孔子（公元前551年—公元前479年）知识点梳理汇总

ConfuciusConfucius（551B.C—479B.C.）is oneof themost famousChinese people.As thefounder ofConfucianism1,histhoughthasexertedadeepinfluenceonChinaanditspeople.ButConfuciuswasnothisreal name.It wasa courtesytide,a Latinizedform of“Kong Fuzi，meaning MasierKong”.His familynamewasKongandhisgivenname,Qiu.AndhestyledhimselfZhongni.HewasbornatZouyi,theStateofLu

2.孔子（公元前551年—公元前479年）是中国最著名的人物作为儒家创始人，他的思想一直在中国有着深远的影响但孔子不是他的原名，而是一种尊称，是孔夫子的拉丁文孔子姓孔名丘，字仲尼，出生在售国瞰邑（今山东曲阜东南）As oneof thegreatest thinkersand educatorsin thehistory ofChina,Confucius legacylies in（hefollowing threeaspects:Firstly,he compiledand preservedthe literaryworks,The SixClassics,includingShP,Shu4,Li5,Yue6,Yi7and ChunQii,which areregarded as the classicsof Confucianism.TheaccoinplishmentmakesalargeimpactonthesuccessionanddevelopmentofthetraditionalChineseculture.作为中国历史上伟大的思想家和教育家，他整理了《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《乐》、《易》、《春秋》六部文献，被后代奉为儒家经典，合称“六经”，为传统文化的继承和发展做出了巨大的贡献Secondly,ConfuciusbuiltupasystemofphilosophicalthoughtswithRenasitsbasicvirtue.Thisvirtueis thecentralthemeof hisAnalects

9.He consideredRen as the firstand highestcriterion ofmansbehaviorandthecoreofmorality.Renmeantto“loveothermen；tohelpotherstobeestablishedwhenonewishedto beestablished oneself;and helpothers tobe successfulwhen onewished tobe successfuloneself.Confucius conceptof Lirefers toa setof ritualand musicalsystems,with thehierarchical systemas itscore.Ren andLi arecomplementary:Li isthe exteriorprinciple ofRen whileRen isLis intrinsicguidingpower.To accomplishRen,one mustabide byLi,and Renwill benaturally generatedin theprocess ofpracticingLi.Fundamentally,the purposeof ConfuciusLi isto restorethe traditionalrites of the ZhouDynasty

11.第二，建立了一套以“仁”为核心的思想体系，这集中体现在《论语》一书中他认为“仁”是人的最高道德境界，是道德的核心内容“仁”就是“爱人”；“夫仁者，己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人”“孔子也讲“礼”，礼是礼乐制度，核心内容是等级制度礼与仁互为表里，礼是仁的外在规则，仁是礼的内在指导因素要达到仁，必先合乎礼，在反复实践礼的过程中自然会产生仁孔子讲“仁”的目的是维护和恢复周礼Thirdly,Confucius establishedprivate schools,creating ascientific educationalsystem..Confuciusalso heldthe ideathat everyoneshould beeducated regardlessof hissocial status.In educationalpractice,he createdflexible teachingmethods,promoting thecombination oflearning andthinking,learning andreviewingaswellasteachingandlearning.Heemphasizedonindividualizedandheuristicteaching.Theseideas arestillofgreat significancein practicetoday.第三，办私学，创立了科学的教育思想体系孔子提出“有教无类”在教育实践中创立了灵活多样的教学方法，提倡“学”与“思”结合，学习与复习结合以及教与学结合，讲求因材施教和启发式教学等这些思想，直到今天还有其现实意义exert v.运用，施加［例句1］He exertedall hisauthority tomakethem acceptthe plan.他利用他的所有权力让他们接受这个计划［例句2J Themoonexerts aforceontheearth thatcauses thetides.月球对地球的吸引力引起潮汐succession n.继承［例句1］He becamechairman insuccession toBernard Allen.他接替伯纳德•艾伦任主席［例句2］Shes thirdonorder ofsuccession tothethrone.她在王位继承人顺序中排第三hierarchical adj.分层的，等级制度的［例句］Japan isa hierarchicalsociety.日本是一个分等级社会heuristicadj.教学或教育启发式的［例句］Confucius taughthis studentsina heuristicway.孔子以启发式教授他的学生

1.Confucianism:The teachingsof Confuciusemphasizing lovefor humanity;high valuegiven tolearning,familyincluding ancestors,peace andjustice,influencing thetraditionalculture ofChina孔子思想，儒家思想

2.Shi:TheBook ofSongs《诗》

3.Shu:Collectionof AncientTexts《书》

4.Li:The Rites《礼》

5.Yue:TheMusic《乐》

6.Yi:The Bookof Changes《易》

7.ChunQiu:The Springand AutumnAnnuals《春秋》

8.Ren:Benevolence《仁》

9.Analects:Also knownastheAnalects ofConfucius,are considereda recordofthewords andacts ofthecentralChinese thinkerand philosopherConfucius andhis disciples,as wellasthediscussions theyheld.Writtenduring theSpringandAutumnPeriod throughtheWarring StatesPeriod,theAnalects isthe representativeworkofConfucianismandcontinuestohaveatremendousinfluenceonChineseandEastAsianthoughtandvaluestoday.《论语》是记录孔子及其弟子言行的书写于春秋战国时期论语是儒家思想的代表作并对中国及东南亚地区思想及价值观产生巨大的影响。