地点状语从句
二、详解;
1.时间状语从句1时间状语从句常用when,as,while,before,after,since,till,until,as soonas等连词来引导例如It wasraining hardwhen gotto schoolyesterday.Whilehe wasdoinghis homework,the telephonerang.As hewalked alongthe lake,hesang happily.Hehad learneda littleChinesebeforehecame to China.After hefinishedmiddleschool,he wentto workina factory.2在时间状语从句里,通常不用将来时态,用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态例如Ill ringyou upas soon asIget toNewYork.Iwill tellhimeverything when he conicsback.Hewont believeituntilhesees itwithhis owneyes.3在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里,如果主句用肯定式,其含义是“•直到……时”,谓语动词只能用延续性动词如果主句用否定式,其含义是“直到……才……”,“在……以前不……”,谓语动词可用瞬间动词例如The youngman readtillthelight wentout.Lets waituntil therainstops.Wcwont startuntilBob comes.Dont getoff untilthebusstops.
2.条件状语从句⑴条件状语从句通常由if,unless引导例如:Whatshall wedoifitsnows tomorrowDontleave thebuildingunlessI tellyou to.2在条件状语从句里,谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态例如Fil help you withyourEnglish ifamfree tomorrow.He wontbelateunless heisill.3“祈使句+andor+陈述句“在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句例如Hurry up,oryoull belate.=If youdont hurryup,youll belate.Study hardand you willpass theexam.=If youstudy hard,youwillpass theexam.
3.原因状语从句1原因状语从句通常由because,since,as引导例如Hedidnt cometoschool becausehewas ill.As it is raining,wc shallnot gothezoo.Sinceyou canianswer hequestion,Til asksomeone else.2because表示直接原因,语气最强Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后回答由why提出的问题,只能用becauseAs和since语气较弱,一般用来表示明显的原因由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首例如------Whyarent goingthere---------Because Idontwant to.As hehas nocar,hecant getthere easily.
4.结果状语从句1结果状语从句由so...that,such...that,so that引导例如Heis sopoorthat hecantbuya bikeforhisson.Sheis suchagood teacherthat everybodylikes her.My pencilfell underthedesk,so thatIcouldnt seeit.2so...that语such...that可以互换例如在由so...that引导的结果状语从句中,so是副词,与形容词连用其结构是:...so+形容词副词+that+从句例如Hewas soglad thathe couldn,t sayaword.The hallisso bigthat itcanhold2,000people.Motherlives sofaraway thatwe hardlyever seeher.在由such...that引导的结果状语从句中,such是形容词,它修饰的可以是单数或复数可数名词,也可以是不可数名词;名词前面可以带形容词,也可不带如果是单数可数名词,前面需加不定冠词a或an例如It wassuch ahotday thatnobodywanted to doanything.Hehad suchlongarms thathe couldalmost ouchheceiling.Hemade suchrapid progressthat hedidvery wellin themid-term.有时上述两种结构是可以互换的例如It wassuch awonderfulfilm thatall ofuswanted to seeit again.=The filmwas sowonderful thatall ofuswanted toseeit again.It issuch animportantmatch that nobodywants tomissit.=Thc matchis soimportantthatnobodywantstomissit.3如果名词前由many,much,little,few等词修饰时,只能用so,不用such例如Soon therewere somany deerthat theyateupall thewildroses.Hehas solittletimethat hecantgo tothecinemawith you.
5.比较状语从句比较状语从句通常由as...as,比较级+than…等连词引导例如Tom runsfaster thanJohn does.Thisclassroom isasbig asthat one.
6.目的状语从句1目的状语从句通常由so that,inorder that引导例如:Wcstarted earlyso thatwe couldcatch thefirsttrain.Hestudies hardso that hecouldwork betterin thefuture.Weusedthecomputer inorder thatwemight savetime.2so that既可引导目的状语从句,又可引导结果状语从句区别这两种从句的办法有两个1目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词can,could,may,might等2从意思上看,目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确例如Speak clearlyso that theymay understandyou.目的状语从句Jack isbadlyill sothat hehas to rest.结果状语从句
7.让步状语从句1让步状语从句通常由although,though等连词引导例如Though heisyoung,heknows alot.Although Iamtired,I mustgoonworking.2althoughthough不能用在同一个句子中例如:我们不能说:Though itwasraining hard,but hestillwentout.力》该说Though itwasraining hard,hestill wentout.或It wasraining hard,but hestillwentout.
8.地点状语从句地点状语从句常常由where来引导例如Go whereyou like.Wherethere isawill,there isaway.总结一下状语从句的引导词吧!状语从句类型引导词时间状语从句条件状语从句原因状语从句结果状语从句比较状语从句目的状语从句让步状语从句地点状语从句考点提炼中考英语常见从句考点分析及模拟练习
(一)宾语从句中考考点宾语从句在初中英语语法中有着相当重要的地位,几乎每年的中考都有对宾语从句不同角度的考杳认真研读了近年来有关宾语从句的中考题,发现其考查的重点一般都集中在以下几个方面
一、连接词宾语从句的连接词分为三类
1.引导陈述句用that(在口语或非正式文体中常常省略)
2.引导一般疑问句用if或whether注意下列几种情况通常使用whether
(1)在具有选择意义又有or或ornot时,尤其是直接与ornot连用时,往往用whether;
(2)在介词之后用whether;
(3)在不定式前用whether等
3.引导特殊疑问句,只需用原来的特殊疑问词[考例]Wed liketoknow_____________ornot.(2(X)4年山东潍坊)A.whether willthesports meetingcome B.ifwill thesports meeting comeC.whether thesports meeting willcomeD.ifthesports meetingwillconic
二、语序在含宾语从句的复合句中,不管主句是陈述句还是疑问句,从句•律是用“连接词+陈述句语序”,其标点符号由主句来决定【考例】-Excuseme,could youtell me______________-Certainly.Its overtherealong thestreetontheleft.(2005年占林)A.where thePeoples Parkis B.where isthePeoples ParkC.thePeoples Parkis where D.thePeoples Parkwhere is
三、时态
1.如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时,宾语从句的时态可视情况使用任何一种相关的时态
2.如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态,宾语从句必须使用过去相应的某一种时态
3.如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等,不管主句是用什么时态,从句时态习惯上都用一般现在时
4.情态动词could/would用于“请求”,表示委婉、客气的语气时,从句时态不受主句的约束[考例]Do youknow____________thistimeyesterday(2005年黑龙江)A.what sheiscooking B.what isshecookingC.what shewascooking D.what wasshecooking
四、否定转移当宾语从句表示否定的意义时,若主句主语为第一人称且谓语动词是think/believe/suppose/expect等时,应在主句上加以否定【考例】Idont think_____________rain thisafternoon.(2005年江苏徐州)A.it wontB.its goingtoC.if itsgoing toD.whether itsto
五、简化宾语从句在一定条件下,可以简化为“特殊疑问词+不定式”、“it+形容词+不定式短语”、复合宾语、动词不定式(名词、动名词、形容词或副词、过去分词)短语、名词和过去分词等[考例]Idon,t knowwhatI shoulddowiththeletter.(改为简单句)(2005年山东烟台)Idont knowwhat_________________________withtheletter.答案与解析答案为to do.当主句谓语动词是know,leam,forget,remember等,其后接疑问词(连接代词/副词)引导的宾语从句,且该从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,宾语从句可简化成“疑问词(连接代词/副词+不定式(短语)”结构,故空白处填tdo
六、注意点if/when既可以引导宾语从句,也可以引导状语从句,应注意它们在两种从句中的意思和用法的不同if/when引导宾语从句时,意思分别为“是否”和“何时”,此时它们的时态根据具体情况而定if和when引导状语从句时,意思分别为“如果”和“当……的时候”,此时如果主句是一般将来时,从句部分则用一般现在时[考例】Werenot sureifit____________tomorrow.If it_____________we won【climb(heSouthHill.(2004年青海西宁)A.will snow;snows B.willsnow;will snowC.snows;snows D.snows;willsnow【语法过关】
1.—Couldyou tellus howlong________一About threedays.A.does thesportsmeetinglast B.thesportsmeetinglastC.willthesports meetinglast D.thesportsmeetingwilllast
2.Iwant loknow_______,A.what ishis nameBwhats hisname C.that hisname isD.what hisnameis
3.Parents aretaught tounderstand________importanteducation istotheir childrens future.(2(X)4广东卷)A.that B.how C.such D.so
4.Iwonder________they willcomehere withtomorrow.A.whether B.when C.who D.how
5.-Could youtell me______-Im notsure.A.howmany peoplehave beenout ofhospitalB.when isThanksgivingC.which animaldoes helikebest D.what timewillthedolphinshowstart
6.-Can Ihelpyou-Yes.Id likeaticket(oMount Emei.Can you(ell me______takelo gelthereA.howsoon willitB.how soonitwill C.howlong itwillD.howlong willit
7..—Couldyou letme know_____________yesterday-Because thetraffic washeavy.A.why didyouconic lateB.whyyou camelateC.why doyoucome lateD.why youcome late
8.Acomputer canonly do___________you haveinstructed itto do.A.how B.after C.what D.when
9.The otherday,my brotherdrovehis cardownthestreet at____________Ithought wasadangerousspeed.A.as B.which C.what D.that
10.Ithink Fatherwouldliketo know________Ive beenuptoso far,so Idecideto sendhim aquicknoteA.which B.why C.what D.how
(二)定语从句中考考点根据对定语从句部分全国各省市中考试题的分析可知,今后该部分仍将是重点考查点之一其考杳重点为
1.定语从句的功用和结构
2.关系代词和关系副词的功用
3.各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法
一、考查以that与which引导的定语从句
1.通常只能用Ihat的情况1)当先行词是不定代词al1,few,little,much,something,anything,nothing,everything等时2)先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级以及被al1,any,every,each,few,little,no,some,theonly.thevery.thelast等修饰时3)如果先行词既指人又指物,应用关系代词由讥[考例】Withoutfriendship,onecantbehappyalthoughheisrichenough.Asforme,Iwillneverforgetthedays_Ispent withmydearest friend.[哈尔滨市]A.that B.when C.whol答案]A[解析]在定语从句中,引导词who(指人)which(指物)that(指人或物)由先行词thedays作spent的宾语可判定用that引导
2.通常只用which的情况1引导非限定性定语从句,用关系代词Which指代前面整个句子的内容2引导非限定性定语从句,而且先行词指物时只能用which,不用that3如果句中有两个定语从句,如果两个从句都可以用Ihal引导,那么其中一个应改用which引导【考例】Many youngpeoplelove thesongs___________have greallyrics.[成都市|A.who B.those C.which[答案]C[解析]考查定语从句定语从句的引导词有which,who,where,that,故排除B,who指人,又排除了A,先行词是物,故选C
二、考查以who,whom与whose引导的定语从句m1如果先行词是指人的不定代词anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,nobody»one,ones,those,all指人等作先行词,作主语用who,作宾语用whomwho而不用which02在非限制性定语从句中,指人作主语用who,作宾语用whom,who3在定语从句中,作定语的关系代词只能用whose,它相当于the+名词+of+which/whom;非限制性定语从句中还有“代词/数词+of+which/whom”结构[考例Theman_________gave usatalk onscienceyesterday isa famousscientist.[广东省]A.who B.whose C.which D.whom[答案]A[解析]本题考查定语从句的关系代词先行词为the man,指人,排除which;连接代词在从句中作主语,排除whose和whom故本题选who-Do youknowtheman_is runningalongthestreet-Yes.He isourEnglish teacher.[长沙市]A.who B.which C.whom[答案]AJ解析]考查定语从句限制性定语从句,如果修饰人,一般用关系who,有时用【hat作主语时用who较多
三、考查关系副词where、when与why引导的定语从句它们相当于“介词+which”,其中where=in/at+which;when=at/in/during+which;why=for4-whicho1关系副词where引导定语从句时,只能在定语从句中作地点状语,其修饰的名词必须是表示地点的名词2关系副词when引导定语从句时,只能在定语从句中作时间状语,其修饰的名词必须是表示时间的名词3关系副词why引导定语从句时,只能在定语从句中作原因状语,其修饰的名词必须是表示原因的名词【考例】2009•绵阳中考Disneyisanamusementparkyoucanfindal1thenormalattractionsandDisneymovies andcharacters.A.which B.where C.that D.when答案B点拨此题考查定语从句先行词为an amusementpark指地点,故关系词用where
四、对“介词+关系代词”的考查当关系代词作介词宾语,且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时,介词可以提前,这样就出现“介词+关系代词”先行词指物,用“介词+which”,指人则用“介词+whom”,且两个关系代词均不能省略介词的选择要遵循两个原则根据定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配内容而定;根据先行词的特殊用法而定[考例】Do youknowtheyoung lady_____your motheristalking湖北黄石A.who B.whom C.with whomD.which[答案]:C[命题立意]:本题考查“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句的用法[试题解析]:先行词为theyounglady,被关系代词whom代替在从句中作talkwith的宾语,介词with可以放在关系代词之前,故应选C【语法过关】
1.-Do youlikethepopsinger—No,Iprefer(hesinger__________can singfolkmusic.A.which B.who C.where D.how
2.Theman__________iswearing abluejacket isJims uncle.A.who B.whom C.which D./
3.Do youknowtheyoung lady_______your motheristalkingA.who B.whom C.withwhom D.which
4.…Docs theteacherknoweverybody____________planted thetrees-Yes,hedoes.A.which B.whose C.whereD.who
5.Theletter_________Ireceived fromhim yesterdayis veryimportant.A.who B.where C.what D.that
6.…Whereis thescientist___________gave usthetalkyesterday…Hehas goneback toQinghua University.A.whom B.who C.whose D.which
7.Ihate people_________talk muchbutdolittle.A.whose B.whom C.which D.who
8.Im lookingal thephotograph______you sentmewith yourletter.A.who B.whom C.which D.it
9.Ihate peopledonthelp otherswhen theyare introuble.A.who B.which C.they
10.-Barbara,where doyou work—Iwork foracompany__________sellscars.A.which B.where C.what D.who
11.Do youknowtheyoung lady______your motheristalkingA.who B.whom C.withwhom D.which
12.The letter________Ireceived fromhimyesterday isveryimportant.A.who B.where C.what D.that
(三)状语从句中考考点用一个句子(从句)来作另一个句子(主句)的状语,用作状语的句子就叫作状语从句作什么样的状语就叫什么类型的状语从句例如条件状语从句就是用一个句子来作条件状语
一、时间状语从句在时间状语从句中,通常要用动词的一般现在时态表示将来时,用一般过去时表示过去将来式时间状语从句常用连词有when,as,while,whenever,after,before,till(until),since,once,assoonas(或the moment),by thetime,no soonerthan,hardly•••when,every time等弓I导
1.考查when,while,as引导,表示“当……时候”.【考例】-Mum,______shall wehave lunch-----Wewill haveitwhen yourdad____________.[07连云港市]Awhen;returns Bwherereturns C.where will return D.when;willreturn
3.until和till的用法与肯定式的主句连用,主句谓语必须是延续性动词,till/until表示“……直到……”;与否定式的主句连用,且主句谓语是非延缓性动词时,liH/until表示“直到……才……”其强调句型为“not…until”,位于句首时要采用倒装形式如[考例】一Hurry up.Thebus iscoming.------Oho no.Wemustnt crossthestreet________thetrafficlights aregreen.[福州市]A.after Bsince Cwhile D.until1____________________________________________________.Thekids didntstart toflykites intheplayground____________________________________________therain stopped.[成都市]A.if B.until C.whenever
2.-Look!Here comesour schoolbus.—No hurry.Dont getonit__________it hasstopped.[安徽省]A.until B.after C.since D.whenA.[解析]句中有dont,可想not...until为固定结构,息为“直到才
1.—you gotobed earlier,you wontfeel tiredin themornings.[沈阳市]A.Unless BBecauseC.If D.When
2.Youwont passyour exams_____________youworkharder.[广东省]A.when B.if C.unless D.after
四、对让步状语从句的考查用来引导让步地点状语从句的从属连词有though,although,evenif/though,while(虽然、尽管),forall(that)(尽管)whether...or(不论/不管还是))以及“疑问词+ever(whatever,wherever,whoever,however,)”和“nomatter+疑问词”等[考例]
1.—Shallwe goonworking一Yes,_____Iprefer tohavea rest.(2004江西省南昌)A.when B.ifC.because D.(hough
2.Edison nevergave up,______hefailed manytimes.(2004四川)A.and B.though C.or
五、对目的状语从句的考查引导目的状语从句的从属连词有sothat,inorderthat(为了,以便);incase(以防,以免),lest(免得,以防),forfear that(以免,惟恐)等从句中一般含有can,could,may,might would等情态动词如[考例】一Moreand morepeopleinBeijing arelearning English_________they canbetterserve the2008Olympic Games.—Im surethey will.[宜昌市]A.because ofB so(hat C.even though D.as if
六、对结果状语从句的考查[考例]Thecamera is_____expensive________Ican tafford it.(2004辽宁本溪)【语法过关】
2.Somepassengers werewalking throughoneofthebig hallsatParis CharlesDeGaulleAirport thewholeroof(屋顶)fell down.A.while B.as soonas C.when D.after
3.You willstayhealthy_________you domoreexercise,such asrunning andwalking.A.if B.how C.before D.where
4.…Shallwc goonworking---Yes,__________Iprefer tohave arest.A.when B.if C.because D.though
5.Noneofus knewwhat hadhappened____________they toldus aboutit.A.when B.until C.after D.though
6.―Ihopeyou*11enjoyyour trip,dear!-Thank you,mum.Til giveyou acall_____________Iget there.A.until B.as soonasC.since D.till
7.Thecamerais expensivelean taffordit.A.so,that B.such,that C.so,astoD.enough,that
8.Inever seemtoloseany weight,hard Itry.A.even thoughB.nomatterhow C.as ifD.ever since
9.一Shallwe goonworking—Yes,Iprefer tohavearest.A.when B.if C.because D.though
10.Edisonnever gaveup,hefailed manytimes.A.and B.though C.or
11.Thepoliceman asked(hechild crossthestreet thetrafficlights turnedgreen.A.not;when B.dont;before C.notto;until
12.---It stimeto goto bed,Li Ming.---Mum,Ihave alotof homeworktodo,1wont goto bedIfinish itA.after B.until C.assoonas D.since
13.You shouldmakeagood plan_________you doanythingimportant.A.before B.after C.thoughD.until
14._________theyare brothers,they dontlook likeeachotherat all.A.Because B.Though C.When D.As
15.1enjoy learningEnglish,_____ittakes mealotoftime.A.as ifB.though C.because D.for考杳的主要形式是单项填空、完型填空、短文填空和完成句子阅读理解和书面表达肯定也要用到宾语从句宾语从句在五大基本句型中出现的位置(黑体部分)基本句型一SV(主+谓)基本句型二SV0(主+谓+宾)基本句型三SV00(主+谓+间宾+直宾)基本句型四SV0C(主+谓+宾+宾补)基本句型五s VP(主+系+表)+宾从即宾语从句在句中的基本情况VI thatPrep+宾从(引导词)ifVwhetherAdj wh-(谓语部分)
二、详解宾语从句的种类宾语从句是一种名词性从句,在句中作及物动词的宾语,或介词的宾语,或形容词的宾语概述考试要点简要分析课从句中的语序陈述句语序由that引导堂由whether,眄|导连接词的用法由what,who,whose,which引导教由where,when,why,how引导宾语从句学否定前移主语是第一人称,谓语动词是think,believe时从句的简化复合句变为简单句过主句是现在时,从句时态根据实际情况而定主句是过去时,从句用过去的对应的某种时态从句中的时态程从句表示客观事实或真理,用一般现在时根据引导宾语从句的不同连词,宾语从句可分为三类
1.由that引导的宾语从句That只有语法作用,没有实在的意义,在口语和非正式文体中可以省略如Hesaid thathewantedto stayat home.Shedoesnt knowthatsheis seriouslyill.Iam surethathewillsucceed.
2.由连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which和连接副词when,where,why,how引导的宾语从句这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分〉如Do youknowwho whomthey arewaitingfoeHeasked whosehandwriting wasthe best.Can youtell mewheretheNo.3busstop isIdontknowwhy the train islate.
3.由if或whedier引导的宾语从句If和whether在句中的意思是“是否()英语长难句基本句型分析课堂听课及知识掌握情况反馈_____________________________________________________________0检测测试题(累计不超过20分钟)___道成绩_______;教学需:加快口;保持口;放慢口;增加内容口课后作业_____题;巩固及习_______________________;预习布置________________________巩固签字教学组长签字班主任老师老师最欣赏的地方课后老师想知道的事情赏识评价老师的建议如:Iwant toknowifwhetherhelives there.He askedmewhether ifIcould helphim.宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序例如Ihear thatphysics isnteasy.Ithink that you willlikethisschool soon.Canyou tellmehowI canget tozooPleasetellmewhen wellhave themeeting.宾语从句的时态
1.如果主句的时态是一般现在时,宾语从句该用什麽时态就用什麽时态如Idontthinkthatyouareright.Please telluswhere heis.Canyou tellmehowI canget totherailway station
2.如果主句的时态是一般过去时,宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时例如He askedwhat timeitwas.He toldmethat hewaspreparing forthesportsmeet.He askedifyou hadwritten toPeter.He saidthat hewouldgo backto theU.S.soon.
3.如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理,其时态常用一般现在时如Our teachersaidthat Januaryis thefirstmonth oftheyear.Scientists haveproved thattheearth turnsaround thesun.宾语从句的注意点
一、that的省略与否宾语从句that常可省略,但在以下情况下不能省略A.当主句谓语动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,可以省略第一个that,其他不能省略eg.Ibelieve thatyouhave doneyourbest andthat thingswillget bet^Pter.B.当il作形式宾语时eg.Shemadeit clearthat shehadnothingto dowithhim.C.当宾语从句前置时eg.That ourteamwill winIbelieve.
二、宾语从句种类vt+宾从、prcp+宾从、adj+宾从恸词的宾从|注:谓语动词有简单谓语、复合谓语之分★大多数动词都可以带宾语从句Weall expectthattheywill win,formembers oftheirteamare stronger.我们都预料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮.He toldusthat theywould helpus thoughthe wholework.他告诉我们在整个工作中,他都会帮忙的.★部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句例句Ihave foundout thatall theticketsfortheconcert havebeensold out.我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了.Canyou workout howmuchwewill spendduringthe trip你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗?★动词短语也可以带宾语从句常见的这些词有make sure确保make uponesmind F决心keepin mind牢记例句Make surethat therearenomistakes inyour papersbefore youturn themin.在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误.|介词宾从|★用wh-类的介词宾语从句,介词后一般接疑胭引导的宾语从句例句Weare talkingabout whether we admitstudentsinto ourclub.我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部.The newbookisabout howShenzhou6manned spaceshipwas sentupintospace.这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升如太空的.*inthat(因为),exceptthat(除了),butthat(只是)已构成固定搭配,其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句*1promised thatIwould changethesituation.*A11thisis differentfrom whatAmerican youngpeople wouldsay aboutfriendship.*Heis certainthat watchingso muchtelevision isnot goodforchildren.*Thisarticle iswell-written exceptthatitisabit toolong.其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词ihal引导,则需用il先行一步,作形式宾语You mayrely onitthatI shallhelpyou.你可以指望我会帮助你的介词宾语不可以用which来引导,而要用whal来引导如:Arc you sorry forwhatyouve done★形容词的宾从常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有sure,certain.glad.please.happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprisedIam sureIwillpass theexam.我确信我会通过考试.i amsorry thatIhave troubledyousolong.很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你.He isgladthat Li Mingwent tosee himwhenhe was ill.他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他.
三、形式宾语“it”Bad:I thoughtthathecould finishthis job injust twohours impossible.Good:Ithought itimpossiblethat hecouldfinishthisjobinjusttwo hours.Bad:He leftwhether weshouldcontinue thisprojecttomyjudgment.Good:He leftit tomyjudgmentwhetherweshouldcontinue thisproject.
①动词find.feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的.我没去聚会,感觉非常遗憾.Ihave madeitarule thatIkeep diaries.我每天写日记成了习惯.Wcallfind itimportantthat wc(should)make aquickdecision aboutthis mater.我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要.
②若宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it代替Weallconsider whatyou saidto beunbelievable.我们都认为你所说的是不可信的.Wediscovered whatwe hadlearned tobevaluable.我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的
③有些动词带宾语从句时寻要在宾语与从句前加il(双宾语)这类动词主要有:hate,take,owe,have,see to.Ihale itwhen theywiththeirmouths fulloffood.我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话.Hewill haveitthat ourplan isreallypractical.他会认为我们的计划确实可行.Wetakeit thatyou willagreewith us.我们认为你会同意我们的.Whenyou starttheengine,you mustseeto itthatcar isin neutral.开启发动机时,一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置..
四、“否定前置”现象宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句在think/believe/suppose/guess/imagine/expect等动词后跟宾语从句否定式时,应转移到主句上去(注否定前移的条件是,主句主语是第一人称、且为一•般现在时)Bad:Ithink hedoesntliketheEnglish teacher.Good:Idont thinkhelikes theEnglishteacher.完成反意疑问句时,应与从句主、谓保持一致Idont thinkyou areright,are youIdont believethey havefinished theirworkyet.have they
五、if,whether在宾语从句中的区别
①if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wondcr,find out等之后,介词后一般不用if
②少数动词,如leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether.
③whether后可以加ornot,但是if不可以.
④在不定式前只能用whether.如Icant decidewhether tostay.我不能决定是否留下
⑤避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if.(原因if可引导条件状语从句)
六、宾语从句的简化
1.当主句谓语动词是find,see,watch,hear等感官动词时,从句常简化为“宾语+宾补”结构,宾补为不带to的不定式或V-ing形式如同时,从句可简化为不定式结构如一Shefound thewallet lie/lying ontheground.
2.当主句谓语动词是hope,wish,decide,forget,plan,agree等,且主句主语与从句主语相Sheagreed thatshecould helpmewith mymaths.—Shcagreed tohelpmewith mymaths.
3.在连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句中,当从句主语与主句主语或间接宾语•致时,宾语从句可简化为“连接代词/副词+不定式”结构,如Can youtell mehowIcanget tothestation—Canyou tellmehowtoget tothestation【定语从句】
一、概述在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面考查的主要形式是单项填空、完型填空、短文填空和完成句子阅读理解和书面表达肯定也要用到定语从句定语从句的关系词关系词常有3个作用1,引导定语从句2,代替先行词3,在定语从句中担当一个成分关系代词that,which,who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等关系词(做主语,宾语,定语)关系副词where,when,why等1(做状语)关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分,先行词和关系词是同等转换的关系中考对定语从句的考查主要集中在以下几个方面
1.定语从句的功用和结构
2.关系代词和关系副词的功用
3.各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法
二、详解定语从句的分类:根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句
1.限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语,如果去掉的话,主句的意思就不完整,意义就表述不明这种句型一般定语从句紧接先行词,如2was theonlyperson inmyoffice whowas invited.
3.非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整非限制性定语从句它与主句的关系不十分密切,只是对其附加说明,也就是讲即便去掉定语从句,句意也不受影响,仍然清晰明了这样的定语从句要在它和主句之间加一逗号分开如Michael Jaskon,who isthegreatest singerintheworld,passed awayin
2010.Mary livedin thecityofHongkong,where usedto beasmallpoorcountryside.关系词的用法>关系代词的用法
1.that既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略例如Mary likesmusicthat isquietand gentle.(语)玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐The coat(that)Iput onthedeskisblue.(语)我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的
2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略例如The buildingwhichstands nearthetrainstation isasupermarket.(语)位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市The film(which)wcsaw lastnight waswonderful.(语)我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看
3.who,whom用于指人,who用作主语,whom在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略在口语中,有时可用who代替whom,也可省略例如The girlwho oftenhelps mewithmyEnglish isfromEngland.(语)经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人Whoistheteacher(whom)LiMingistalking to正在与李明谈话的老师是谁(作宾语)Mr.Lingis just(heboywhom Iwanttosee.
4.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语.可译为“,,的”例如Hehasafriendwhosefatheris adoctor.Ionce livedin ahousewhoseroof hasfallen in.whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替例如The classroomwhosedoor isbroken will soonberepaired.=The classroomthedoorofwhich isbrokenwillsoon berepaired.Do youlikethebookwhose coverisyellow=Do youlikethebookthecover ofwhichis yellow★注意
(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who,that,which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构例如This isthehousein whichwelived lastyear.这是我们去年居住的房子Do youknowthegirl withwhomyour teacheristalking.
(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上例如This istheperson whomyou arelooking for.这就是你要找的那个人
(3)that作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面例如The citythat/which shelivesin isvery faraway.她居住的城市非常远
(4)指物时关系词只能用that的情况a.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:He wasthefirstperson thatpassed(heexam.他是第一个通过考试的人©b.被修饰的先行词为all,any,much,many,everything,anything,none,theone等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:Is thereanythingthatyouwant tobuyin(he shop你在商店里有什么东西要买吗c.先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast,little,few等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:This isthesame bikethatIlost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车d.先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that,而不用which.例如IcanrememberwellthepersonsandsomepicturesthatIsawintheroom.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如Whoisthegirl thatiscrying正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁f.主句是there be结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例如:There isa bookonthedeskthat belongsto Tom.桌子」二那本书是汤姆的g.关系代词作表语时一般不用who,而用that.,如:He isnottheman thathewas.他不是从前的他了(从句中that是was的表语)
(5)关系词只能用which,而不用that的情况.先行词为that,those时,用which,而不用that.例如b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.例如Thisis theroom in which he lives.这是他居住的房间c.引导非限制性定语从句,用which,而不用that.例如Tom cameback,which madeushappy.汤姆I可来了,这使我们很高兴关系副词的用法
(1)when指时间,其先行词表示时间,在句中作时间状语例如Thiswas thetimewhenhe arrived.这是他到达的时间
(2)where指地点,其先行词表示地点,在句中作地点状语例如Thisis theplacewhere heworks.这是他工作的地点Thisis thehousewhere/(in which)helives.
(3)why指原因,其先行词是原因,起原因状语作用例如Nobodyknows thereasonwhy heisoftenlateforschool.没人知道他为什么上学总迟到小结关系词判断步骤首先,要辨别出先行词如果先行词是指人,关系词可能就用who,thatwhom,whoseo如果先行词指物,关系词可能用which或that然后,要确定关系词在从句中的成分请看下表先行词主语宾语定语人who,that who(m),that whose物which,that which,that whose,ofwhich了解关系副词与关系代词转换规律关系代词whom或which在定语从句中作介词宾语时,介词可放在后面,也可提前构成介词+关系代词whom(先行词指人)/which(先行词指物)引导定语从句(这种方法更为正式)例Mary isthegirl whomIborrowed abookfrom.=Mary isthegirlfrom whomIborrowed abook.玛丽就是我向她借书的那个女孩Is thistheroomthat/whichhe once livedin=Is thistheroomin which heoncelived=Is thistheroom whereheoncelived这是他曾经住过的房子吗?★常见的有以下几种情况
1.whcrc=in/on which例Thisis theroomwhere/inwhich helives.这是他住的房间Ican seetheplayground where/onwhich theydosports.我能看见他们进行运动的操场
2.when=on/in/at which例Istillrememberthe yearwhen/inwhichIjoined theParty.我仍然记得入党的那一年Istillrememberthe daywhen/on whichIjoined theParty.我仍然记得入党的那一天Istillrememberthe hourwhen/at whichtherocket waslaunched.我仍然记得那个火箭发射的时刻
3.\vhy=for which例Thisis thereasonwhy/for whichhewaskilled.这是他被杀害的原因但下列情况下介词不能提前⑴用who代替whom,用that代替which时,介词不能提前例Hes theboywhoIlearned Englishfrom.这是我向他学英语的男孩Thisshould betheplacethat Tomsent theparcel to.这应是汤姆送包裹的地方。