Unit One核心员工的特征 英语知识点梳理

Unit OneTRAITSOF THEKEY PLAYERSDavidG.Jensen核心员工的特征大卫・G・詹森1What exactlyis a key playerA KeyPlayer11is aphrase thatFve heardabout fromemployers duringjust aboutevery searchFveconducted.I askeda client-a hiring manager involved in arecent search-to defineit forme.Every companyhas ahandful ofstaffin agiven areaof expertisethat youcan counton toget thejob done.On myteam ofseven processengineer andbiologists,Fvegot two or threewhom Ijust couldntlive without/he said.HKey playersare essentialto myorganization.And whenwe hireyourcompany to recruit forus,we expectthat youllbe goinginto othercompanies andfinding justthat:the staffthat anothermanager willnotwant tosee leave.We recruitonly key players.H核心员工究竟是什么样子的几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词我请一位客1户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说，“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人其他公司经理不想失去的员工我们只招募核心员工”2This is part of a peptalk intendedto sendheadhunters intocompetitors companiesto talkto the most experiencedstaff aboutmakinga change.They wantto hireakeyplayer,*from anothercompany.Every companyalso hiresfrom theranks ofnewbies,andwhat theyrelooking foris exactlythe same.HWe holdthem upto thestandards wesee inour toppeople.If itlooks like they havethesesame traits,well placea beton them.1Its justa bitriskier.这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更2他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工然而，每家公司也从新人中招人他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照假如他们看起来有同样特征的话，我们就在他们身上赌一把”只是这样有点儿冒险3Its aneducated guess/1says myhiring managerclient.Your jobas afuture employeeis to help thehiringmanagermitigatethat risk.You needto helpthem identifyyou as a prospectivekeyplayer

1.这是一种有根据的猜测，“我的人事经理客户说作为未来的一名员工，你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风3”险，你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工4Trait1:The selflesscollaboratorJohn Fetzer,career consultantand chemist,first suggestedthis trait,which has already beenwritten abouta greatdeal.Itdeserves repeatingbecause it is thesingle mostpublic differencebetween academiaand industry.nIt,s teamwork,n saysFetzer Thebusinessenvironment is less lone-wolf andcompetitive,so signsof beingcollaborative andselfless standout.You justcant succeedin an industryenvironment withoutthis mindset4特征1无私的合作者职业顾问和化学家约翰・费策尔最早提出了这个特征关于这个特征，人们已经写了大量的文章它之所以值得被反复谈及，是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别“这里需要合作，”费策尔说，“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗，争强好胜，所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了在企业环境中，没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功”5Many peptidesand gradstudents havea toughtime showingthat they can makethis transitionbecause somuch of their lifehasinvolved playingthe independent-researcher roleand outshiningother youngstars.You canmake yourselfmore attractivetocompanies byworking togetherwith scientistsfrom otherlaboratories and disciplines inpursuit of a commongoal—anddocumenting theresults onyour resume.This approach,combined with a liberaluse of the pronounHwe and not just1whendescribing youraccomplishments,can changethe companysperception ofyou froma lonewolf to a selflesscollaborator.Better still,develop areputation insideyour laband withpeople yourlab collaborateswith asa personwho fostersand initiatescollaborations-and makesure thisquality getsmentioned by those whowill takethose referencephone calls.许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个5独立研究者的角色，并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力为追求一个dollars perclass,and studentscan learnbasic posturesin justa fewclasses.Many YMCAs,colleges,and communityhealth organizationsofferbeginning yoga classes as well,often fornominal fees.If yoga ispartof aphysical therapyprogram,it can be.reimbursed byinsurance.能向瑜伽教练或身体治疗师学习瑜伽是最好不过了，但因为瑜伽入门并不难，所以也可以从大量的介绍瑜伽的正4规书籍中自学它的基本动作瑜伽课的学费一般不贵，平均一堂课美元，学员们在几节课内就能学会基础的瑜伽动作10许多地方的基督教青年会、大学和社区健康协会都开办有瑜伽入门学习班，而且通常只象征性地收取一点儿费用如果是作为身体治疗项目的一部分，瑜伽费用还能算在医疗保险的范围之内5Yoga canalso providethe samebenefits as any well-designed exerciseprogram,increasing generalhealth andstaminareducing stress.and improvingthose conditionsbrought aboutby sedentarylifestyles.Yoga has the addedadvantage ofbeing alow-impact activitythat usesonly gravityas resistance,which makesit anexcellent physicaltherapy routine:certain yoga postures can besafely usedto strengthenand balanceall parts of the body.瑜伽还能带来和精心设计的练习一样的效果，使人增强体质、焕发活力，并帮助人们舒缓压力和久坐带来的疲劳5瑜伽的另一个优点是，除了地心引力外，它不需承担额外的阻力，这使它成为身体治疗方法的不二之选；特定的瑜伽动作能安全有效地增强人的力量，提高身体的平衡度6Meditation has been muchstudied and approved for its benefitsin reducingstresses-related conditions.The landmarkbook,The RelaxationResponse,by Harvardcardiologist HerbertBenson,showed thatmeditation andbreathing techniquesfor relaxationcouldhave theopposite effectof stress,reducing bloodpressure andother indicators,Since then,much researchhas reiteratedthebenefits ofmeditation forstress reduction and generalhealth.CuiTently,the AmericanMedical Associationrecommends meditationtechniques asafirst stepbefore medicationfor borderlinehypertension cases.6研究表明，冥想能帮助人们缓解压力哈佛心脏医学家赫伯特・班森在他划时代的著作《放松反应》里说道，冥想和呼吸技巧能使身体放松，达到与压力相反的效果，并使血压等一系列指标回落从那以后，越来越多的研究都重申了冥想对减压和身体健康的积极影响现在，美国医学协会已推荐把冥想疗法替代药物治疗用于治疗疑似高血压的第一步了7Modern psychologicalStudies haveshown thateven slightfacial expressionscan causechanges in the involuntarynervoussystem;yoga utilizesthe mind/body connection,that is,yoga practicecontains thecentral ideasthat physicalposture and alignmentcan influencea personsmood andself-esteem,and alsothat the mind can be usedto shapeand healthe body.Yoga practitionersclaimthat thestrengthening ofmind/body awarenesscan bringeventual improvementsin allfacets of a persons life.现代心理学研究表明，即使细微的表情变化也会引起神经系统的自主改变；而瑜伽正是身体和心灵的绝妙结合——7瑜伽练习的中心思想就是，身体的姿态将影响人的心情和自我意识，而人的精神又能塑造和治愈人的身体瑜伽练习者认为，精神/体质的加强最终将为生活的各方面都带来好处8Yoga can be performedbythoseof anyage andcondition,although not all posesshould be attempted byeveryone.Yoga isalsoa veryaccessible formof exercise;all thatis neededis aflat floorsurface largeenough tostretch outon,a mator towel,andenough overheadspace tofull raisethe arms.It is a goodactivity forthose who cant goto gyms,who don*t likeother formsofexercise,or have,very busyschedules.Yoga should be doneonanempty stomach,and teachersrecommend waitingthree ormorehours aftermeals.Loose andcomfortable clothingshould heworn.虽然有些姿势并不适合所有人练习，但是任何年龄段的人在任何条件下都能练习瑜伽练瑜伽的准备工作也很简8单；只需一块可以伸展肢体的平地、一块草垫或毛巾和一个足以抬起手臂的空间就可以展开练习了对去不了体育馆、不喜欢其他体育运动和十分忙碌的人来说，瑜伽是一项再好不过的活动了练习时应穿着宽松舒适的服装并保持空腹，瑜伽师推荐饭后三小时以上为宜9Beginners shouldexercise care and concentrationwhen performingyoga postures,and nottry tostretch toomuch tooquickly,as injurycould result.Some advancedyoga postures,like theheadstand andfull lotusposition,canbedifficult andrequire strength,flexibility,and gradualpreparation,so beginnersshould getthe helpofateacher beforeattempting them.初学者在练习时应集中注意力，小心动作不要做得太过太快，以免受伤一些高阶的瑜伽动作，如头倒立式和全9莲花坐式，需要有很好的力量、柔韧性和日积月累的练习作准备，因此初学者应在瑜伽师的指导卜做这些动作10Yoga is not acompetitive sport;it does not matterhow a person doesin comparisonwith others,but how aware anddisciplinedone becomeswith onesown bodyand limitations.Proper formand alignmentshould alwaysbe maintainedduring astretch or posture,and thestretchorposture shouldbe stoppedwhen there is pain,dizziness,or fatigue.The mentalcomponent ofyoga is just as importantas thephysical postures.Concentration andawareness breathshould not be neglected.Yoga shouldbe donewith an open,gentle,and non-critical mind:when onestretches into a position,it canbe thoughtof asaccepting andworking on oneslimits.Impatience,self-criticism andcomparing oneselfto otherswill nothelp inthis processof self-knowledge.While performingtheyoga ofbreathing pranayamaand meditationdyana,it isbest to have anexperienced teacher,as thesepowerful techniquescancause dizzinessand discomfortwhen doneimproperly.瑜伽不是竞技体育；练瑜伽不需要和别人比，练瑜伽的目的是提高自己的觉悟和身心自律能力做瑜伽必须保持10姿势的正确，一旦感到疼痛、头晕或疲劳就必须停止做瑜伽时，身体和精神一样重要，要注意集中精力去感受呼吸练习时必须心胸开阔、平和；当你伸展肢体做每一个瑜伽动作时，你就是在接受挑战去达到自己的极限不耐烦、自责和与他人相比都不利于这一过程中自我认识的实现当练习呼吸法（调息）和冥想法（禅定）时，最好由经验丰富的瑜伽师来指导，因为一旦练习不当，这些技巧性很强的动作会使人感到头晕不适11Although yogaoriginated in a culturevery different from modernAmerica,it has been acceptedand itspractice hasspreadrelatively quickly.Many yogis are amazedat howrapidly yogaspopularity hasspread in America,considering thelegend thatit waspasseddown secretlyby handfulsor adherentstor manycenturies.虽然瑜伽的发源地与现代美国文化迥异，但它却得到了认同，并很快地传播开来许多世纪以来，瑜伽只是在极11少信徒的言传身教中得以流传，而今它在美国快速普及，这使许多瑜伽师感到很惊异12There canstill befound someresistance toyoga,for activeand busyAmericans sometimesfind ithard to believe that anexercise programthat requiresthem toslow down,concentrate,and breathedeeply canbe moreeffective thanlifting weightsorrunning,However,ongoing researchin topmedical schoolsis showingyogas effectivenessfor overallhealth andfor specificproblems,making itan increasinglyacceptable healthpractice.也有一些人反对瑜伽，因为勤奋忙碌的美国人很难相信这项要他们放慢速度、集中精力进行深呼吸的运动会比举12重或慢跑更有效然而，越来越多的来自顶尖医学院的研究结果表明，瑜伽对全身健康和特殊病症都有好处，这也使越来越多的人接受这项健康的运动Unit SevenONHUMAN NATUREFrank andLydia Hammer我对人类的了解越多，对他们的期望就越低和以前相比，我现在常常以较宽松的标准把一个人叫做好人——塞缪尔・约翰逊博士论人性1Human nature is thebasis ofcharacter,the temperamentand disposition;it is that indestructiblematrix uponwhich thecharacteris built,and whoseshape itmust take and keepthroughout life.This wecall a person*s nature.人性是性格、气质和性情的基础，性格正是基于这种牢不可破的基质之上的，它必须以这种基质的形式存在，并1将它保留终生，这种基质，我们称之为一个人的本性2The basicnature of human beingsdoes notand cannot change.It isonly thesurface thatis capableof alteration,improvementand refinement;we canalter onlypeoples customs,manners,dress andhabits.A studyof historyreveals that the people who walkedthisearth in antiquity weremoved by the samefundamental forces,were swayedby the same passions,and hadthe same aspirationsas themen andwomen oftoday.The pursuitof happinessstill engrossesmankind theworld over.人类的本性不会也不能改变，只有一些表面特征才会变化、改善和进一步提升；我们可以改变人们的风格、举止、2衣着和习惯一项历史研究表明，曾经行走在地球上的古人们和今天的男男女女们受着同样的基本力量驱使，被同样的激情左右并有着同样的抱负，时至今日，对幸福的追求仍然是全世界人类全身心投入的事业3Moreover noone wisheshis natureto change.One maycovet theposition ofPresident orKing,but would notchangeplaceswith themunless,it meantthe continuanceof his own identify.Each mansees himself as unique,and sofar as he isconcerned thehubof theuniverse,differentfromany otherindividual.Apologies arein orderwhen Mr.Smith ismistaken forMr.Jones.此外，没有人希望改变自己的本性，有人可能会觊觎总统或国王的职位，但不会和他们交换位置，除非那意味着3他自己身份的继续每个人都把自己看成是独特个体，而且，就他而言，他就是宇宙的中心，有别于其他任何人如果有人把史密斯先生误认作琼斯先生，这人就该道歉4Every manunfolds adistinct characterover whichcircumstances andeducation haveonly themost limitedcontrol.No twopeoplewill everdraw thesame conclusionsfrom thesame experiences,but eachmust interpretevents andfit theminto themosaic ofhisown life*s pattern.Human natureis evertrue itself,not tosystems offaith oreducation.Each holdsto thestructure of the moldinto which thesoul wascast atthe timeof itsindividualization.The qualitiesborn inone remain as potentialswhether they have achanceto developor not.Under pressure,or changeof interest,theycanpartially orwholly disappearfrom view,tor considerableperiodsof time;but nothing can permanentlymodify them,nothingcanobliterate them.每个人都表现出一种与众不同的性格，而环境和教育对性格的影响都极其有限两个人从相同的经历中也不会得出4相同的结论，但是两个人会各自分析这些事件并将它们融合到自己丰富的生活模式中去人性总是忠于它本身，而不受信仰或教育体制左右一个人的个性和他独特的天性在出生时就已经形成了，而且不会改变一个人与生俱来的品质，无论是否有机会发展，都保持为潜力在遭受压力或兴趣变化的情况下，他们会部分或全部地消失相当一段时间，但是没有什么能永久地改变他们，也没有什么能把他们抹去5The constancyofhumannatureisproverbial,as noone believesthat a man canfundamentally changehis nature.This iswhyit isso difficultfor onewho hasacquired anunsavory reputationtore-establish himself in publicconfidence.People knowfromexperience thatan individualwho inone yeardisplays knavishcharacteristics-seldom in the nextbecomes anydifferent.Nor doesathief become a trustworthyemployee,or amiser aphilanthropist.Nor doesamanchange andbecomealiar,coward ortraitor atfiftyor sixty;if he is onethen,he hasbeen oneever sincehis characterwas formed.Big criminalsare first little criminals,justasgiant oaksarefirstlittleacorns.人性的恒定性是众所周知的，因为没有人相信一个人能够从根本上改变他的本性这就是为什么一个恶名远扬的人5很难重建公众对他的信心人们凭经验知道某一年中表现出无赖性格的人不太可能在第二年有任何改观小偷也不会变成值得信赖的员工吝啬鬼也不可能变成慈善家而且，一个人不会在五六十岁的时候变成谎话精、懦夫或叛徒，如果那时候他是，那么早在他性格形成的时候他就已经是了大罪犯最初都是小罪犯，正如大橡树最初都是小橡果6Although manis potentiallyperfect heis farfrom being actually so.If hewere actuallyperfect therewould benothing forpreachersand humanitariansto do;no usefor churches,schools,courts andprisons.Therefore whileit isimpossible tochange humannature,it canbe studied,controlled anddirected,and thisshouldbethe supremefunction ofour religious,educational andsocialinstitutions.尽管人类有完美的潜质，但事实上他远远没有达到完美如果事实上他已经是完美的，那么那些神父、教师和人道6主义者便会无事可做；那些教堂、学校、法庭和监狱便会无所用处因此虽然人性是不可能改变的，但是人们可以研究它、控制它和引导它而且这应该是我们的宗教机构、教育机构和社会机构的最高职能7Man is perfect asa seedis perfect,germinally.The spirit isperfect,but whenit inhabitshuman structures,it participatesin theimperfectionsof the later;and duringits associationwith mattertakes on the mortalweakness,desires andlimitations.But thespirit,the innerman,remains untouchedand undefiledby evil.Only theouter man-the personalityand thephysical body-becomesimperfect,due toignorance,wrong thinkingand violationof thelaw ofbeing.The outerman,too,was originallyperfect,but manhasso desecratedand abusedit thattoday it is afar cryfrom the original model.人类在胚胎期是完美的，就好比一粒种子，在幼芽期是完美的一样精神是完美的，但它栖居到人类肉体结构中后，7便参与其中，表现出后者的不完美在它与物质的联系过程中呈现出凡人的弱点、欲望和局限但是精神，也就是人的内在，却仍能免遭邪恶的染指和玷污只有外在的人——个性和躯体，由于无知、思想错误和违反自然规律而变得不完美外在的人，原本也是完美的，但是由于人类如此的亵渎和滥用，今天，它已经与原型相去甚远8Mans majestyand nobilityare takenfor granted,although his faults andweaknesses areconstantly paradedbefore oureyes.Only whenbehavior deviatesfrom thenormal doesit attractattention.The goodneighbor,the conscientiouscitizen,the kindfatherand faithfulhusband passunnoticed.But themurderer,robber orwife beateris singledout forublicity,because suchconduct isunusual.人们想当然地认为人类是伟大和高尚的，尽管他的过错和弱点不断地暴露在我们面前只有当人类行为偏离常规时8才会引起人们的注意人们对好邻居、良民、慈父和贞夫视而不见，但杀人犯、抢劫犯或殴打妻子的人却成为公众瞩目的焦点因为这些行为非同寻常9Mans inherentgoodness,moreover,is revealedby hiscountless actsof heroism,unselfishness andsacrifice.Daily onereadsof mensaving othersattheperil of their ownlives.One plungesinto thesurf andrescues aswimmer fromdrowning;another dashesintoa burninghouse andcarries astranger tosafety;others snatcha childfrom thewheels ofdeath;many givetheir bloodso thatothersmay live.Countless unnamedand unrecordedmen havegiven their lives for their fellowmen,not onlyon thebattlefront butonthe home-front as well.人类固有的优点还体现在不计其数的英雄主义行为、充满无私和牺牲精神的举动上，每天我们都会读到人们冒着生9命危险挽救他人生命的事迹有人跃入水中拯救溺水的泳者；有人冲进火场将陌生人带出险境；有人从死亡的车轮下救出孩子；许多人献出鲜血使他人生命得以延续数不胜数的不知姓名、不被记载的人们，不仅在战场上，而且还在战争的大后方，为了他们的同胞献出了生命1OHuman naturedoes notand cannotchange butunfolds itsinherent pattern.Man hasa natureand itslaws canbe known.Wecan onlyendeavor to understand manasheis.人性不会也不能改变，它只展现它固有的模式它有天性而且这种天性的规律是可知的我们只能尽力去了解人10类的真实面貌Unit EightItsalmost acommon sense that wearinga seat belt cankeep passengersfrom beinginjured orbeing killedin a car accident.Butrecent researchdone byJohn Adamsshows morecomplicated statistics.More caraccidents arecaused bythe recklessdrivers whowearseat belts.THE HIDDENDANGER OFSEAT BELTSDavidBjerklie安全带可以避免乘客在车祸中受伤或死亡，这几乎是常识但是，约翰.亚当斯最近所做的研究得出了更加复杂的统计数据当司机系着安全带时，他们开车无所顾忌，更多车祸因此而发生座椅安全带的隐患大卫・布杰克里10Seat beltsstill decreaseour risk of dyingin anaccident,but thestatistics arenot allblack andwhite.In fact,according tooneresearcher,seat beltsmay actuallycause people to drivemore recklessly.座椅安全带固然能降低我们在车祸中死亡的危险，但从统计数据看，情况并不是那么绝对事实上，据一位研究1者说，安全带可能会使人们在驾车时更加肆无忌惮11If theres one thingwe know about ourrisky world,its thatseat beltssave lives.And theydo,of course.But reality,as usual,is messierand morecomplicated thanthat.John Adams,risk expertand emeritusprofessor ofgeography atUniversity CollegeLondon,was anearly skepticof theseatbeltsafety mantra.Adams firstbegan tolook atthe numbersmore than25years ago.What hefoundwas thatcontrary toconventional wisdom,mandating the use ofseat beltsin18countries resultedin eitherno changeoractually a net increasein roadaccident deaths.对于这个有危险的世界，如果有一件事我们还算了解，那就是座椅安全带可以救命当然，它确实可以救命但2实际情况通常要更混乱、更复杂伦敦大学学院的风险专家、地理学荣誉教授约翰・亚当斯早就质疑安全带能保证驾车安全的信条亚当斯最早开始查看统计数字是早在年前的事了他的发现与人们的普遍看法恰恰相反——在个强制使2518用安全带的国家，要么交通事故死亡率根本没有变化，要么实际上反而导致了死亡率的净增长12How canthat beAdams*interpretation of the datarests on the notionof riskcompensation,the ideathat individualstend toadjusttheir behavior in response to whatthey perceive;as changes in thelevel of risk.Imagine,explains Adams,a drivernegotiatinga curvein theroad.Lets makehim ayoung male.He isgoing to be influencedby hisperceptions ofboth therisks andrewards ofdriving a car.The considerationscould includegetting towork ormeeting amend fordinner ontime,impressing acompanion withhisdriving skills,bolstering hisimage ofhimselfasan accomplisheddriver.They couldalso includehis concernfor hisown safetyanddesire tolive toa ripeold age,his feelingsof responsibilityfor atoddler withhim in acarseat,the costof bangingup hisshinynew caror losinghis license.Nor willthese possibleconcerns existin avacuum.He willbe takinginto accountthe weatherand theconditionof theroad,the amountof trafficand thecapabilities of the carheisdriving.But crucially,says Adams,this driverwill alsobe adjusting hisbehaviorinresponseto what heperceives arechangesinrisks.If heis wearinga seatbelt andhis carhas frontandside airbags andanti-skid brakesto boot,he mayin turndrive abit moredaringly.怎么会这样亚当斯用风险补偿的概念来解释这些数据资料，这个概念就是人们往往会根据他们意识到的风险程3度的改变来相应地调整自己的行为亚当斯解释说，假设一位司机驾车途中要过一个窄弯道，这名司机是个男青年，那么他会受到自己对以下两方面认知的影响驾车的风险和驾车的回报他所考虑的东西可能包括能够准时上班或准时赶赴朋友的饭局、让同伴对他的驾车技术留下深刻印象、使自己作为熟练驾车手的形象更加巩固他还可能考虑到自身的安全问题、长命百岁的愿望、对车上年幼乘客的责任感、撞毁自己的漂亮新车或驾驶证被没收的代价这些可能的担心也不是孤立存在的他还要考虑到天气和路况、交通拥挤的程度和所驾车子的性能但亚当斯说，关键的是这个司机还将根据他对风险变化的判断来调整自己的行为如果他系上了安全带，而他的车子带有前、侧气囊和防滑刹车系统，他驾起车来可能会更大胆13The point,stresses Adams,isthatdrivers whofeel safemay actuallyincrease therisk thatthey poseto otherdrivers,bicyclists,pedestrians and their ownpassengers whilean averageof80%of driversbuckle up,only68%of theirrear-seat passengersdo.And riskcompensation ishardly confinedto theact ofdriving acar.Think ofa trapezeartist,suggests Adams,or arock climberormotorcyclist.Add somesafety equipmentto theequation-anet,rope orhelmet respectively-and theperson maytry maneuversthatheor she wouldotherwise considerfoolish.In thecase ofseat belts,instead ofa simple,straightforward reductionin deaths,theend resultis actuallya morecomplicated redistributionof riskand fatalities.For thesake ofargument,offers Adams,imagine howitmight affectthe behaviorof driversif asharp stakewere mountedin the middle of the steeringwheel Orif thebumper werepackedwith explosives.Perverse,yes,but itcertainly providesa vividexample ofhowaperception ofrisk couldmodify behavior.亚当斯强调说，问题就在于自我感觉安全的司机们实际上对其他司机、骑自行车者、行人和自己车上的乘客来说4是更大的危险平均的司机系安全带，而同车后座的乘客只有系安全带风险补偿绝不仅限于驾车行为亚当80%68%斯说，类似的还有表演高空秋千的艺人、攀岩者或摩托车手如果在他们的安全等式上增添某种安全装置——比如说分别给他们一张救生网、一根保险绳或一个头盔——这个人可能就会试着做些平时认为很愚蠢的技巧性表演因此，安全带并非简单、直截了当地减少死亡人数，而是对风险和死亡事故进行了更加复杂的再分配为了说明其中的道理，亚当斯提出人们可以想象一下，如果在方向盘中间安一个尖头的木桩，司机开车时会受到怎样的影响或者在保险杠上装满炸药呢这简直是丧心病狂，是的，不过这确实提供了一个生动的例子，来说明人们如何根据对风险的判断来调整行为14In everydaylife,risk is a movingtarget,notaset numberas statisticsmight suggest.In additionto externalfactors,eachindividual hashis or her owninternal comfortlevel withrisk-taking.Some aredaring whileothers arecautious bynature.And stillothersare fatalistswho maybelieve thata higherpower devisesmortality schedulesthat fixa predeterminedtime whenour numberisup.Consequently,any singlemeasurement assignedto theriskofdrivingacar isbound tobe onlythe roughestsort ofbenchmark.Adams cites,asanexample thestatistical factthatayoung manis100times more likely tobe involvedinasevere crashthan is amiddle-aged woman.Similarly,someone drivingat3:00a.m.Sunday ismore than100times morelikely todie thansomeone drivingat10:00a.m.Sunday.Someone witha personalitydisorder is10times morelikely todie.And letssay hesalso drunk.Tally upAllthese factorsand considerthem independentlysays Adams,and you could arriveat.a statisticalprediction thata disturbed,drunkenyoung mandriving in themiddleof thenight is

2.7million timesmorelikelytobeinvolvedina seriousaccident thanwould asober,middle-aged womandriving tochurch sevenhours later.日常生活中，风险是不断移动的靶子，而并不像统计数据那样是个固定数字除了外部因素外，每个人对于冒险5都有自己内在的安全尺度有些人天生大胆而有些人天生谨慎，还有些人是宿命论者，他们会认为，有一种更强大的力量设计了死亡时间表，预先确定了我们的死期因此，对驾车风险做任何单一的测算所得到的肯定只是最粗略的基准数据亚当斯引用了这样的统计事实作例子青年男子发生严重撞车事故的概率比中年妇女高倍同样，在星期天凌100晨点钟驾车的人比同一天上午点钟驾车的人死亡风险高出多倍，有人格障碍的人比一般人死亡风险高倍31010010亚当斯说，假如这个人还喝醉了，汇总所有这些因素并分别加以考虑，就会得到一个具有统计性的预测一位心理失常又喝醉酒的青年男子在午夜驾车，个小时后一位头脑清醒的中年妇女驾车去教堂，前者发生严重交通事故的概率比后者7高万倍27015The bottomline isthat riskdoesnt existinavacuum andthat there areahost offactors thatcome intoplay,including therewardsofrisk,whether they are financial,physical oremotional.It isthis veryhuman contextwhich riskexists.That iskey,saysAdams,who titledone ofhis recentblogs:What KillsYou Matters-Not Numbers.Our reactionto riskvery muchdepends on thedegree towhich it is voluntaryscuba diving,unavoidable publictransit orimposed airquality,the degree towhichwe feel we areincontrol drivingor atthe mercyof othersplane travel,and thedegreetowhich thesource ofpossible dangeris benigndoctorsorders,indifferent natureor malign,murder andterrorism.We makedozens ofrisk calculationsdaily,but youcan bookodds-that most of themare soautomatic orvisceral-that webarely noticethem.问题的要点就在于风险并不是孤立存在的，它会受到许多因素的影响，包括承担风险所带来的种种回报——无论6是财产方面的、身体方面的，还是情感方面的这正是风险赖以存在的真实的人类社会亚当斯说，这才是问题的关键，正如他把近期的一篇博客题目定为《关键的是置人于死地的东西，而不是数字》我们对风险的反应多半取决于它在多大程度上是自发的行为如戴水肺潜水、是不可避免的如公共交通、还是强加给我们的如空气质量;取决于我们认为在多大程度上是我们能控制的如驾驶或是由别人控制的如乘飞机；还取决于这种潜在危险在多大程度上是出于好意如医生的指令、无意的如自然因素或恶意的如谋杀和恐怖活动我们每天要做几十遍风险计算，但是可以确信的是，多数时候人们对风险的计算自然而然或者说是出自本能，以至于我们几乎注意不到我们在做计算共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作——并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明这个方法，加上你在描述业绩时开明地使用代词“我们”，而不是“我能使公司对你的看法从“单干户”转变成“合作者:更为有利的是，要在你实验室内部，以及在和你们实验室合作的人们之间，培养一个良好声誉一个鼓励并发动合作的人——还要保证让那些会接听调查电话的人们谈及你的这个品质6Trait2:A senseof urgencyDonHaut isa frequentcontributor to the aas.sciencecareers,org discussionforum.He isa formerscientist whotransitioned toindustrymany years ago and then ontoasenior managementposition.Haut headsstrategy andbusiness development for adivision of3M with more than$

2.4billion inannual revenues.He isamong thosewho valuea senseof urgency.6特征2紧迫感唐-豪特是一位给网站论坛频繁写稿的撰稿人他之前是一名科学家许多年前他转向了企aaas.sciencecareers@org业，并一直做到高级管理的职位他在公司一个部门负责策略和商业开发工作，这个部门每年上缴的税收高达亿3M24多美元他就是一个重视紧迫感的人16Business happens24/7/365which meansthat competitionhappens24/7/365,as well,*says Haut.One waythat companieswinis bygetting there1faster,which meansthat younot onlyhave tomobilize all of thefunctions thatsupport a business tomovequickly,but you have toknow how to decidewhere thereis!This createsa requirementnot only for people who canact quickly,butfor thosewho canthink fastand havethe courageto acton theirconvictions.This requirementneeds to run throughoutanorganization and is notexclusive tomanagement.n一年天，一周天，一天小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年天，一周天，一天小时，竞争也7“365724365724同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达旧的地，这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定目的地是哪里这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作”17Trait3:Risk toleranceBeingOK withrisk issomething thatindustry demands.nA candidateneeds to have demonstratedthe abilityto makedecisionswith imperfector incompleteinformation.He orshe mustbe able to embraceambiguity andstick his orherneck out to driveto aconclusion/1wrote one of myclients ina jobdescription.8特征3风险容忍度企业要求员工能承受风险“一名求职者需要表现出仅凭不准确、不完整的信息就做出决策的能力他或她必须能接纳不确定因素并冒着风险做出结论，”一位客户在职业描述中写道18Haut agrees.Business successis often defined bycomfort withambiguity andrisk-personal,organizational,and financial.This createsa disconnectfor manyscientists becausesuccess inacademia isreally moreabout careful,studied research.Further,greatscience isoftendefinedby howone getsto the answer as much asbytheanswer itself,so scientistsoften fallin love with the process.In abusiness,you needtounderstand theprocess,but youend upfalling in lovewith theanswerand thentakearisk based on whatyouthink that answer meansto yourbusiness.Putting yourneck onthe linelike thisisaskill setthat allemployers lookfor in theirbest people.n豪特赞同这一说法“商业成功通常有这样一个特质那就是能接受不确定因素和风险——个人的，组织上的和9财务上的这就让许多科学家感到不适应，因为学术上的成功其实是依靠认真而严谨的研究更进一步说，伟大的科学常常是由找寻答案的过程和答案本身两者同时来定义的因此科学家们往往沉迷于过程在企业里，你需要了解过程，但最终你会迷上答案，然后根据你认为该答案对你的企业所具有的意义来冒风险像这样敢冒风险是一套技能组合，是所有雇主在他们最好的员工身上所寻找的东西”19Another importantpiece ofrisk toleranceisacandidates degreeof comfortwith failure.Failure isimportant becauseitshows thatyou werenot afraidto takechances.So companiesconsistently lookfor candidateswhocanbe wrongand admitit.Everyone knowshow totalk aboutsuccesses-or theyshould iftheyre ina jobsearch-but farfewer peopleare comfortabletalkingabout failures,and fewerstill knowhowtobring lessonsand advantagesback fromthe brink.HFor myorganization,a candidateneeds tohavecomfort discussinghis orher failures,and heorsheneedstohave realfailures,not somethingmade upfor interviewday.If not,that personhas nottaken enoughrisk/says Haut.风险容忍度的另外一个要点是求职者对失败的承受度失败很重要，因为这表示你不怕冒险所以各家公司总会10寻找有可能犯错误并敢于承认错误的求职者大家都知道如何谈论成功——或者当他们在寻找工作的时候应该知道但很少有人乐意谈论失败，更少有人知道如何从失败的边缘吸取教训和获得经验“对我的企业来说，求职者需要坦然地谈论他或她的失败，而且他或她需要有真正的失败经历，而不是特意为面试而杜撰的东西如果做不到的话，那么这个人冒的风险还不够，‘豪特说20Trait4:Strength ininterpersonal relationshipsRickLeach isin businessdevelopmentfordeCODE Genetics.Leach madethe transitionto industryrecently,onthe businessside of things’”.I askedhim aboutthis keytrait becausein hisnew businessrole,interpersonal abilitiesmake thedifference betweensuccessand failure.Scientists spendtheirlivesaccumulating knowledgeand developingtechnical acumen,he says,“but workingfor abusinessrequires somethingelse entirely—people skills.The scientistwho istransitioning into thebusinessworld mustprioritizehisorher relationshipassets abovetheir technicalassets.To suddenlybe valuedand measuredby yourmastery ofhumanrelationships canbeavery scaryproposition forapersonwho hasbeen valuedand measuredonly byhis masteryofthings/saysRick.11特征4善于处理人际关系瑞克・李奇在迪科德遗传工程公司从事业务拓展李奇最近才转行到企业，做业务方面的工作我向他咨询这个重要特征，是因为在他的新业务角色中，人际沟通能力在成功和失败之间发挥着很大的作用“科学家毕生都在积累知识，培养技术上的敏锐感，”他说，“但为企业工作需要完全不同的东西——人际交往的能力想转行到企业界的科学家们必须优先考虑他们的社会关系资源而不是技术资源对一个以前一直根据专业知识水平被评价的人来说，突然之间要根据他的人际交往能力来评价他，真是十分令人恐惧”21It wouldbeamistake,however,to assumethat strongpeople skillsare requiredonlyforbusiness peoplelike Leach.Indeed,the keyplayers Fvemet whowork atthe benchin industryhave succeededin greatmeasure becausetheyve beenable towork withabroad variety of personalities,up anddown theorganization.然而，如果认为只有像李奇那样的生意人才需要熟练的人际沟通技巧，那就错了事实上，我所遇见的在企业工12作的核心费工们之所以取得成功，很大程度上是因为他们能够与公司上下各种各样的人共事Unit TwoCULINARYDELIGHTS INCHINA中餐被公认为全球最佳美食之一，其种类之丰富，工艺之繁复，使其理所当然地成为游客大快朵颐的乐事之一中国美食22Chinese cuisine isabrilliant facetof Chineseculture,which isproven bythe factthat Chineserestaurants arefound scatteredeverywherethroughout theworld.Today,the culinaryindustry isdeveloping evenmore rapidlythan before.A decadeago,Beijinghad afew thousandrestaurants,while todaythere areover100,000restaurants of different sizesin thecity.中国美食是中国文化一道绚烂的风景线，这点从世界各地随处可见的中餐馆可以窥见当今，烹饪业正以前所未1有的速度在发展年前，北京只有几千家餐馆，而今天却有万多家大小不等的餐馆遍布市内101023Regional ChineseCuisinesIt iswidely acknowledgedthat fromthe Ming1368-1644dynasties onwards,there areeight majorschools of Chinese basedopregional cooking.They camefrom Shandong,Sichuan,Guangdong,Fujian,Jiangsu,Zhejiang,Hunan,and Anhuiprovinces.Inaddition tothese traditionalcuisines,the culinaryindustry in China hasundergone greatchanges,as almostevery placehas its ownlocal specialties,and asthe differentcuisines gathertogether inbig cities,such asBeijing.地方美食2众所周知，明朝以来出现了八大菜系，分别是山东菜、四川菜、广东菜、福建菜、江苏菜、浙江菜、湖南菜和安徽菜除了这些传统菜系，中国的烹饪业也经历了巨大的变化每个地方都形成了自己的特色菜，不同菜系汇集于诸如北京这样的大城市24Sichuan,known asNatures Storehouse,is alsoa storehouseof cuisine.Here,each andevery restaurantprovides deliciousyeteconomical culinaryfare.The ingredientsfor Sichuan cuisine aresimple butthe spicesused arequite different.Sichuan cuisineisfamous for its spicyand hotfood,yet justbeing hot and spicydoesnotnecessarily,distinguish itfrom otherhotandspicy cuisinessuch as Hunanor Guizhoucuisines.What isreally specialabout Sichuancuisineis the useof Chineseprickly ashseeds,the tasteof whichleaves afeeling ofnumbnessonone*s tongueand mouth.Besides thisunique spice,Sichuan dishes are usuallyprepared withother spicessuch aschilipepper.Using fermentedbean sauceandaset ofunique cookingmethods.Sichuancuisineis nowfamous andpopular acrosstheworld.In recentyears,there haveappeared manymore renownedrestaurants specializingin Sichuancuisine,such asthe TanFamilyFish Headrestaurant.被誉为“天府之国”的四川也是个美食之都在那里的任何一家餐馆都能找到既可口又经济实惠的美食川菜的原3料虽简单，但调料却大有讲究川菜以口味辣著称，但仅是口味辣还不能使川菜区别于其他辣口味的菜系，比如湖南菜和贵州菜川菜的特别之处在于花椒的使用尝过花椒之后，人们的舌头和嘴巴会留下酥麻的感觉除了花椒之外，川菜还常用辣椒粉之类的调料因使用豆豉作配料，再加上一套独特的烹饪方式，如今川菜在全世界都十分有名和受欢迎近几年涌现了一大批著名的专做川菜的餐馆，比如谭鱼头25Guangdong Provinceis locatedin southernChina,withamoderate climateand abundantproduce allyear round.As oneofthe earliestports opento foreigntrade,the provincehas developeda culinaryculture withitsowncharacteristics thathas exertedafar-reaching influenceon other parts ofChina aswell asthroughout theworld whereit isthemostcommonly availableChinesecuisine.Guangdong cuisineis famous foritsseafood aswell asforitsoriginality andrefined cookingprocesses.Various soupsin thiscuisineare lovedby peopleall over the country.广东省在中国南部，全年气候温和，物产丰富它还是最早对外开放的通商口岸之一广东的餐饮文化独具特色，4对中国其他地方乃至全世界产生了深远的影响广东菜以其好生猛海鲜、追求新奇、细致考究的烹饪方法而著称广东菜中的各式煲汤如今已深受全国各地人民喜爱26Zhejiang cuisineis lightand exquisite,andistypical offood fromalong thelowerYangtze River.One famous dish isWest LakeVinegar Fish,which lookspretty andhas thedelicate refreshingflavors ofnature.Many Chineserestaurants inChina,aswellas inotherpartsof theworld,serve thisdish,but oftenthe flavorislessauthenticcompared tothat found in Hangzhou,capital ofZhejiang Province,which hasunique accesstothefish andwater ofWest Lake.浙江菜口味清淡，精致玲珑，是长江下游区域菜肴的代表西湖醋鱼是其中的一道名菜这道菜鲜美，酥嫩，带5着自然的清香中国乃至世界各地的中餐馆大都能找得到这道菜，但口味往往不及在浙江杭州吃得那般纯正因为只有杭州拥有来自西湖的鱼和水27Every DishHas aStoryThe namesof Chinesedishesarediverse,but behindeach of the famousdishes is an interestingstory explainingwhy itispopular.A goodname canmake the dish moreinteresting;however,some namesare soeccentric thatthey mayconfuse people,bothChinese andforeigners.If youonly translatethe namesliterally withno explanation,youcouldmake afool ofyourself.每道菜都有一段故事6中国菜名五花八门，而每道名菜都有一段有趣的故事，说明它如何博得人们的喜爱一个好名字能使这道菜更有意思；但有些菜名太怪异了，听起来让人一头雾水，不要说外国人难以理解，就是中国人往往也不是很清楚你要是望文生义，准得闹出笑话来28Take Goubuli steamed bunsin thecity ofTianjin for example.These popularbuns areallofthesamesize andhandmade.When servedin neatrows ona tray,they looklike buddingchrysanthemum flowers.The wrappingis thin,the fillingsare juicy,themeat,tender and the tastedelicious andnot atall greasy.Then,why the name拿天津“狗不理”包子来说吧“狗不理”纯手工制作，大小均等，深受欢迎这些包子整整齐齐地放在托盘上时，7看上去就像是含苞欲放的菊花皮儿很薄，馅儿饱蘸肉汁，口感柔软，香而不腻可为什么叫“狗不理”呢？29There isan interestingstory behindit.Goubulisteamedbuns werefirst soldin Tianjinout150yearsago.A localman bythename ofGouzi Dogworked asan apprenticeinashop sellingbaozi steamedbuns.After threeyears,he setup hisown baozishop.Because his buns wereso delicious,he soonhad athriving businesswith moreand morepeople comingto buyhisbuns.Ashardworking asGouzi was,he couldnot keepup withdemand sohis customersoften hadto waita longtime tobe served.Impatient,some peoplewould callouttourge himon,but ashe wasso busypreparing thebuns,he didn*tanswer.People thereforecame tocallhis bunsGoubuli,meaning Gouzipays noattention.1This eccentricname,however,has hadvery goodpromotional effects,and hasbeenused eversince.Goubuli is nowatime-cherished brandname inTianjin.狗不理”的背后有一段有趣的故事大约年前，“狗不理”包子在天津初次亮相当地有个小伙子，名叫狗子，8“150在一家包子店当学徒三年后，自己单独开了一家包子店他做的包子味道鲜美，因此生意十分红火，吸引了越来越多的顾客狗子工作十分卖力，可他还是满足不了大家的需要，顾客们只得等很长时间有些顾客等得不耐烦了，就在外面嚷嚷着催他快点，可狗子忙着做包子呢，哪有时间搭理后来人们就把他做的包子称作“狗不理意思是“狗子不搭理他们可就是这个有点怪里怪气的名字，反倒起了很好的广告作用，这个名字一直沿用到了今天如今“狗不理”已经成为天津的老字号30In Zhejiangcuisine,thereisa well-known dishcalled Dongpo Meat.This dishof streakypork isprepared overa slowfirewhere thebig chunksof porkare braisedwith greenonion,ginger cookingwine,soy sauce,and sugar.The finisheddish isbright redincolor and the meat is tender and juicy and,liketheGoubuli buns,not atall greasy.This dish was namedafter Su Dongpo1037-1101,a greatpoet ofthe NorthernSong Dynasty960-1127,who createdit when he wasan officialin Hangzhou.It issaidthat,whenhewas incharge ofthe drainagework for the WestLake,SuDongporewarded workerswith stewedpork insoy sauce,andpeople laternamed itDongpoMeat,to commemoratethis giftedand generouspoet.浙江菜里有一道深受欢迎的菜，叫东坡肉这道菜是把五花肉切成大块，配上青葱，在锅底放些生姜，然后加料9酒、酱油和糖用慢火做出来的这道菜色泽红亮，酥嫩多汁，如“狗不理”一样毫无肥腻之感它以北宋时代大诗人苏东坡的名字命名苏东坡在杭州做官时发明了这道菜据说，他当时负责西湖的排污工程，经常拿红烧肉犒劳工人后来为了纪念这位才华横溢、慷慨大方的诗人，人们就把它称作东坡肉31Fujian cuisineboasts afamousdishcalled Buddha Jumping overthe Wall,the numberone dishoftheprovince.This dishisprepared withmore than20main ingredientsincluding chicken,duck,sea cucumber,dried scallop,tendon,shark lip,fish mawandham.All theseingredients areplaced intoa ceramicpot,with cookingwine andchicken broth,andthencooked overa slowfire untilthemeatistenderandjuicyandthe soupbecomes smoothand thick.Then itis servedwithmorethan adozen garnishessuch asmushrooms,winter bambooshoots andpigeon eggs.It isfamousforleaving alingering aftertastein themouth.The storybehind thename ofthespecialty goesas follows:佛跳墙是福建莱里的一道名菜，亦被称作福建第一菜这道莱的主料不下种，有鸡肉、鸭肉、海参、干贝、蹄1020筋、鱼唇、鱼肚、火腿配料多种，有蘑菇、冬笋、鸽蛋等所有的原料均放在一个陶罐里，加上料酒和鸡汤后，用文10火炖，一直炖到肉汁鲜美，柔润细腻，汤味浑厚轻舔一口，余香满口这道特色菜的背后有这么一个故事32BuddhaJumpingovertheWall wascreated ina restaurantcalled Gathering Spring Gardenin Fuzhou,Fujian,during thereignoftheQing Emperor,Guangxu1875-

1908.It wasnamed EightTreasures StewedinaPot andthenamewas laterchanged toblessingand Longevity.One day,several scholarscame toGatheringSpringGarden fora meal.When thedishwasserved,oneofthescholars improviseda poem:nFragrance spreadstotheneighborhood oncethe lidlifts,/One whiffandtheBuddha Jumpsthe wall,abandoning theZen precepts“Hence thenameofthedish!佛跳墙是由福州市一个叫聚春园的餐馆在清朝光绪年间发明的，早先菜名为八珍锅，而后改为福寿全一日，儿11位秀才到聚春园饮酒菜上桌时，其中一位即兴赋诗一首“坛启荤香飘四邻，佛闻弃禅跳墙来”佛跳墙这一菜名便由此得来33Warmth andHospitality Expressedby FoodInthe eyesofChinese,what isimportant abouteating,especially atfestivals,is toeat ina warmatmosphere.Often the youngand oldstill sitin orderof seniority,andthe elders selectfood fortheyoungwhile theyoung maketoasts tothe elders.Chinese peoplelike to createa lively,warm,and harmoniousatmosphere duringmeals.食物传达的温馨和盛情12在中国人看来，吃最重要的，尤其在过节时，莫过于是吃饭时的温馨气氛吃饭时，年长的和年少的按照年龄大小依次坐好，在欢乐祥和的气氛中，说说笑笑席间，长辈为晚辈夹菜，晚辈给长辈敬酒，营造出一派欢乐、温馨、和谐的气氛34A hostessor hostinChinawill apportionthe best partsofthe dishesto guests.Using apair ofserving chopsticks,she orheplaces thebestpartofasteamed fishorthemost tenderpiece ofmeat onthe plateofthemost importantguest.Such acustom isstillpopular,especially amongtheeldergeneration,asa way ofexpressing respect,concern andhospitality.在中国，主人会把最好的莱分给客人他们用公筷把清蒸鱼最好的部分或最嫩的肉夹给最重要的来宾这种习俗13用来表达尊敬、关怀和好客之意，至今在老一辈的中国人中还是很流行35Such culinarycustoms havehad acertain influenceonthecharacter ofthe Chinesepeople.In a.sense,it hasstrengthened thecollectivespirit ofthe nation.At aparty ora banquet,everyone firsttakes intoconsideration theneeds ofthe group;with theeatingprocess also beingatime toshow humilityand concernfor others.这种饮食习俗对中国人的性格也有几分影响从某种意义上说，它增强了人们的集体主义精神无论在聚会还是14在宴席上，人们首先考虑大家的需求，把吃饭当成是谦卑有礼和关怀他人的场合36In China,food eatenduring festivalsis particularlyimportant.At differentfestivals,people partakeofdifferentfare.Forexample,ontheeve ofthe SpringFestival,people in the northalways eat.jiaozi,meat andvegetable dumplings,at family reunions.This isawayof biddingfarewell tothe oldyear andwelcoming theNew Year.The LanternFestival isa dayof celebration,and onthisday peopleliketoeat yuanxiao,sweet dumplingsmade ofglutinous riceflour,to symbolizefamilyreunionand perfection.At theDuanwuFestival,people eatzongzi,glutinous ricewrapped intriangular shapein reedleaves,to commemoratethe belovedpoet QuYuanC.1339-C.278BC,who drownedhimselfinthe MiluoRiver afterbeing politicallywronged.Legend hasit thatpeople atthetime threwzongzi intothe riverinthehope thatthe dragonwouldnottake himaway.This latergradually developedintoacustom ofmakingand eatingzongzi during the DuanwuFestival.中国人特别在乎过节时吃什么，不同的节日吃不同的食物比如除夕夜全家团圆时，北方人吃肉饺或菜饺，象征15辞旧迎新元宵节吃元宵，元宵是糯米粉做的甜团子，象征家庭团圆、美满端午节吃粽子，人们用芦苇叶子把糯米包成三角形的粽子是为了纪念受人爱戴的诗人屈原屈原因遭政治迫害自沉于汨罗江传说古时候人们把粽子投到江中，希望水中的龙不要带走他之后，端午节包粽子和吃粽子的习俗就慢慢形成了Unit FourThefollowing textis extractedfrom Marriagesand Familiesby NijoleV.Benokraitis.The bookhasbeenused asa textbookforsociology coursesand womensstudies ina numberof universitiesintheUnited States.It highlightsimportant contemporarychangesin societyandthe family andexplores thechoices that are availableto family members,aswellastheconstraints thatmany ofus donotrecognize.It examinesthe diversityof Americanfamilies today,using cross-cultural andmulticultural comparisonsto encouragecreativethinking aboutthe manycritical issuesthat confrontthefamilyofthetwenty-first century.下面的文章选自奈杰尔贝诺克瑞提斯的婚姻与家庭此书在美国的一些大学里被用作社会学和妇女研究等课程的教材，它强调了在当代社会和家庭中所发生的重要变化，探索了家庭成员所面临的选择，以及我们很多人都还未意识到的种种约束该书还审视了当今美国家庭的多样性，运用跨文化和多元文化的比较，以激发创造性思维来研究世纪家庭21所面临的许多严峻问题LOVE ANDLOVING RELATIONSHIPSNijoleV.Benokraitis爱和情感连系奈杰尔・贝诺克瑞提斯37Love-as bothan emotionandabehavior-is essential for humansurvival-The familyis usuallyour earliestand mostimportantsource of love and emotional support.Babies andchildren deprivedof lovehave beenknown todevelop awide varietyofproblems-for example,depression,headaches,physiological impairments,and neuroticand psychosomaticdifficulties-thatsometimes lasta lifetime.In contrast,infants whoare lovedand cuddledtypically gainmore weight,cry less,and smilemore.By fiveyearsof age,theyhave been foundtohavesignificantly higherIQs andto scorehigher onlanguage tests.爱，对于人类的生存是不可或缺的它既是一种情感，又是一种行为家庭通常是我们最早和最重要的爱和情感1支持的来源众所周知，缺乏爱的婴幼儿会产生各种各样的问题，如抑郁症、头痛、生理残疾、神经质或身心疾病，这些病有时会伴随他们一生而对比之下，拥有爱和拥抱的婴儿通常体重增加得快，哭得少，而笑得多到了五岁时，他们的智商和语言测试的分数明显比前一类儿童高得多38Much researchshows thatthe qualityof careinfants receiveaffects how they laterget alongwith friends,how wellthey doinschool,howtheyreact tonew andpossibly stressfulsituations,and howthey formand maintainloving relationshipsas adults.It isforthese reasonsthat peoplesearly intimaterelationships withintheir familyof origin1are socritical.Children whoare raisedinimpersonal environmentsorphanage,some fosterhomes,or unlovingfamilies showemotional andsocial underdevelopment,language andmotor skillsretardation,and mentalhealth problems.很多研究发现婴儿获得关爱的质量会影响到他们以后的交友，在学校的表现，如何应对陌生的或可能充满压力的2情况，以及他们成年后如何建立并且维系情感连系正是因为这些原因，人们与家庭成员的早期亲密关系才如此至关重要在人情冷漠的环境中如孤儿院，某些寄养家庭，或缺乏关爱的家庭长大的孩子会出现情感和社会性发育不良，语言和运动技能迟缓，以及精神健康问题39Love foroneself,or self-love,is alsoessentialforour socialandemotionaldevelopment.Actress MaeWest oncesaid,nInever lovedanother personthe wayI lovedmyself.n Althoughsuchastatement mayseem self-centered,its actuallyquite insightfulSocialscientists describeself-love asan importantoasis forself-esteem.Among otherthings,peoplewholike themselvesare moreopento criticism and lessdemanding ofothers.Fromm1956saw self-love asa necessaryprerequisite forloving others.People whodon*t likethemselves maynotbeabletoreturn lovebut mayconstancy seeklove relationshipsto bolstertheir ownpoor self-images.But justwhat islove Whatbrings peopletogether3对自己的爱，或者说自爱，对我们的社会性和情感发展也是至关重要的女演员梅・韦斯特曾说过，“我从没有像爱自己那样爱过别人”虽然这样的话听起来似乎有些以自我为中心，实际上却是相当有见地社会学家将自爱描述为自尊的一个重要基础从别的方面来说，自我喜欢的人更乐于接受批评，对别人的要求也不那么苛刻弗罗姆认为1956自爱是爱别人的先决条件不喜欢自己的人也许不懂得回报爱，而却有可能不停地寻找爱的关系来改变卑微的自我形象那么到底什么是爱是什么让人们走到一起？40Love isan elusiveconcept.We haveall experiencedlove andfeelweknow whatitis;however,when askedwhat loveis,people givea varietyof answers.According toa nine-year-old boy,forexample,nLove islike anavalanche whereyouhavetorunforyour life.What wemean bylove dependson whetherwe aretalking aboutlove for familymembers,friends,or lovers.Love hasbeena sourceof inspiration,wry witticisms,and evenpolitical actionfor manycenturies.爱是一个难以描述的概念我们都经历过爱，觉得我们知道爱是什么，然而当被问到什么是爱时，人们给出的答4案却不尽相同，比如一个九岁的男孩说，“爱像雪崩，你必须快跑才能活命”爱对我们来说意味着什么，这取决于我们所指的是家人之间、朋友之间还是恋人之间的爱几百年来爱都是灵感、俏皮的揶揄、甚至是政治活动的来源41Love hasmany dimensions.It canbe romantic,exciting,obsessive,and irrational-It canalsobeplatonic,calming,altruistic,and sensibleMany researchersfeel thatlove defiesa singledefinition becauseit variesin degreeand intensityand acrosssocialcontexts.At thevery least,three elementsare necessaryforaloving relationship:1a willingnessto pleaseand accommodatetheother person,even ifthis involvescompromise andsacrifice;2an acceptanceofthe other person*sfaultsand shortcomings;and3asmuchconcern aboutthe lovedones welfareas onesown.And,peoplewhosay theyare”inloveemphasize caring,intimacy,andcommitment.爱有很多层面，它可能是浪漫的，令人激动的，让人着迷的，或者是非理性的它也可能是柏拉图式的，令人平5静的，无私的，或者理智的许多研究者觉得爱没有一个唯一的定义，它有程度和强度之分，并且跨越了社会背景拥有恋爱关系至少需要具备三个元素愿意取悦和迁就另一方，即使需要妥协或牺牲；能接受另一方的错误和缺点；123关心爱人的幸福像关心自己一样而且，说自己“处于恋爱中”的人们重视相互之间的关心、亲密和忠诚42In anytype of love,caring abouttheotherperson isessential.Although lovemay,involve passionateyearning,respect isamore importantquality.Respect isinherent inall love:nI wantthe lovedperson togrow andunfold forhisownsake,and inhis ownways,andnotforthepurpose ofserving me.If respectand caringare missing,the relationshipis notbasedonlove.Instead,itisanunhealthy orpossessive dependencythat limitsthe loverssocial,emotional,and intellectualgrowth.不管是哪种类型的爱，关心另一方是非常必要的虽然爱可能包含激情的渴望，然而相互尊重才是更重要的品质6相互尊重是所有爱的共性“我想要我爱的人为他自己成长发展，并且用他自己的方式，而不是为了迎合我”如果没有尊重和关怀，两人的关系就不是建立在爱的基础上；反而成为一种不健康的或者是具有占有欲的依赖，而这会限制爱的双方在社会、情感和智力方面的发展43Love,especially long-term love,has nothingin commonwiththeimages oflove or.frenzied sexthat weget fromHollywood,television,and romancenovels.Because ofthese images,many peoplebelieve avarietyofmyths aboutlove.Thesemisconceptions oftenlead tounrealistic expectations,stereotypes,and disillusionment.In fact,real loveis closertowhatone authorcalled^stirring-the-oatmeal love”Johnson

1985.This typeofloveis neitherexciting northrilling butis relativelymundane andunromantic.It meanspaying bills,putting outthe garbage,scrubbing toiletbowls,being upall nightwithasick baby,and performingmyriadotheroatmealn tasksthatarenot verysexy.爱，特别是长久的爱，和我们从好莱坞、电视、或爱情小说中获得的对爱和狂热的性爱的印象完全不同由于这7些印象的缘故，许多人对爱有各种各样的误解，这些误解常常会导致不现实的期望、固定模式或幻觉破灭事实上，“真”爱更接近于一位作家约翰逊，所称的“搅燕麦粥之爱”这种爱既不令人激动也不能令人兴奋，但是它却是实实1995在在的，不浪漫的它是付账单，倒垃圾，刷马桶，孩子生病时守夜，以及完成其他各种各样不那么性感的“搅燕麦粥”的任务44Some partnerstake turnsstirring theoatmeal.Other peopleseek relationshipsthat offercandlelit gourmetmeals inaromantic setting.Whether wedecide toenter aserious relationshipor not,what typeoflovebrings peopletogether有些伴侣们轮流来“搅燕麦粥”，其他人则寻求一种能带来浪漫的烛光美餐的恋爱关系不管我们是否决定建立认8真的恋爱关系，是什么样的爱让我们走到一起？45What attractsindividuals toeach otherinthefirst placeMany peoplebelieve thattheresoneperson outthere that one ismeantforn andthat destinywill bringthem together.Such beliefsare romanticbut unrealistic.Empirical studiesshow thatculturalnorms andvalues,not fate,bring peopletogether Wewill nevermeet millionsof potentiallovers becausetheyarefiltered out”byformal orinformal ruleson partnereligibility dueton factorssuch asage,race,distance,Social class,religion,sexual orientation,health,or physicalappearance.一开始让人相互吸引的是什么许多人相信“世上有一个人是你为之而生的、而且命运会将你俩带到一起这样的9想法很浪漫却不现实实证研究发现，是文化标准和价值观而非命运，将人们连系在一起我们错过了成千上万的可能的爱人，因为他们早就被正式的或非正式的挑选理想爱人的准则筛选出局，这些准则包括年龄、种族、地域、社会阶层、宗教、性倾向、健康状况或外表46Beginning inchildhood,parents encourageor limitfuture romanticliaisons byselecting certainneighborhoods and schools.In earlyadolescence,pear normsinfluence theadolescents decisionsabout acceptable romantic involvementsYou wantto datewho!.Even duringthe preteenyears,romantic experiencesare culturedinthesensethatsocietal andgroup practicesandexpectations shaperomantic experience.Although romancemay crosscultural orethnic borders,criticismandapproval teachus whatisacceptableromanticbehavior andwith whom.One mightlust for someone,but theseyearnings willnot leadmostofus tofall inlovenif thereare strongcultural orgroup bans.从童年开始，父母们就通过选择某个街区和学校，或是鼓励或是限制孩子未来的情感关系在青少年早期，同伴10们的标准也会影响青少年决定哪些情感关系是可以接受的“你想和谁约会”甚至在岁之前，情感经历就由社会13和群体的活动和期望所决定和培养起来了虽然爱情可以跨越文化和民族的界线，但批评和赞同教会了我们什么是可以接受的浪漫行为和与谁发生浪漫行为一个人也许会对另一个人产生“欲望”，但是如果有强烈的文化或族群反对，我们中的大多数人即使有这样的渴望也不会因此而爱上某人的47Regan andBerscheid1999differentiate betweenlust,desire,and romantic love.They describelust asprimarily physicalratherthan emotional,a conditionthat maybe consciousor unconscious.Desire,in contrast,isapsychological in which onewants arelationshipthatonedoesnt nowhave,or toengage inan activityinwhichone isnot presentlyengaged.Desire mayor maynot leadtoromantic lovewhich theauthors equatewith passionateor eroticlow.Regan andBerscheid suggestthat desireisanessentialingredient forinitiating andmaintaining romanticlove.If desiredisappears,apersonisnolonger saidtobeinastate ofromanticlove.Once desirediminishes,disappointed loversmay wonderwhere thespark intheir relationshiphas goneand mayreminisceregretfully andlongingly aboutHthe goodold days

1.里根和波谢德曾把贪欲、性欲和浪漫的爱加以区分他们把贪欲描述为身体上的而非情感上的兴奋，是一111999种有意识的或无意识的状态相反性欲是一种心理状态，在这种心理状态下，一个人想建立一种目前还不具有的恋爱关系，或者是想进行一种目前还没有进行的行为性欲可能会成为或不会成为浪漫的爱情作者把浪漫的爱情等同于充满激情或性欲的爱里根和波谢德认为性欲是点燃并维持浪漫爱情的必要成分一旦性爱消失了，一个人就不能再说成是还处在浪漫恋情中一旦欲望消失了，失望的恋人就会诧异原来他们关系中的“火花”去哪儿了，他们可能会很遗憾地而且渴望地怀念“过去的美好时光”48One shouldnot conclude,however,that desirealways culminatesin physical intimacy orthat desireisthesameasromanticlove.Married partnersmay loveeach othereven thoughthey rarely,or never,engage inphysicalintimacy.In addition,therearesomenotable differencesbetween love-especially long-term love-and romanticlove.Healthy lovingrelationships,whether physicalor notsuchas loveforfamilymembers,reflect abalance ofcaring,intimacy,and commitment.然而，我们不应就此得出性欲总是以身体的亲密接触告终，或性与浪漫爱情是同一回事的结论结了婚的伴侣们12可以深爱对方，即使很少或从来没有身体的亲密接触此外，爱，尤其是长期的爱，和浪漫的爱是有很大区别的健康的恋爱关系，不管它们是有性的或是无性的比如对家人的爱渚反映了关怀、亲密和忠诚的平衡KUnit FiveTheterm yogacomes froma Sanskritword whichmeans yokeor union.Traditionally,yoga isa methodjoining theindividualself withthe Divine,Universal Spirit,or CosmicConsciousness.Physical andmental exercisesare designedtohelpachieve thisgoal,also calledself-transcendence orenlightenment.On thephysical levelyoga postures,called asanas,are designedto tone,strengthen,ana alignme body.These posturesare performedto makethe spinesupple andhealthy andto promoteblood flowto allthe organs,glands,and tissues,keeping allthe bodilysystems healthy.On themental level,yoga usesbreathing techniquespranayama andmeditationdydna toquiet,clarify,anddisciplinethemind.However,experts arequick topoint outthat yogaisnota religion,butaway ofliving withhealth andpeace ofmind asits aims.“瑜伽”这个词源于梵语，意思是“结合”或“联合”，传统上瑜伽是一种把个人和神，万物之灵或无穷的意识联合在一起的方法为了帮助达到这个也被称为“自我超越或启蒙”的目的，设计了身体上和精神上的锻炼方法在身体上，设计了各种瑜伽姿势来使人的身体结实、强壮，有协调性，练习这些体位能使脊柱变得柔软健康，血液更通畅地到达各器官、腺或人体组织，从而使身体各系统更健康穹在精神上，瑜伽使用呼吸法和冥想使心境平和、澄净，精神得到很好的修养但是专家们很快指出瑜伽不是一种宗教，而是将健康与平和的心境结合在一起的一种生活方式YOGA INAMERICADouglas Dupler瑜伽在美国道格拉斯多普勒1Yoga originatedin ancientIndia andis oneofthelongest survivingphilosophical systemsintheworld.Some scholarshaveestimated thatyogaisas oldas5,000years;artifacts detailingyoga postureshavebeenfoundinIndia fromover3,000B.C.Yogisclaim thatitisa highlydeveloped scienceof healthyliving thathasbeentested andperfected forall theseyears.Yoga wasfirstbrought toAmerica inthelate1800s whenSwami Vivekananda.an Indianteacher andyogi,presented alecture on.meditation inChicago.Yoga slowlybegan gainingfollowers,and flourishedduringthe1960s whenthere wasa surgeof interestin Easternphilosophy.There hassince beena vastexchange of yoga knowledgein America,with manystudents goingto Indiato studyandmany Indianexperts cominghere toteach,resulting inthe establishmentofawide varietyof schools.瑜伽起源于古印度，是世界上最古老的哲学体系之一一些学者估计，瑜伽至少有年的历史；印度曾出土过15,000年前的表现瑜伽姿势的手工艺品瑜伽师们认为，经过几千年的考验和完善，瑜伽已经发展成为一门养生的成熟科3,000学19世纪晚期，印度学者、瑜伽师斯瓦米・维韦卡南达在芝加哥做了一场关于冥想的演讲，从此瑜伽传人了美国慢慢地有人开始练习瑜伽，并在世纪年代东方哲学热盛行的时候形成了学习瑜伽的高潮从此，瑜伽知识在美国传播2060开来，许多学徒专程前往印度学习，很多印度瑜伽师也来到美国教学，创办了大量瑜伽学校Today,yogaisthriving,and ithas becomeeasy tofind teachersand practitionersthroughout America.A recentRoper poll,commissioned byYoga Journal,found that11million Americansdo yogaat leastoccasionally1and sixmillion performit regularly.Yoga stretchesare usedby physical therapists andprofessional sportsteams,andthebenefits ofyoga arebeing toutedby moviestarsand Fortune500executives.Many prestigiousschools ofmedicine havestudied andintroduced yoga techniquesasproven therapiesforillness andstress.Some medicalschools,like UCLA,even offeryogaclassesas partof theirphysician trainingprogram.今天的美国，瑜伽已十分盛行，瑜伽教练和练习者随处可见最近一项由《瑜伽月刊》委托洛普民调机构所做的调查显示，有万的美国人至少会偶尔做一次瑜伽，另有万的美国人会经常做瑜伽瑜伽已被广泛应用于身体治疗1/0600和专业运动队的日常训练，做瑜伽的好处也被电影明星和《财富》杂志世界强企业的总裁们争相吹捧许多医学名500校已经研究并提出能够有效缓解疾病和压力的瑜伽术了包括加州大学洛杉矶分校在内的一些医学院甚至还为内科医学专业的学生开设了瑜伽课程2There areseveral differentschools of hatha yogainAmerica;the twomost prevalentones areIyengar andAshtanga yoga

8.Iyengar yogawas foundedby B.K.S.Iyengar,who iswidely consideredas oneofthegreat livinginnovators ofyoga.Iyengar yogaputsstrict emphasison formand alignment,and usestraditional hatha yogatechniquesin newmanners andsequences.Iyengar yogacanbe goodfor physicaltherapy becauseit allowstheuseof propslike strapsand blocksto makeit easierforsomepeopletoget intotheyogapostures.Ashtanga yogacanbea morevigorous routine,using aflowing anddance-like sequence ofhathapostures togeneratebody heat,which purifiesthebodythrough sweatingand deepbreathing.2美国有许多不同的哈他（传统）瑜伽学派，其中影响最大的是艾扬格派和阿斯汤加派艾扬格瑜伽的创立者是波・可・斯・艾扬格，他是世界上目前仍健在的最伟大的瑜伽改革者之一艾扬格瑜伽十分注重姿势的精准，它采用新的方式和顺序练习传统瑜伽艾扬格瑜伽有助于身体治疗，因为它允许练习者使用瑜伽伸展带、瑜伽砖等辅助器材来减少做瑜伽动作的难度阿斯汤加瑜伽有着更精准的要求，练习者要用舞蹈般流畅的动作来练习传统瑜伽，从而使身体发热，并通过出汗和深呼吸来净化自己的身体3Yoga routinescan takeanywhere from20minutes totwoormore hours,with onehour beinga goodtime investmenttoperform asequenceofpostures anda meditation.Some yogaroutines,depending onthe teacherandschool,canbeas strenuousas themostdifficult workout,and someroutines merelystretch andalign thebody whilethe breathand heartrate arekept slowand steady.Yoga achievesits bestresults whenitispracticed asa dailydiscipline,and yogacanbea life-long exerciseroutine,offering deeperandmore challengingpositions asa practitionerbecomes moreadept.The basicpositions canincrease apersons strength,flexibilityand senseof wellbeing almostimmediately,but itcan takeyears toperfect anddeepen them,which isan appealingand stimulatingaspectofyogafor many.做瑜伽没有场地的限制，一套瑜伽动作通常需要分钟到两个小时或者更多的时间，而一个小时左右的时间则是320一系列动作和冥想的最佳选择根据瑜伽师和学派的不同，一些瑜伽动作做起来辛苦异常，而另一些却只是在呼吸和心跳平稳的情况下调整和伸展肢体每天练习瑜伽会达到最好的效果，随着动作越来越熟练，你就可以加大强度和难度，这样瑜伽就能成为你相伴终生的日常锻炼方式了练习基础的瑜伽动作即可收到增强力量，改善柔韧性并使人感到舒适的效果，但要想达到完美和高深的境界还是需要日积月累的练习，这也是瑜伽吸引人的地方之一4Yoga isusually bestlearned fromayogateacher orphysicaltherapist,but yogais simpleenough thatone canlearn thebasicsfrom goodbooks onthe subject,which areplentiful.Yoga classesare generallyinexpensive,averaging around10。