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语法重点
1、复合句定语从句,状语从句,名词性从句(主语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句)
2、强调结构、主谓一致、独立主格(动词)
3、非谓语形式动词的时态,语态
4、情态动词
5、复合介词,常用句型,倒装
6、同义近义词,辨析,交际语
7、冠词、形容词、副词、代词、连词(完型中较常出现)定语从句一.几个基本概念
1.定语从句的定义用作定语的从句叫定语从句
2.先行词被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词
3.定语从句的位置紧跟先行词(名词或代词)之后
4.引导词引导定语从句的词(包括关系代词和关系副词)
(1)关系代词that/who/whom/which/as2关系副词when/where/why
5.引导词的位置位于定语从句之前(先行词之后)【as除外】
6.引导词的功能(作用):
(1)连接先行词和定语从句
(2)在定语从句中充当一定的成分(关系代词充当主语或宾语,关系副词充当状语)
7.定语从句的类型
(1)限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间无逗号)
①直接由引导词引导定语从句The manwho youre talking tois myfriend.
1、时间状语从句强调特定时间When从句用持续性动词,表时间的一段,而不是一点While还有几种含义
①然而,但是
②虽然,尽管
(1)与引导,不能与连用,但可以与连用although thoughbut yet()Although theyare poor,yet theyare warm-hearted.
(2)或弓|导,表示“即使”,“纵然even ifeven though()ril getthere evenif thoughI haveto sellmy houseto getenoughmoneyto goby air.
(3)后接上、等疑问词,也可以在这类疑问词后面力口上no matterwho whatwherehow构成、等ever whoeverwhatever whereverhoweverDont trusthim,no matterwhat/whatever hesays.()也可以引导让步状语从句要用倒装4as()Child as though he is,he knowsa lot.Much asIlike it,I wontbuy.目的状语从句目的状语从句的谓语动词常与情态动词连用,否则可能是结果状语从句不可置于句首引导词(以便)(生怕)in orderthat,so that,for fearthatin case99(以防)lest结果状语从句that,so that,so...that,such...that...注意形容词/副词从句;名词从句so++that such++that比较状语从句than,as方式状语从句)as,as ififthoughrildo asI amtold to.It looksas ifit isgoing torainThe oldman runsvery fastas ifhe werea youngman注意和引导的从句^一般用虚拟,但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能是,as if as though也可用陈述语气注意状语从句中从句的省略现象()连接词+过去分词1Dont speakuntil spokento.Pressure canbe increasedwhen needed.Unless repaired,the washingmachine isno use.()连词+现在分词2Look outwhile crossingthe street.()连词+形容词/其他3常见的有寺it necessaryif possiblewhen necessaryif anyIfnecessary,ring meat once.
1.I dontthink rilneed anymoney butIll bringsome.A.as lastB.in caseC.once againD.in time
2.The WTOcant liveup to its nameit doesntinclude acountry that is hometo onefifthof mankind.A.as longas B.while C.if D.even though、3Someone calledme up in themiddle of the night,but theyhung upI couldanswer thephone.A.as B.since C.before D.until独立结构带有自己主语的非限定分句和无动词分句“独立结构”按其结构形式,分为不定式“独立结构,分词“独立结构”,-分词“独立结构”和无动词“独立结构”,通常在.ing ed句中起状语分句的作用例如
(1)A numberof officialsfollowed theemperor,some tohold hisrobe,others toadjust hisgirdle,and so许多官员尾随皇帝之后,有的拎着皇帝的衣袍,有的则给他整腰带等on,(..和…为不定式独立结构)some tohold.others toadjust
(2)由于没有其它事情可做,我们离开了There beingnothing elseto do,we left.(…为分词独立结构)There being-ing
(3)她凝视着,双手叉在胸前(…She gazed,her handsclasped toher breast.her handsclasped为分词独立结构).ed
(4)他手里拿着枪离开了(为无动词独立结构)He wentoff,gun inhand.gun inhand
(5)由于地板又湿又滑,我们呆在屋外(The floor wet andslippery,we stayedoutside,The…为无动词“独立结构”)floorwet“独立结构”与主语之间通常用逗号隔开,但也有用破折号的例如
2.6The roomwas inchaos---dirty clothesstrewn on the floor,cosmetics scatteredover thedresser,empty房间一混乱,脏衣服扔在地板上,化装品散乱在梳妆台上,到处都bottles andcans everywhere.是空的瓶在“独立结构”中做主语的名词词组有时可以省去限定词例如7经理静静地坐在办公室里,双目The managersat quietlyin theoffice,hiseyes closed.紧闭“独立结构,,的位置是比较灵活的,它可位于句首,句中或句尾例如8他们的房间在三Their roomwas on the thirdfloor,its windowoverlooking thesports ground.层楼上,窗户俯视着操场“独立结构”在句中可表示多种含义例如表示时间12His homeworkdone,Jim decided to go and see the play.=After hishomework wasdone,Jim家庭作业完成之后,杰姆决定去看戏decidedtogoandsee theplay.15Her shirtcaught ona nail,she couldnot move.=As hershirt wascaught ona nail,she couldnot move,由于裙子被钉子钩住,她不能移动表示条件16Whether permitting,the football match will be played on Wednesday.=If weatherpermits,the假如天气允许的话,足球赛将在星期三举行footballmatchwillbeplayedonWednesday.表示方式和伴随状况17他穿上袜子,反面朝上He put on hissocks wrongside out.18孩子们在看杂The childrenwere watchingthe acrobaticshow,their eyebeing wideopen.技表演,眼睛睁得很大在上述诸例中,“独立结构”均可变为由引导的介词词组,即在“独立结构”with前可用介词介词汕在此没有什么意义,只是比较口语化例如with w
19.他们坐在房间里,窗帘拉下来汕They satin the room with the curtainsdrawn Wthe树长高了,我们得到更多的阴凉tree growingtall,we getmore shade.不定式“独立结构”,-ing分词“独立结构”,-ed分词“独立结构”之间的区别不定式“独立结构”表示即将发生的动作例如20我们将We shallassemble atten fbrty-five,the processionto startmoving atprecisely eleven.在十点四十五分集合,队伍整十一点开始游行21The planwas that the twoparties shouldfirst reachan agreementon thebasic principle,the details计划是双方应先就基本原则达成协议,细节问题以后拟订to beworked putlater.分词“独立结构”表示正在进行的动作,且主语与分词之间为主动关系例如-ing.ing22我们加倍努力,每一个人就像干两We redoubledour efforts,each manworking liketwo.个人的活分词“独立结构”表示已发生的动作,主语与分词之间为被动关系例如-ed-ed23做完此事,我们就回去This done,we wenthome.24积蓄全部用完了,我们就开始找工作All oursaving gone,we startedlooking forjobs.无动词“独立结构”的常见类型()名词+介词短语()名词.或彳列乜口:12+adj adv.Hesat stthe table,collar off,head down,and penin position,ready tobegin thelong letter.主谓一致、语法形式上的一致1主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词也用复数形式、意义上一致2()主语形式虽为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词用复数1The crowdare runningfor theirlives.单数形式代表复数内容的词有等people policecattle()主语形式为复数,而意义上却是单数,谓语动词用单数2The newsis veryexciting.形复意单的单词有、(工厂)、和以结尾的学科名称new worksmeans icsphysicspoli-tics economics等(重点)、就近原则即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语如果连词、3or、、等连接的并列主语,如果一^个是单数,一个是either...or neither…nor notonly…but also复数,谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致Eg.Either youor Iam mad.
4、应注意的若干问题()名词作主语1
①某些集体名词如、等作主语时,如果作为一个整体看待,谓语用单数,反之family team用复数这类词常有audience classclub committeecompanycrew crowdenemy governments等group partypublic team
②某些集体名词如、、只当复数看待,谓语动词必须用复数people policecattle oxen
③单、复数同形的名词作主语时,谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数
④名词所有格之后的名词被省略,这种情况一般只指商店、工场、住宅等;作主语时,动词一^殳用单数My uncle9is notfor fromhere.常见的省略名词有等the baker9sthe Zhangs
⑤当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时,往往可以根据意义一致的原则,把这些复数名词看作一个整体,谓语用单数
⑥不定代词、所修饰的名词即使以或逗号连接成多主语时,谓语动词仍each everyno and用单数形式如Each boyand eachgirl inmy classhas adictionaiy.
⑦如果主语有或构成,尽管从意义上看是复数内容,它的谓语动词more than one…many a...用单数形式但是,复数名词结构之后,谓语用复数more++thanone”
⑧一些由两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时,谓语通常用复数形式如、glasses等clothes trousersshoes compasseschopsticks scissors但如果主语用等加名词构成时,谓语动词一,般用单数形式a kind of apair ofa seriesof Apairof shoeson thedesk.
⑨(这种书),其谓语动词;短语this kindof book=a bookof this kind this kindof men=men ofthis(口语)(这一,类人),但的谓语用单数,kind=these kindof menthiskindof menmen ofthiskind和的谓语用复数,后跟复数名词,谓语用复数形式如these kindof menall kindsof⑩复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时,按意义一致的原则,用作单数意义时,谓语用单数,反之,谓语用复数这类名词有、(种类)、、means worksspecies ChineseJapanese等当它们的前面有、、修饰时,谓语用单数;有修饰a such a this that allsuch thesethose时,谓语用复数()如果名词词组中心词是、、、等词语,所指是复数意义,谓语动词用复11all mosthalf rest数形式,反之用单数()在主谓倒装的句子中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致如12()Between thetwo windowshangs anoil painting.hang
(2)由连接词连接的名词作主语
①用或连接并列主语,谓语动词通常用复数形式但如果并列主语指的是同and both…and一个人,同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数形式,这时后面的名词没有冠词andTruth andhonestythe bestpolicy.To loveand tobe lovedthe greathappiness.Going tobed earlyand gettingup earlya goodhabit.A knifeand forkonthetable.
②当主语后面跟有、、、、、、、as wellas asmuch asno lessthan alongwith withlike ratherthan together等引导的词组时,采取“就远原则”with butexcept besidesincluding in addition to
③以等连接的词作主语时,采取“就近原则”or either...or neigher...nor notonly...but also3代词作主语
①名词型物主代词连接的动词,既可以用单数,也可以用复数,这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数Ours OurPartya greatParty.Your shoeswhite,mine=my shoesblack.
②、起指示代词作用时,应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数such thesameSuchour plan.Such hislast words.
③关系代词、、等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词who thatwhich的数一致
④疑问词、、作主语时,谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复who whatwhich数Who livesnext doorIt XiaoLiu.Who livesnext doorIt Wangand Li.
⑤不定代词、等作主语时,要注意下列情况any eitherneither noneall somemore()单独作主语时,视其在文中的意义,动词可用单数或复数形式A Nowallhas beenchanged.All arepresent.()其后接时,若的宾语为不可数名词,动词用单数形式;若的宾语为复数名B of ofof词或代词时,动词可以是单数,也可以是复数;在正式文体中,单数形式的动词更常用()()Do esany ofyou knowabout theaccident None of ushas haveseethefilm.
(4)分数、量词作主语
①“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语以及由“a lotof,lots of,plentyof,a largequantity of,a heapof,名词”构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词要与短语中后面的名词的数保heaps of,half of+of持一致,这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词,而短语中前面的量词是修饰语如
②、修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数;a greatdeal ofa largeamount of修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数large amountsof
③表示数量的后,名词要用复数形式,但是其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单one anda half数形式()One anda halfapples leftonthetable.be⑸名词化的形容词作主语如果主语由形容词(或分词)”结构担任时,谓语通常用复数这类词有“the+the richthe poor等如表抽象的也可以用单数,如the bravethe injuredthe livingthe woundedthe unknownthe等beautiful
(6)从句作主语
①由引导的主语从句,谓语动词通常用单数,但所指的具体内容是复数意义时,谓what语动词一般用复数形式二The manabout whomItalkedat themeeting isfrom BeijingUniversity.The palacewhich/that Ioften paya visit to was built in the17th century.=The palaceto whichI oftenpaya visitwasbuiltin the17th century.
(2)非限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开)1直接由引导词引导定语从句2由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导Iliveinahouse farawayfromthecity,in frontof which isabig tree.There isan appletree standingat thegate,on whichare manyapples.This isthe manto whomI gavethe book.3由“代词/名词+of+whom/which”或“of which/whom+名词/代词”(先行词指人用whom,指物用which)弓|导One,some,any,none,all,both,several,many,most,neither,either等词、数词、分数或百分比与of whom或of which连用He hasfive children,two ofwhom are abroad.(比较He hasfive children,and twoof themareabroad.)We havethree books,none of which is/are interesting.(比较We havethree books,but none of themis/are interesting.)除why和that不能引导韭限定性定语从句外,其余引导词都可以,用法同限定性定语从句一样但要注意以下区别
1.在形式上非限定性定语从句与主句有逗号隔开
2.非限定性定语从句的作用它只是补充说明先行词的情况,翻译时可译成两个句子The engineer,whose leg was badlyhurt,was quickly sentto hospital.(那位工程师被很快送往医院,其腿部受了重伤)The engineerwhose legwas badlyhurt wasquicklysenttohospital.(那位腿部受了重伤的工程师被很快送往医院)
3.在非限定性定语从句中,任何引导词都不能省略(包括引导词在此定语从句中充当宾语在内)指人做主语时只能用who,做宾语时用whom;指物做主语,宾语都用which;关系副词用when或where,也不能省略
4.whose引导非限定性定语从句The house,whose windowfaces south,is mine.What weneed moremoney.What weneed morepeople/teachers.
②在复数名词引导的从句结构中,关系代词的先行词one of++who/that/which”who/that/which是靠近它的复数名词而不是因此从句中的谓语动词也应该是复数形式如前有one,one the贝用单数形式only U强调结构用…句型表示强调
1.It is/was...that/who被强调的部分(通常是句子的主语、状语、宾语或宾语补足语)放在的后面,如is/was被强调的是人,则后面可用等代替例如who,whom他昨天在公园碰见一^个老朋友He metan oldfriend in the parkyesterday.上述句子可以通过强调句型对除谓语以外的不同成分进行强调如(强调主语)It was he who/that metan oldfriend in the parkyesterday.(强调宾语)It wasan oldfriend that/who he met inthe parkyesterday.(强调地点》失语)It wasinthe park that he metan oldfriend yesterday.(强调时间状语)It wasyesterday that hemetan oldfriend inhepark.用助动词或来强调谓语动词例如
2.do,does did一^定早点来Do comeearly.他上周确实给你寄过一^引信He didsend youaletterlast week.她的确打算来,我们非常高兴We^e pleasedthat shedoes intendto come.用主语从句被强调部分,主语从句常用引导例如
3.+BE+what约翰想要^一个球John wantsa ball.约翰想要的是一^球What Johnwants isa ball.玛耶每天教钢琴Mary givespiano lessonsevery day.()玛丽每天干的工作是教钢琴What Marydoes everyday isto givepiano lessons..人们还可以通过改变句子结构或颠倒正常语气的手段来进行强调例如4中国决不会第一^个使用核武器Never willChina bethe firstto usenuclear weapons.只Only inthis waycan wecatch upwith andsurpass the worlds advancedlevel ofscience andtechnology,有这样,我们才能赶上并超过世界先进科技水平知足常乐Happy arethose who are content.强调句型的强调部分必须是对之后句子的某一成分表示强调,如It is/was...that...that/who果把”去掉,该句应该意思完整,不缺任何句子成分区分下例两句It iswa§.・・that他回来时点钟了指时间It was7o9clock whenhe cameback.7it.他是点钟回来的强调句,强调只能由It wasat7oclock that he cameback7at7oclock弓导,不能由、或弓导例出口:because Isince aswhy I正是由于水涨了,他们没有渡过河It wasbecause thewater hadrisen that they couldnot crosstheriver.去不用或because since.注意强调句型的变化比较下列三个句子3not...until Shedidn*t remember her appointment withthe doctor untilshe hadarrived home.It was not untilshe hadarrived homethat sheremembered herappointment withthe doctor.Not untilshe hadarrived homedid sherememberherappointmentwiththedoctor.强调句型中,作宾语时可以省略,例如
4.It is/was…that…that父亲给我买的是一^本新字典It wasa newdictionary thatFather boughtfor me.你刚才是和她在谈话吗?Was ither that you weretalking about倒装全部倒装全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时常见的结构有等副词置于句首,谓语动词常用1here,there,now,then,thus be,come,go,lie,run Thereogoesthe bell.Then camethe chairman.Here isyour letter.表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词2Out rusheda missilefrom underthe bomber.Ahead satan oldwoman.注意上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装Here hecomes.Away theywent.部分倒装部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词或并将其置于主语之前do,does did,句首为否定或半否定的词语,如no,not,never,seldom,little,hardly,atnotime,in noway,not until...等Never haveI seensuch aperformance.Nowhere willyou find the answerto thisquestion.Not until the child fell asleepdid themother leavethe room.当引出主从复合句,主句倒装,从句不倒装Not until注意如否定词不在句首不倒装I havenever seensuchaperformance.The motherdidnt leavetheroomuntilthechildfellasleep.以否定词开头作部分倒装出口Not only...but also,Hardly/Scarcely...when,No sooner...thanNot onlydid herefuse thegift,he alsoseverely criticizedthe sender.Hardly had she gone out whena student came to visit her.No soonerhadshegoneoutthan astudentcametovisither.注意只有当连接两个分句时,才在第一个分句用倒装结构Not only...but also如果置于句首的仅连接两个并列词语,不可用倒装结构Not oNy…but alsoNotonly youbut alsoIamfond ofmusic.so,either,nor作部分倒装表示“也“、“也不”的句子要部分倒装Tom canspeak French.So canJack.If youwont go,neither willI.only在句首要倒装的情况Only inthis way,can youlearn Englishwell.Only afterbeing askedthree timesdid hecome to themeeting.如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装Only whenhe isseriously ill,does heever stayin bed.as,though引导的倒装句引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前(形容词,副词,分词,实义动词提前)as/though注意)句首名词不能带任何冠词1)句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随2实义动词一起放在主语之前Try hardashewill,he neverseems ableto dothe worksatisfactorily.其他部分倒装1)so...that句型中的so位于句首时,需倒装So frightenedwas hethat hedid notdare tomove aninch.2)在某些表示祝愿的句型中May youall behappy.情态动词must,can,could,may,might表推测的用法表推测时,其中的可must能性最大,次之,最小具体can/could may/might用法如下
1.must的用法(表示推测“可能性”时,意思是“一定、准是”,语气较肯定,较有把握DHe mustbe American.=It iscertain that he isAmerican.()表推测只能用于肯定句如果要表示“一定不、肯定不”的意思时,应用2must cant,如询问某种可能时,应用can他肯定知道我的地址(一定)He mustknow myaddress.他肯定不知道我的地址(一定不)He cantknow myaddress.他知道我的地址吗?(询问可能性)Can heknow myaddress()表示推测时,可以推测现在/正在发生的动作/过去发生的动作3must(现在)他一定有辆小汽车He musthave acar now.(正在进行)他一定在教室里做练习He mustbe doinghis exercisesintheclassroom.(过去发生)他一定已完成了工作He musthave finishedthe work.注must表示推测时很少用于将来的情况一般不用He mustcome tomorrow.可用Its certain/Im surethat hewill cometomorrow.
2.can/could的用法表示推测“可能性”时,往往用于否定句或疑问句、一定不”,语气很1can Cant“肯定在疑问句中意思是“会、可能、can他一定不在家He cantbe at home.=It isimpossible thatheisathome.后可接进行时/完成时,表示对现在发生的动作或过去发生的动作进行推测2can/cant他们一定不在图书馆读书They cantbe readinginthelibrary.天晚了,她可能去哪儿了呢?Its solate.Where canshe havegone可用于表示某事有可能发生或可能是事实3could不要吃它,可能有毒Dont eatit.It could be poisonous.飞机可能会因为雾晚点The planecouldbedelayed byfog.还可以用于表示客气、委婉、礼貌的请求语气4couldExcuse me,could youtell methe wayto thebus stationCouldyou helpme表示否定推测,表示某事不可能真实,或由于特定事实或环境某事肯定不会5couldnt发生这不可能是毒药It couldntpossibly bepoison.
3.may和might的用法表示推测“可能性可寸,意思是“可能”、“也许”,语气没有肯定1may,might mustHe may/might beAmerican.=It ispossible thatheisAmerican.他可能是个美国人注might不表示过去时态,只是语气上比may更委婉,表示的可能性更小表推测时,可以用于否定句,意思是“可能不、也许不”,但不用于疑2may,might问句他也许不在家He may/might notbe athome.可以推测现在正在发生的动作或过去发生的动作3may,might现在他可能正在睡觉Hemay/might besleeping now.(现在)这个男孩可能没在家看电视The boymay/might notbe watchingTV athome.(过去)这些学生以前可能看过这部电These studentsmay/might haveseen thefilm before.影()还可以推测将来的情况4may,mightI thinkwe shouldtake raincoatwith usit mayrain.3我想我们应该带上雨衣,可能要下雨了她今天下午可能不来了She mightnot comethis afternoon.附(重要)情态动词+不定式完成式结构含义用于谈论过去的情况“那是可能,本可以,差点就要Could havedone对过去发生的行为的推测“或许已经,或许可能“May/might have对过去发生的行为的逻辑推断“一定已做”Must havedone本来不必做而实际已经做了“本不必做”Neednl havedone本来应该做而实际上没有做“本应该做”Should havedone推测某事可能已经发生“可能已做”Will havedone过去应该做而实际上未做“本应该做”Ought tohave doe虚拟语气虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议,而不表示客观存在的事实虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示谓语动词的形式用法过去式-------表示当时未能实现的愿望、意愿过去完成式—表过去未能实现的愿望、意愿过去未来式---表示未来不大可能实现的愿TF望,意愿熟悉并掌握好下面的基本句式条件从句主句与现在事实相违过去式(动词是用)动词原形BE wereShould/would+背与过去事实相违+过去分would/should+have过去分词had+背词)动词原形1should+)动词不定式与未来事实相违2were+动词原形would/Should+)过去式(动词是也可以用3BE背)were虚拟语气用于某些从句中的情况)在主语从句中1形容词名词+(动词原形It+be+I that+should这类形容词/名词常见的有(绝对必要的)(重要的),(明智的),essential,important advisable(希望能够的)(必须的),(自然的),必要的)desirable,imperative naturalnecessary,regretful(遗憾的),(奇怪的),(适当的),strange properurgent(紧急的)(义务、责任),(遗憾),(难怪),(遗憾),,duty apity nowonder aregret例如().他居然会这样说,真是奇怪It isstrange thathe shouldsay so()他居然会这样想,真是一件憾事It isa greatpity that you shouldthink so.另外,下列结构中主语从句的谓语动词也要求用虚拟语气.・.(根据命令、要求),It isordered that.・.(人彳门建议)It isproposed that.・.(最好、需要)It isdesired that,...(人们要求)It isrequested that(有人建议.......),It issuggested that...・・.(有人推荐)It isrecommended that...(根据要求)It isdemanded that,...(已经决定)It isdecided that...(已经安排)等等例如It isarranged that()It isordered thatall thetroops shouldwithdraw threemiles away.根据命令,所有部队撤至三英哩以外It isarranged thathe leavefor Canadaon Friday.照安排,他星期五动身去加拿大It issuggested that the English evening beheld onSaturday.有人建议,英语晚会周六举行2)在宾语从句中某些动词后面,宾语从句的谓语要求用虚拟式宾语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟式“should+动词原形”或是“动词原形”这类动词有(命令)(要求)(希望),(坚持),(命令),command,demand,desire insistorder propose(提,义)隹荐)(要求)(要求),(建议),等recommend Grequest requiresuggest553例如()He proposedthat we should seta deadline forthe complementof theplan.他提议拟定一个执行计划的期限()They requestedthat weshould senda delegationto theircountry.他们请求我们派一个代表团到他们国家去(注意下列例句自身的时态并不影响从句谓语动词的形式)wishI wishthat Iknew somethingabout programming.我希望我懂一点程序设计就好了I wishedthat Iknew somethingabout programming.我当时希望我懂一点程序设计就好了They wishthat theyhadn*t saidittous.他们希望他们没有对我们说过那件事3)在表语从句和同位语从句中下面这些名词的后面所接的表语从句和同位语从句中,谓语动词要用虚拟式should+动词原形”或是直接用“动词原形”(想)去)(建议),(动议)(提,义),(命idea,suggestion motion,proposal order令),(隹荐),(建£义),(指示、指令)recommendation4advice instruction等等例如The instructionwas thatnobody beallowed togo tosleep untilfurther orders.(表语从句)指示要求,任何人不得在接到进一步的命令之前去睡觉(表语从句)我的建议是他立即动身去伦敦My suggestionis thathe leavefor Londonat once.()(同位语What doyou thinkof hisproposal that weshouldputona playattheEnglishevening从句)他建议我们在英语晚会上演一个剧,你觉得怎么样?)4在状语从句中在某些状语从句中,要求谓语动词要用虚拟式“should+动词原形”或是“动词原形以、(似乎,仿佛)引出的方式状语从,如果表示真实情况应该用直陈语气;as ifasthough(目的状语从句)他带了雨伞,以防下雨He tookhis umbrellawith himlest itrain.(目的斗夫语从句)我给你留个座,Ill keepa seatfor youincaseyou shouldchange yourmind.没准你会改变主意They burnedall theimportant documentsfor fearthattheyfall intothe enemys二The house,the windowof whichfaces south,is mine.=The house,of which the windowfaces south,is mine.二.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法Lwho/that指人是主格在定语从句中代替先行词,又作定语从句的主语,不能省略Do youknow thegentleman who/that issitting there
2.whom/who/that指人是宾格,在定语从句中代替先行词,又作定语从句的宾语(动宾或介宾)
①当作动宾(动词后接宾语)时,关系代词可省略()Do youknow thegentleman whom/who/that wemet justnow
②当作介宾(介词后接宾语)时介词不提前时,关系代词可省略;介词提前时,关系代词不可省,即介词+whom(指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whomoThe manwhom/who/that I spoke withis myteacher.The manwith whomIspokeis myteacher.※注:定的动词短语(动词+介词)如look for,take careof等不能把动词与介词拆开,既介词不能提至引导词前She isthe rightgirl who/whom/that weare lookingfor.
3.whose:指人或物,是所有格…的形式Whose+n.=the+n.+ofwhich/whom=ofwhich/whom+the=n.Ididntfindthedesk whoselegwasbroken.(主语)He isthe studentwhose pencilI brokeyesterday.(动宾)The bossin whosecompany Iwork isvery kind.(介宾)
4.which/that指物,指代先行词且在定语从句中作主语或宾语(动宾或介宾)
①当作动宾时,关系代词可省略
②当作介宾时介词不提前时,关系代词可省略;介词提前时,关系代词不可省,即介词+which(指物时介词后的关系代词只能用whichoThe housewhich/that wasdestroyed inthe earthquakeis weak.(目的状语从句)他们hands.将所有的重要文件都烧毁了,以免它们落于敌人之手(让步状语从句,这是间或的用法)即使所有的人Though everyonedesert you,we willnot.抛弃了你,我们也不会)()5在It ishigh time that…从句中在这个句型中的…从句里,无论何时、何人称,其谓语动词都肝‘过去式”这个句that型表达的意思是“该是……的时候了例如该是我们为期末考试作准备的时候了It istimethat we gotready forthe finalexamination.该是我们吃午饭的时候了It ishigh timethatwehad ourlunch.)6在If only…从句中.从句”表示一种愿望或是向往的假设,其意义是“要是・・・...就好了“、”但“If only..愿……这个句型中的语序是正常语序,不倒装另外,其谓语动词的虚拟式与后o wish面宾语从句中谓语动词的虚拟式相同例如If onlyshe couldunderstand myreal feelings.要是她能了解我的真实想法就好了If onlymy motherhad survivedthe diseaseand livedtill now.要是我妈妈没有死于疾病而活到现在就好了If onlyhe wouldfine asatisfactory jobafter hisgraduation.但愿他毕业后找到一份称心如意的工作The penwhich/that youfound yesterdayis mine.The gamesthat/whichthe young men competed inwere difficult.The gamesin whichtheyoungmencompetedwere difficult.※注:介词+关系代词即介词+whom/which先行词指人用whom,指物用whicho
5.when关系副词指时间When=介词+which(此时先行词一定是表时间的名词)I still remember thetime whenI joined the League.=1still remember thetimeon whichI joined the League.=1still rememberthetime which/that I joinedthe League on.
6.where关系副词指地点Where=介词+which此时先行词一定是表地点的名词I still rememberthe school whereI joinedthe League.=1stillrememberthe schoolin whichIjoinedtheLeague.=1stillrememberthe schoolwhich/thatIjoinedtheLeague in.※注对关系副词when,where的认识
1.先行词是时间的名词,并非都用关系副词when引导定语从句()ril never forget thetimewhich/thatIspent inBeijing.
2.先行词是地点的名词,并非都用关系副词where引导定语从句This isthe factorywhich/thathevisited yesterday.
7.why指原因,先行词通常为reason why引导的定语从句只能是限定性定语从句Whyo o二for whichI dont knowthe reason why he was lateyesterday.The reason whyfor which hewaslate is thathemissed thebus.※注当先行词为reason时,关系副词并非都用whyThis isthe reasonthat/which hegave/explained tous.【判断用关系代词还是关系副词】从句缺少的是主语、宾语还是状语是确定用关系代词还是关系副词的关键试比较()I willnever forgetthe daywhich/thatIspent inHongkong.(spent是及物动词,后缺宾语,因此用关系代词或省略)Iwillneverforgetthe daywhen/onwhichHongkong returnedtoitsmotherland.(从句主谓宾结构完整,缺状语,因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词)The reasonthat/whichhegave for not comingto schoolyesterday isnt believable,gave是及物动词,后缺宾语,因此用关系代词或省略The reasonwhy hedidnt cometo schoolyesterday isntbelievable.从句主谓宾结构完整,缺状语,因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词三.值得注意的几个问题第一.当先行词是物时,关系代词that/which只用that的情况
1.当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时This isthe bestfilm thathas beenshown thisyear.^He isthe firststudent that/who cameto schooltoday.
2.当先行词为两个或两个以上分别指人和物的名词时He talkedabout theteachers andtheschoolthathehad visited.
3.当先行词是all的,用thato allthat=whatAll thatwhat Iwant tosay toyou is“Thank you”.
4.先行词为something,anything,nothing,everything,thing时,用that.ril tell you anythingthatI know.5•当先行词前有all,much,little,many,a few,every,some,any,no,only,the very,one of,the only,the last,the next等修饰语时This is one ofthe booksthat Im very interestingin.X This isone ofthe books in which Tmveryinteresting.This isthe onlybook thatI read.
6.人,物,当先行词在以who或which开头的特殊疑问句中时,用that引导以避免混淆.Who isthe manthat istalking withthe ladyWhichofyouthat knowthe answercan cometothefront
7.当先行词是在定语从句中作表语时,用that.He likesthe girlthat sheused tobe.第二.当先行词是物时,关系代词that/which只用which的情况
1.作介宾且介词置于引导词之前时.The roomin whichhe livesisverylarge.
2.引导非限定性定语从句时主,宾都用which,都不能省略.Football,whichisa veryinteresting game,is playedall overtheworld.
3.which指整个句子的内容或部分内容,引导非限定性定语从句.He alwaysmakes funofme,which upsetsme.第三.其他特殊情况.
1.先行词是these,those指人时,关系代词只用who.Those whoare playingover thereare mystudents.
2.先行词是人称代词(he,she…)时,关系代词只用who.He whodoesnt reachthe GreatWall isnot atrue man.
3.不定代词someone,anyone,everyone,no one,somebody,anybody,everybody作先行词时,关系代词用who.Anybody whobreaks therules wouldbe punished.
4.
①先行词是the onlyone of+可数名词复数,在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语用单数形式(因为此时的先行词是the onlyone,而不是of后的可数名词复数).He isthe onlyone ofthe boysthat likesplaying thepiano.This isthe onlyoneofthebooksthatisborrowed.
②先行词是oneof+可数名词复数,在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语用复数形式(因为此时的先行词是of后的可数名词复数,而不是one).Thisisoneofthe studentswhoarelate.
5.当主句缺先行词时,用theone代替,但须注意the one只能代替可数名词单数.如为不可数名词时,指什么用什么.Is thisschool theone Ivisited yesterdayIspop musicthe musiche likesbest
①agree,argue,assure,hold,indicate,maintain,inform,object,等接宾语从句是,通常不省略suggest thatIassure youthatyouare mistaken.He objectedthat itwas impossible.
②位语动词后接两个并列的宾语从句时,连接第二个宾语从句的不可省略thatHe saidhe couldnttellyouright awayand thatyou wouldntunderstand.Iknowyou arentdoctor andthatyouwant yourson tobecome adoctor.2从句做介词的宾语介词后通常不跟由that引导的从句,但可以跟the factthat从句结构作宾语A moderncity hasbeen setupinwhat wasa wastelandten yearsago.Theshopkeeper didnot wantto sellfor whathe thoughtwasnotenough.He washeldresponsible forthe factthat hisdog hadbitten hisneighbor.3形式宾语如果谓语动词consider,find,make,regard,see,take,think等后接“宾语从句+宾语补足语”时,则用让作形式宾语,把宾语从句置于宾语补足语之后此时,that不能省略主语+谓语+it+宾语补足语+that+宾语从句We findit necessarythatwepractice speakingEnglish everyday.He alwaystakes itfor grantedthathecan passthe examwithout hardwork.与的用法Whether if只能用不能用表示“是否”的情况whether if1表语从句2同位语从句3主语从句如果用it作形式主语,则whether和if都能引导主语从句4在介词之后介词往往省略5后面直接跟动词不定式6紧接ornot7用if会引起歧义Please letme knowif youlikeit.状语从句名称常用连词时间状语从句When,while,as,before,till,once,by thetime,as soonas,hardly。