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《国际经济学》复习范围题型
一、名词解释（共5小题，每小题3分，共15分）
二、判断题（共15小题，每小题1分，共15分）
三、简答题（共5小题，每小题8分，共40分）
四、论述题（共2题，每题15分，共30分）范围I.名词解释
1.Interindustry tradeTradein whichtheproducts ofoneindustryare exchangedfor productsofanother industry.
2.Intraindustry tradeTwo-way tradein differentiatedproducts withinanindustry orbroadproduct group.
3.Intraproduct tradeTradein whichtheproducts ofoneindustryarc exchangedfor productsofanother industry.
4.The Balanceof PaymentAsummarystatement ofalltheinternational transactionsofthe residentsofa nationwiththerest oftheworldduring aparticular periodoftime,usually ayear.
5.Comparative AdvantageAcountryhas acomparative advantagein producingagoods iftheopportunitycost ofproducingthisgoods interms ofothersis smallerthanthat inothercountries.
6.Stolper-Samuelson Theorem（effect）Iftherelativepriceofagoods increases,holdingthefactorsupplies constant,thenthenominaland realreturntothefactorusedintenselyinthatgoodswillalsoincreasewhilethenominalandrealreturnofotherswilldecrease.
7.Heckscher-Ohlin TheoremAcountrywillexportgoodsthatuseitsabundantresourcesintenselywhileimportthoseusingitsscarcefactorsintensely.
8.Factor-Price EqualizationTheoremInternational tradeleads tocomplete equalizationintherelative andabsolutereturns tohomogenousfactorsacross countries.
9.Optimum tariffTherateoftariff thatmaximizes thebenefitresulting fromimprovement inthenationsterms oftradeagainstthenegative effectresultingfrom thereductionof trade.
10.Exchange RateOvershootingThetendency ofexchange rates toimmediately depreciateorappreciate bymorethanrequired forlong-run equilibrium.and thenpartially reversingtheir movementas theymovetoward（heir long-runequilibriumlevels.
11.purchasing powerparity（PPP）The theorythat postulatesthat exchange rate dependsonrelative pricesin thetwocountries.
12.Law ofone priceTheproposition thatin theabsence oftransportation costs,tariffs andother obstructionsto thefreeflow of trade,thc priceof eachidentical tradedcommodity willbe equalizedin allmarkets bycommodityarbitrage.
13.The FisherEffectArisefallinacountrysexpectedinflationratewilleventuallycauseanequalrisefallintheinterestsrate thatdepositsof itscurrencyoffer.
14.The J-CurveAfter areal currency depreciation,the CAof acountry mayfirst worsenand thenimprove.ThechangingpathofCAintermsoftimeislikeaJ，sowccallthiscunct4J-Curvc,thatdescribesthetimelagwithwhich arealcurrencydepreciationimproves theCA.
15.managed floatingexchange ratesThepolicyofinterventioninforeignexchangemarketsbymonetaryauthoritiestosmoothoutshort-runfluctuations withoutattemptingtoaffect thelong-run trendin exchange rates.
16.sterilized interventionAsterilized interventionis thepurchase orsale offoreign currencyby acentral bankto influencetheexchangevalue ofthedomesticcurrency,without changingthe monetarybase.
17.Capital flightCapitalflight isa large-scale exodusof financialassets andcapital froma nationdue toevents suchaspoliticalor economicinstability,currency devaluationortheimposition ofcapitalcontrols.
18.vehicle currencyAcurrencythat iswidely usedtodenominate internationalcontracts madebypartieswho donotresideinthecountry thatissues thevehiclecurrency.
19.interest parityInterestrate parityIRPis atheoryinwhich theinterest rate differentialbetween twocountries isequalto thedifferentialbetween theforwardexchange rateand thespotexchangerate.Taking dollarandeuroas examples,thecondition isR$=R€+ES/€-ES/€/ES/€.
20.inflation biasHighinflationwith noaveragegain inoutput thatresultsfrom governmentspoliciestopreventrecessionII.Give aTTrue ora FFalscfor eachof thefollowing sayings.涉及每章重要的知识点III.简答题
1.How aboutthe basicreasons forwhich countriesengage ininternationaltradeDifferintheirresourcesandintechnology\inordertoachievescaleeconomiesorincreasingreturnsinproduction.
2.What aboutthe basicviewpoints ofthe Heckscher-Ohlin theoryFirst ofall,H-0theory emphasizesresource differencesas theonlysource ofinternationaltrade.Secondly,itshows comparativeadvantageisinfluenced byfactorabundance andfactor intensity.Itscoreviewsaysthatacountrywillexportthegoodsthatuseitsabundantresourceswhileimportthoseusing itsscarcefactors.
3.How aboutthe Internationaleffects ofexport-biased andimport-biased growth画相对供给-相对需求图Export-biased:itwillincreasetherelativesupplyofthiscountrys exportcommodities,causingtheshiftofRScurve,which meansit worsenstheterms oftradeofthis countryIniport-biased:justinoppositetotheeffectofexport-biasedgrowth,itwillimprovethiscountrys termsoftradewhileworsen thatofothercountries.
4.Compare the effects of a tariffand of an export subsidy ontheterms oftrade.画相对供给■相对需求图Tariff andexport subsidywill bothcause theshift ofRS andRD curve.Tariff:ifacountryimposesaimportingtariffonagoods,thenundoubtedlythepriceofitwillincreasedomestically.Soproducersinthiscountrywilltrytoincreasetheproductionofthisgoods,whichwillraisetherelative supplyofthisgoods ininternational market.Therefore,theRS curvewillshift totheleft,causingadropinrelativepriceofthisgoods.Meanwhile,peoplewillturntoanothergoodsexportingones,which willlead totheincreasing demandofthis countrysexportinggoods ininternationalmarket.Therefore,theRDcurve willshifttotheright.Both ofthesemovementswillcause theimprovementofterms oftrade.Exportsubsidy:beoppositetariff,justworsens theterms oftrade.
5.How toexplain thateconomies ofscale canbe eitherexternal andinternalExternal:thecostperunitdependsonthesizeoftheindustrybutnotnecessarilyonthesizeofanyonefirm\Internal:the costper unitdependsonthe sizeofanindividualfirm butnotnecessarily onthesizeoftheindustry.
6.How aboutthe basicreasons whya clusterof firmsmay bemoreefficient thanan individualfirm inisolationSpecializedsuppliers:bringing togethermany firmscan supportspecialized suppliersbecause thisprovidesthem abigenough market,so theycankeep supplyingspecialized equipmentorserviceA Labormarketpooling:aclusteroffirmscreatesapooledlabormarketforworkerswithspecialskillsAKnowledgespillover:a clusteroffirms isbeneficial totheexchange ofinformation,technology orinnovation.
7.How aboutthe effectsofan exportsubsidy画RS-RD图（说明贸易条件的影响见问4）以及本国该商品的S-D图（标示消费者剩余、生产者剩余、政府支出，进而说明对福利的影响）First ofall,anexportsubsidy willworsentheterms oftrade.Secondly,itcan alsoraise thepricesofthese goodsdomestically whileloweringthem inimportingcountries.According toS-Dchart（考试时现画），thecost ofexportsubsidyapparently exceeditsbenefits.
8.Try tocompare theoptions ofimport-substituting industrializationandexport-oriented industrialization.进口替代解释Importing-substiluling（thestrategy ofencouraging domesticindustrybylimitingimportsofmanufacturedgoods）isbasedontheinfantindustryargumentwhichbelievesthatitisusefulfordeveloping countriestoadopt someprotectiveactions suchastariffs orimportquotato protectdomesticmarket soas toachievethepotential comparativeadvantagein manufacturing.结果
1.However,manycountries stillhavenot shownanysigns ofcatchingupwith theadvancedcountries.
2.High ratesofeffective protection
3.Inefficient scaleof production
4.Higherincome inequityandunemployment原因dueto theinfantindustry argumentwas notvalid.Hi口导向解释export-oriented istheway toachieve industrializationviaexporting manufacturinggoodsin developingcountries.结果
1.it maybe usefuldueto theexistenceof HPAEswhich usedlowrates ofprotectionto successfullyachieve industrialization
2.It refutesthat industrializationanddevelopment mustbebased onaninward-looking strategyof importsubstitution.
9.What arethe volumeeffect andvalue effectofareal exchangerateVolumeeffect:Theeffect ofconsumerspending shiftsonexportand importquantities.Valueeffect:It changesthedomesticoutput worthofagiven volumeofforeignimports.
10.How doesdisposable incomechanges affectthe CurrentAccountAnincrease indisposableincomeincreases domesticconsumersspending onallgoods,includingimportinggoods,which willcause adecrease inthecurrent account.1l.How aboutthe interestparity conditionsTheexpectedreturns ondepositsofany twocurrencies arcequal whenmeasured bythesamecurrency.Takingdollarandeuroasexample,theinterestparityconditionscanonlybemetwhenR$=R£+E，$/€-ES/€/E$/€.对其中各个名词进行说明
12.How dochanges inthe currentexchangerateaffect expectedreturnsDepreciationofacountryscurrencytodaywilllowertheexpecteddomesticcurrencyreturnonforeign currency deposits.Appreciationof acountryscurrency todaywillincrease theexpecteddomesticcurrency returnonforeigncurrencydeposits.看利率平价公式
13.How abouttheeffectof changingexpectations onthe currentexchangerate利用利率平价公式，假定利率不变，看汇率的变化Arisein theexpected futureexchange rate willcause arisein thecurrent exchangerate.Adrop intheexpectedfuture exchangeratewillcauseadrop inthecurrentexchangerate.
14.How aboutthe factorsinfluencing moneydemandExpected return:theinterestratemeasures theopportunitycost ofholding moneyrather thaninterest-bearingbonds.ariseintheinterestrateraisesthecostofholdingmoneyandcausesmoneydemandofallRisk:holdingmoneyis riskybecause anunexpected riseintheprices ofgoodsand servicescouldreducehevalue ofmoneyin termsofcommoditiesconsumed.Changes intheriskofholdingmoneyneednotcause individualsto reducetheir demandfor moncybccauseitcauses anequal change in theriskinessofbondsLiquidity:themainbenefitofholdingmoneycomesfromitsliquidity.Ariseintheaveragevalueoftransactionscauses itsdemand formoneyorise.
15.How aboutthe long-run effectsof moneysupply changes
1.has noeffectonthelong-run valuesoftheinterest rateorreal output.
2.apermanent increase in themoneysupplycauses aproportionalincreaseintheprice levelslong-run value.
3.a permanentincrcascdccrcasc inacountrys moneysupplycauses aproportional long-rundepreciationappreciaionof itscurrencyagainst foreigncurrencies.IV.综合阐述题
1.Please analyze the theoryof multinational enterprise.There aretwo elementsthat explaintheexistence ofamultinationalenterprise:Locationmotive:Goods areproducedin differentcountries duetoresources,transport costsand barriersoftrade.Internalization motive:Agood isproduced indifferent locationsbyhe samefirmrather thanbyseparatefirmsbecause itismoreprofitabletocarrytransactionsontechnologyandmanagementinthecasesoftechnologytransferandverticalintegration.
2.Try toanalyzetheeffect,cost andbenefit ofimporting tariff.画RS-RD图说明对termsoftrade的影响，其次画本国的S-D图从消费者剩余、生产者剩余、政府收入的角度说明对福利的影响分大国和小国讨论从对贸易条件、消费者、生产者、政府、国家福利的角度分析对小国
1.关税不会对贸易条件产生影响，国内价格的增长将完全等于关税额
2.小国的消费者受损而生产者获益，政府获益对大国Firstofall,导致本国该商品价格上升幅度小于关税额，而外国该商品价格下降然后,theimportingtariff willimprovethiscountrys termsoftrade.国际市场RS-RD说明Secondly,由于该商品在进口国和出口国价格的变化，会对consumers,producers,government产生或好或坏的影响进口国S-D说明Consumers loseintheimporting countryandgain intheexportingcountryProducers gainintheimporting countryand loseintheexportingcountryThe governmentin importingcountrygains revenue.Thirdly,only whenthe termsoftrade gainis greaterthanthe efficiencyloss,can theimportingtariffincreasewelfarefor theimportingcountry.进口国S-D图说明
3.Try tocompare temporarychanges inmonetary and fiscal policyand permanentshifts inmonetaryandfiscal policyrelative toChina.花DDAA图纵轴汇率，横轴产出1Temporary change:Monetarypolicy:Takingchinaasthehomecountry,anincreaseinmoneysupply//createsanexcesssupplyofmoney//lowersthehomeinterestrale//causeadepreciationofcurrentexchangerateduetointerest rateparity//cause theaggregatedemandto rise//theAAcurve hastoshift totherightaccordingly.An decreaseinmoney supplywilljust betheoppositesituation.Fiscal policy:anincreaseingovernment spendingorsomeother expansionarypolicies//raisetheoutput//increasethemoneydemand//increasetheinterestratc//apprcciationintheexchangerate//theDDcurve shifttothe right.Therestrictive policywilljust betheoppositesituation.2Permanent change:Monetary policy:an increaseinthemoney//cause theexpectedfutureexchangerateto riseproportionally//cause theupwardshift intheAAschedule isgreater thatcaused byanequalbuttransitory increase.Fiscal policy:iftheeconomy startsat long-run equilibrium,a permanentchangeinfiscal policyhasnoeffect onoutput初始在充分就业的点上.Apermanent fiscalchange expansions//causethedownward shiftof DDschedule//appreciation inhomecurrency//cause thedropofexpectedexchange rate//thedownward shift ofAAschedule.
4.How tounderstand externalbalance-the optimallevel ofthe Current Account onChina.Firstly,there isnowayfbr ustouse rulessuchas“fUH employmentvor“stableprices toapply toestimateaneconomys externaltransactions.And whetherornot willtrading withforeigncountries causemacroeconomyproblems dependsonmanyfactorscircumstances/outside conditions/economicrelationswithforeign countriesSecondly,mosttextbooks definetheexternal balanceas thebalanceof CA.but itis notauniversalruleinall circumstances.Forexample,theview aboutstickingto theabsolutebalanceofCAignores theprofitfrom forwardtransactions.Therefore,in reality,manycountries goalistouseCAtomaximizetheirprofit viaforwardtransactions.But theexcessiveCAimbalancecanbring manyseriousproblems,so governmentsalways tryavoidexcessimbalance unlessthere isclearevidence aboutgreat profitsfrom forwardtransactions.接中国的具体情况
5.How aboutthe resultsof monetaryexpansion andfiscal expansionpolicies undera fixedexchangerate respectivelyrelative toChina画AA-DD图Monetary expansion:uselessThe increasein moneysupply/Zcause theupwardshift ofAAschedule//cause theriseinexchangerate//tostabilizetheexchangerale//centralbankhastolakeadversemeasures//tocausethedownwardshiftofAA//as aresult,nochange inoutput orexchangerate.Fiscal expansion:usefulAfteran expansionaryfiscalpolicy//cause thedownwardshiftofDDschedule/Zcause theriseofoutput/Zcausetheincrease ofmoneydcmand//toprevent thechangeininterest whichwill influenceexchangerate//increasemoney supply//lhe upwardshiftofAAschedule//as aresult,the outputincreaseswhileexchangerateremains unchanged.
6.How aboutthe problemswith excessiveCurrentAccountsurpluses relativeto ChinaExcessiveCAsurpluses:Limplylowerinvestmentindomesticplantand equipmentwhichcan beinferredfromS=CA+I「定储蓄水平下，CA的增加会导致国内投资的减少
2.creal potentialproblemsfor creditorstocollecttheirmoney造成国内财富总量的减少
3.Be inconvenientforpolitical reasons中国的盈余使其遭受了最明显的保护主义威胁，becausehosecouniriespossessinggreatCAsurplusiseasiertobethetargetofsomenations toimplementtradeprotectionism.Therefore.mostcouniries alwaystryto avoidexcessiveCAsurplus.
4.lead policymakers topreferthat domesticsaving bedevotedtohigher levelsofdomesticinvestment andlowerlevels offoreigninvestmcntcasicr totax/rcduccdomestic unemploymcnt/bcncficialtechnological spillovereffects。
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