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外刊改编题一一上海高考语法专训二1冰Scientists inAntarctica haverecorded,for the first time,unusually warmwater beneatha glacier11thesize ofFlorida thatis alreadymelting andcontributing toa risein sealevels.The researchers,working onthe ThwaitesGlacier,recorded water temperatures at the baseof theice ofmorethan2℃,above thenormal freezingpoint.Critically,the measurementswere takenat theglaciefs grounding line,the area1it transformsfrom restingwholly onbedrock tospreading outon theseaas iceshelves.It isunclear2fast the glacier isgetting worse:Studies haveforecast itstotalcollapse ina centuryor ina fewdecades.The presenceof warmwater in the groundingline3supportestimates at the fasterrange.That isworthy of4pay attentionto becausethe Thwaites,along with the PineIsland Glacierand severalsmallerglaciers,5act as a brakeon part of themuch largerWest AntarcticIce Sheet,6if melted,would raisetheworld*s oceansby morethan ameter overcenturies,an amountthatwould putmany coastalcities underwater.“Warm watersin thispartof the world,as remoteas theymay seem,should serveasawarning toall ofus aboutthepotential terriblechanges to the planet7bring aboutby climatechange,H saidDavid Holland,director ofNewYork UniversitysEnvironmental FluidDynamics Laboratory.Glaciologists havepreviously raisedalarm overthe presenceof warmwater meltingthe Thwaitesfrom below.This isthefirsttime,though,that warmwaters8measure atthe glaciersgroundingline.9observe activitybeneath theglacier,Dr.Hollands teamdrilled ahole-about30centimeters wideand600meters deep-from thesurface to the bottomand thenplaced equipmentthat measureswatertemperatureand oceanturbulence,or themixing offreshwater from theglacierand saltyocean water.Collecting thedata tookabout96hours insubzero weather.Warm watersbeneath theThwaites areactively meltingit,the teamfound.10scientists maynot yetbe able to definitivelypredict howsoon glacierslike theThwaites willmelt,human-caused climatechange isa keyfactor.The biggestpredictor ofnhow muchice we will loseand howquicklywewilllose it,Dr.Holland said,“is human action.n参考答案考察定语从句
1.where,考察主语从句,做形式主语
2.how,it考察情态动词
3.may/can,考察动名词,的用法
4.being paid,worthy考察谓语,时态语态主谓一致
5.acts,考察定语从句,后面引导定语从句中的状语从句
6.which,if考察过去分词
7.brought,考察时态语态,现在完成时句型
8.have beenmeasured,考察不定式表目的
9.To observe考察状语从句
10.While/though/although,2What makesus lovesome thingsand hateothers Weknow thatsometimes even1tiny changecan resultina hugedifference inhow weperceive something,so isthere anyrhyme orreason toour tastesand preferencesHereare threefactors2play arole.
1.Conforming toexpectationsIn Londona fewyears ago,two3talent rapperscalled Silibil N Brainstook tothe stageto performat amusicindustry showfor unsignedbands.They were4instant hit.Their outrageousWestCoast-American style,brilliant raplyrics andcouldn^-care-less attitudehad themusic industrystalent spottersfallingover themselvesto signthe pair.In ashort.space oftime,Silibil NBrains hada dealwith atop一management company,a contractwith amajor recordlabel andan advanceof$70,000and they hadnt evenmadea record.Before long,they wereon tourwith Eminemand outpartying withMadonna.They wereliving thedream.But twoyears agothe sametwo rappers5laugh offstage bythe sametalent spottersfor singingthe samesongs.So whatwas thedifference Amazingly,it wastheir accent.You see,SilibilNBrains werent,in fact,fromWest CoastU.S.A,at all.They werefrom Dundeein Scotland.During thefirst auditiontheyhadused theirScottishaccents whenrapping andit hadntgone downwell.They justlaughed atus Jrecalled Brains.We wereheartbroken.We wentback toScotland withour tailbetween ourlegs.”The lessonfor themwas6to succeed,youhave toconform toexpectations andat thattime everyoneexpectedrappers7be American.
2.The benefitof hindsightSomepeople aresimply aheadof theirtime.Its commonknowledge thatVincent vanGogh soldonly onepaintingin hislifetime-the other900or sowere unknownand unloveduntil afterhis death.Monefs paintings,atleast inhis earlycareer,was consideredincomplete andugly bycritics atthe time,while Vermeer,the painterofGirl Witha PearlEarring,even hadto usehis mother-in-law asa guarantorwhen heborrowed money-so unablewashe tosell anyof hiswork!Now thatpublic tastehas caughtup withthese artists,more orless anythingtheytouched has an astronomicalprice tagattached toit.Perhaps thereason isthat itjust takesa whileto getused tosomething—after all,not allbeauty isobvious at first sight.
3.A reassuringprice tagIna worldwhere therange ofproducts onoffer can be completelybewildering,we oftenlook toprice8anindication ofquality.9we maythink weprefer the expensive winetothecheap one,we maysimply beinfluenced bythe pricetag.Even professionalscan make the mistake.A researcherfrom theUniversityof Bordeauxin Francetook anaverage bottleof redwine andpoured it into twoempty bottles,one withanexpensive labeland theother with a cheapone.Then heinvited57wine experts“to tastethe wine.Forty ofthemrecommended thewine fromtheexpensivebottle,10describe itas“agreeable,“complex”,“balanced”and“rounded Jwhile thesame winefromthecheap bottlewas describedas weakand flat”,with only12of theexpertsrecommending it.The studymade theresearcher unpopularwiththeFrench winetasters,but hedid prove参考答案that pricehasasignificant impacton taste.考察形容词最高级
1.the tiniest,考察定语从句
2.which,考察过去分词做定语
3.talented,考察冠词
4.an,考察时态语态主谓一致
5.were laughed,考察表语从句
6.that,考察不定式做宾补
7.to be,考察介词
8.as,考察状语从句
9.though,考察现在分词
10.describing,3The dreamof theflying car1come down to earthsoon asseveral start-ups likeChinese无人机‘‘一EHANG andUber aredeveloping so-called passenger drones self-flying dronesbig enoughfeny上下班往返individual commutersaround town-which couldshrink commutetimes fromhours tominutes.At firstglance,human-carrying dronessound nomore realisticthan flying cars.Until recentlyinventors hadneverbeen ableto marryautomobiles andaircraft ina practicalway.Yet afew companieshave keptat it:Woburn,for example,has since2006been developingTransition,a loadableaircraft”that2resemble asmall airplanethatcan foldits wingsand driveon roads.A personalflyingcarin everygarage hasproved to be atough sell,however,as thereare serioussafety concernsabout askingthe averagecommuter totrain for a pilofslicense andtake totheskies.Passenger drones,by contrast,would operateautonomously andleave the“roadable“part behindin favorof推进larger versionsof aircraftthat alreadyexist.Passenger dronedesigns favordistributed electricpropulsion Jmeaninginstead ofone largerotor poweredby alarge enginethey havemultiple propellerseach poweredby itsown,smaller motor.This sacrificeslifting powerand flightperformance inexchange formechanical simplicityand.lighter weight-factors thatcould makethem cheaper3operate.Quieter electricpower wouldmakethenoisetolerable tocity residents,although itremains to be seenhow muchweight sucha vehiclecould lift,and forhowlong.With anyof thesevehicles,safety isthe biggestconcern andextends toboth theaircraft andthe automatedsystemsflying them.Advanced artificialintelligence4need tofly largenumbers of autonomous aircraftwithoutcrashing theminto oneanother or,say,the localnews channelstraffic helicopter.5carry peoplefrom pointsA toB.seems simpleenough,but even the bestAI struggleswith surprises:What,for example,would adrone do6alanding areasuddenly becameunavailableasks SanjivSingh,a CarnegieMellon Universityrobotics researcher.Instead ofleaping tofully automated货物passengerdrones,he suggestsfirst testingthe necessaryAI inunmanned cargoruns,and adoptinga“mixedmode“approach inearly passengerservices7pilots areassisted byAI co-pilots.Technical challengesaside,start-ups promotingthe technologywill haveto finda wayto convincethe旋转,public togive theirdrones awhirl8that requiresa muchbigger leapof faiththan getting孵化into thebackseat ofa self-driving car.Passenger dronemakers areobviously stillintheincubation stagesoftechnology developmentand improvingthe basics,“says MikeHirschberg,executive directorof theAmericanHelicopter SocietyInternational.But20or30years fromnow lifemay bea littlelike TheJetsons whereyou takeadvantageof thethird dimensionand havemuch moremobility,especially inurban closequarters wheregroundtransportation isgridlocked.The passengerdrone progressmay followa slopingtakeoff9vertical leap.CarnegieMellons Singhsees along roadahead10fill withlots oftesting,analysis,regulation andefforts towin thepublicstrust beforethe technologybecomes aviable transportationoption.There isthe dangerof someone参考答案moving toofast andthen havinga problemthat setsthe industryback fbrsome timeJ hesays.考察情态动词
1.could/can/may/might考察谓语
2.resembles,考察不定式
3.to operate,考察谓语,时态语态主谓一致
4.is needed,考察动名词做主语
5.carrying,考察状语从句
6.if,考察定语从句,抽象地点
7.where,考察代词
8.something,考察两空的介词
9.rather than/instead of,考察过去分词
10.filled,4Changing theGameOn awarm Septemberevening inLondon,The Archclimbing wall,just southof theRiver Thames,is packed.Scores ofpeople wanderaround onthe thickcrash pads,chatting,waiting theirturn andoffering theodd shoutofencouragement to1who areclinging ontothecolourful climbingwalls.Once rock climbing2classify asan extremesport”.But indoorcentres likeThe Arch,3offer climbingwithoutthe needfor rocks,are bringingitintothe mainstream.The BritishMountaineering Councilestimatesthere„are atleast248public climbingwalls inBritain,a numberthat4rise by30%since
2010.In2020the sportsgoverningbodies arehoping tosee aneven biggerincrease5interest.Along withskateboarding,surfing andkarate空手道,rockclimbingwill bemakingits firstappearance asan Olympicsport atthe summergames inTokyo.The InternationalOlympic CommitteeIOC isfrank aboutthe ambition6appeal toa youngercrowd whomaybe lessfamiliar withlonger-standing sports7athletics andweightlifting.The crowdattheArch isexactly whatthe IOChas inmind:mostly youngprofessional lettingoffsteam afterwork,who seeclimbing asa moreengaging andsociable alternativeto joggingon runningmachines orpumpingiron ina gym.Between them,the newsports willmean another18events and474athletes atthe Tokyogames.Officially,all foursports aredelighted withtheir newstatus.But withthe exceptionof karate,all of them havecounter-cultural,anti-establishment roots.Some starshave wonderedwhether8accept theOlympic torchmeansgoing against their beliefs.Owen Wright,a famoussurfer,has saidthat surfingis moreart formthan sport,andtherefore notsuitable forthe games-though hehas sincegone backon hisword,and hopesto representAustraliain Tokyo.Adam Ondra,a Czechwho isone ofthe worldsclimbers,said hemight steerclear ofthe gamesbecause oftheformat.The eventualOlympic championwill haveto masterall thethree disciplinesincluding boulderingclimbingwithout arope,low tothe ground,withafocus onhard,gymnastic moves,lead climbingropedclimbing upa tallwall ofincreasing difficultyand speedclimbing.Bouldering andlead climbingfeature newroutesin eachstage ofa competition,in aneffort toimitate thevariety ofreal rock.But speedclimbing takesplaceon astandard,unvarying course.Because ofthis,said Mr.Ondra,“speed isa kindof artificialdiscipline...and thisisagainstthesoul ofclimbing.”Skateboarders,also notablyrebellious,canbestrikingly young.Sky Brownis setto becomeBritains9young参考答案Olympian andhas settleddowntotraining.By thetime ofthe Tokyogames,she10turn
12.
1.those,考察代词考察时态语态主谓一致
2.was classified,考察定语从句
3.which,考察考察时态语态主谓一致,现在完成时
4.has risen,考察介词
5.in,考察不定式
6.to appeal,考察两空的介词
7.such as,考察动名词做主语
8.accepting,考察形容词最高级
9.youngest,考察谓语,将来完成时
10.will haveturned,5No studentofaforeign languageneeds1tell thatgrammar iscomplex.By changingthe orderofthewords and助动词,by2add arange ofauxiliary verbswe are abletocommunicate variationsin meaning.We canturn astatementinto aquestion,state whetheranactionhas takenplace oris soonto takeplace,and performother wordtricksto conveydelicate differencesin meaning.Besides,grammar isuniversal andplays apart inevery language.3widespread itis.So thequestionwhich hasconfused manylinguists is:who createdgrammarAt first,this questionwould appearimpossible4answer.To findout howgrammar iscreated,someone needstobe presentatthetime ofa languagescreation,5document itsemergence.Some linguistsareableto tracemoderncomplex languagesback toearlier languages,but toknow theforming ofcomplex languages,theresearcher needsto observe6languages arestarted fromscratch.Amazingly,however,this ispossible.Some recentlanguages evolveddue tothe Atlanticslave trade.At thattime,slaves fromdifferent nations7force towork together.Since theycould notlearn eachothers languages,they developeda pidgin.Pidgins arestringsof words8copy fromthe languageofthelandowners.Little grammaris foundin them,and inmany casesitis difficultforalistener toinfer whenan eventhappened,and whodid whatto whom.Speakers needto use迁回曲折的说法circumlocution inorder tomake themselvesunderstood.Interestingly.however,all ittakes forapidgin tobecome acomplex languageis fora groupof childrentobeexposed toit.Slave childrendid notsimplycopy wordsfrom theirelders,they adaptedthem to create alanguage.It includednew wordorders andgrammaticalmarkers.Complex grammarsystems mergingfrom pidginsare termedcreoles,which areinvented by children.Some linguistsbelieve thatmany ofthe worlds9established languages were creolesatfirst.The-ed endingin,English pasttense mayhave evolvedfrom“did“It ended”,which wasfirst usedby kids,may oncehave been“Itend-did”.Therefore,it wouldappear thateventhemost widespreadlanguageswerepartly createdbychildren.Children appearto havebeen bornwith grammaticalmachinery intheir brains.10can servetocreatelogical,complex structures,even whenthere isno grammarpresentfor themto copy.参考答案考察主表被考察动名词做宾语考察状语从句telling/tobetold,need adding,no matterhow,to answer,
1.考察不定式考察现在分词考察宾语从句documenting,how,
2.考察时态语态主谓一致考察过去分词做后置定语考察形容词最高were forcedcopied,most established,
3.级考察定语从句which,
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10.。