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一.主语二.谓语1三表语2四.宾语3五.补语4六.定语7七.同位语8八.状语910句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的,表达一个完整的意义一个句子一般由两部分构成,即主语部分和谓语部分,这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分句子的次要成分包括宾语,定语,状语,表语、同位语等一•主语主语()是一个句子的主题()是句子所述说的主体、对象它的位置一般在subject theme,一句之首可用作主语的有一个单词、短语、从句乃至句子.名词作主语17(一棵树倒下横在路上)A treehas fallenacross theroad.(小河流入大江)Little streamsfeed bigrivers..代词用作主语2(他说了个笑话,但没有引人发笑)He tolda jokebut itfell flat.假期里大家都过得很愉快Everybody enjoyedthemselves onvacation.,数词用作主语3如三个就够了Three isenough.减余Four fromseven leavesthree.
743.名词化的形容词用作主语4The oldand theyoung aretaken goodcare ofin thatvillage..副词用作主语(极少见)5现在是时候了Now is the time..名词化的介词作主语6我们必须承受人生之沉浮The upsand downsof lifemust betaken asthey come..不定式用作主语7你能否找到路可能是一个问题To findyour waycan bea problem.要打败一个永不放弃的人是不可能的It isimpossible todefeat aperson whonever givesup..动名词用作主语8吸烟对你有害Smoking isbad foryou.看电影是乐事,制作影片则是苦事.Watching afilm ispleasure,while makingone ishard work..名词化的过去分词用作主语9明天放彳发的消息不确lThe news that weare havinga holidaytomorrow is not true.我们不是在调查他是否可信2We arenot investigatingthe questionwhether heis trustworthy.赖的问题八.状语状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分如
1.adverbial这个女孩大有进步The girlis improvingremarkably.可用作状语的有副词、名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等副
2.词最常用作状语,位置比较灵活,可置句末、句首和句中这种语言,他讲得不好,但阅读能力很强He speaksthe languagebadly butread itwell..当我们期望旅馆的旅客把房门锁上Naturally weexpect hotelguests tolock theirdoors.状语按用途来分,可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方3式、伴随等;⑴时间状语,多位于句末和句首,有时亦可置于句中Shall wedo theshopping todayor tomorrowInChina nowleads the world..地点状语,多置于句末,有时也位于句首和句中2There areplenty offish in the sea.月台.She kissedher motheron theplatform⑶原因状语,包括表理由的状语,多置于句末,有时亦可置于句首Because hewas ill,Tom losthis job.I eatpotatoes becauseI likethem.结果状语,多由不定式、分词和从句表示,常位于句末
4.酉星She wokesuddenly tofind someonestanding in the doorway.She spokeso softlythat Icouldnt hearwhat shesaid.目的状语,多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示,常位于句末,强调时可以置于句首
5.隐蔽处.他跑去避雨He ranfor shelterInorder to get intoa goodschool,T muststudy evenharder.条件状语多由短语和从句表示,常置于句末和句首
6.Well belucky to get therebefore dark.If hewere tocome,what shouldwe sayto him让步状语,由短语和从句表示,常置于句末和句首
7.他尽管有钱,但似乎并不幸福For allhis money,he didntseem happy.He helpedme althoughhe didntknow me..程度状语常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示8The lectureis veryinteresting.你对他们信任程度如何?To whatextent wouldyou trustthem⑼伴随状语,常由短语和独立主格等表示对位于句末和句首My trainstarts atsix,arriving atChicago at ten.烟斗He stoodthere,pipe inmouth.The unemployedgot muchhelp fromthe government.介词短语用作主语
10.到北京不很远To Beijingisnotvery far.从延安到南泥湾骑马要三个小时From Yenanto Nanniwanwas athree-hour rideon horseback..从句用作主语11That hefinished writingthe compositionin sucha shorttime surprisedus all.Whether wewill gofor anouting tomorrowremains unknown.Who will be ourmonitor hasntbeen decidedyet.What caused the accidenthas beenfound out..Whatever youdid isright.What weneed istime.为了防止句子头重脚轻,通常把形式主语放在主语位置,真正主语(从句)搁置于句末itIt iscertain that he willwin thematch.It isstrange thathe shoulddo that.It isimportant thatwe allshould attendthe meeting.It isstill amystery whatcausedtheaccident.It issaid thathe hasgone toshanghai.It isknown toall that the gunpowder wasfirst inventedby the Chinese.It issuggested thatthe workshould bedone withgreat care.It seems thathehas seenthe film.It happenedthatthetwo cheatswere there..句子用作主语如“你好”是一句问候语12How doyou doT isa greeting.二谓语谓语或谓语动词是对主语加以陈述,表示主语的行为或状态,其位predicate predicateverb置一般在主语之后谓语由简单动词或动词短语助动词或情态动词+主要动词构成由简单
1.的动词构成发生了什么事?
1.What happened他今天苦干了一天
2.He workedhard all day today.飞机是十点起飞的
3.The planetook offattenoclock..由动词短语构成的谓语2我在看书
1.I amreading.你努力就可以做到
2.You cando itif youtry hard.汤姆,你太懒惰了,
3.Tom,you aretoo lazy.The workshould havebeen finishedyesterday.这项工作本来应该昨天就做完的.英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词,表生动这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意3义的动词等如have,get,take,give我昨天游了一次水代替了
1.I had a swimyesterday.hadaswim swam你看看那个!代替了
2.Take alook atthat!take alook look他叹了口气代替了
3.He gave a sigh.gaveasigh sighed我受至了很大的震动(代替了
4.I gota good shake-up.U agoodshake-up wasshaken up(充分,彻底的))thoroughly谓语是句子的灵魂,谓语的变化可以反映时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等,这也是高中语法最重要的内容三,表语表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等它也可以说是一种主语补语它位于联系动词之后,与之构成所谓的系表结构在系表结构中,联系动词只是形式上的谓语,二真正起谓语作用的则是表语可以作表语的词有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等婚礼是在那个星期天举行的(名词)l.The weddingwas thatSunday.
2.So that9sthat.就是这样(代词)我们一共人(数词)
3.We areseven.7你有空吗(形容词)
4.Are youbusy你在听吗(电话用语)(副词)
5.Are youthere里面有人吗?(副词)
6.1s anybodyin我只能等待(不定式)
7.A111could dowas towait.我对他的威胁的回答是照他的鼻子打去(不
8.My answer to histhreat wasto hithim onthe nose.定式)百闻不如一见/眼见为实(动名词)
9.Seeing isbelieving.我对此事感到很惊讶(过去分词)
10.I wasso muchsurprised atit.我对他所做的很满意(过去分词)1l.rm verypleased withwhat hehas done.她很健康(介词短语)
12.She isin good health.演出时间为点至点(介词短语)
13.The showis fromseven tillten,710这就是你发怒的原因吗(从句)
14.1sthatwhy youwere angry这就是我初次与她会面的地方(从句)
15.This iswhere Ifirst mether.没有来上学的原因是他生病了
16.The reasonwhy hedidnt cometo schoolis thathe gotill.
17.What Iwant iswhat hehas got.补充除了系动词外,还有些能做系动词的实义动词,也称为半系动词,其后也要接be形容词做表语(表变化的动词)come,go,run,turn,get,become,keep,stay,make(感观动词)fell,sound,smell,look,taste叩(似乎,好像)seem,pear例如我的梦想实现了(后常加等)l.Our dreamhas cometrue.Come easy,loose,natural.他病了
2.He fellsick保重作为系动词还常接
3.Keep fit.Keep quiet,calm,cool,warm,silent,clean,dry这口井干枯了(等)
4.The wellran dry.short,loose,wild,cold一个瘦个子似乎比他的实际高度要高些
5.A thinperson alwaysseems tobe tallerthan hereally is.四.宾语宾语()在句中主要充当动作、行为、活动的对象、接受者或受影响者因此一般皆object置于及物动词之后如我们的球队打败了所有其他球队Our teambeat allthe others.可以用作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、从句等你想喝一杯吗(名词)
1.Do youfancy adrink他们不会伤害我们(代词)
2.They wonthurt us.加等于(数词)
3.If youadd5to5,you get
10.5510我将尽力而为(名词化形容词)
4.T shalldo mypossible..他上个星期离开了那里(副词)
5.He leftthere lastweek她真的要离开家吗(不定式)
6.Does shereally wantto leavehome我们不允许在厨房里吸烟(动名词)
7.We donot allow/permit smokingin thekitchen..他从不做使人感到意外的事(名词化的分词)
8.He neverdid theunexpected你明白我的意思吗(从句)
9.Do youunderstand whatI mean他告诉我他明年上大学
10.He toldme thathe wouldgo tothe collegethe nextyear.我不知道是否还会有公交车.
11.1dont knowif therewillbea busany more.没人知道他是否会通过考试.
12.Nobody knewwhether hecould passthe exam.你知道是谁赢得了红色警报的游戏?
13.Do youknow whohas wonRed Alertgame你决定好是买
14.Have youdetermined whicheveryou shouldbuy,a Motorolaor Nokiacell phone诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗?他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面
15.He didnttell me when weshould meetagain.扩展+归纳
一、宾语中有些动词需要两个同等的宾语,即直接宾语()与间接宾语()direct objectindirect object直接宾语一般指动作的承受者,间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人和物(多指人),具有这o种双宾语的及物动词叫做与格动词()dative verb,常用的有answer,bring,buy,do,find,get,give,hand,keep,leave,lend,make,offer,owe,pass,pay,等play,promise,read,save,sell,send,show,sing,take动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构、动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)如A Please show meyour passport.、动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语注意,一般情况介词用B to,如Pleaseshowyour passportto me.但动词是时,介词用make,buy,get,cook,borrow,sing for.如Please makeme a kite.=Please makeakitefor me.、还有少数动词C+sb.+of+sth如
①②③④⑤⑥inform sb.of sth.remind sb.of sth.rid sb.of sthwarn sb.of sth.rob sb.of sthcheat sb.of
⑦⑧sth.cure sb.of sth.accuse/charge sb.of sth.
二、以下是需要强化记忆的习惯上要接不定式作宾语且不能接动名词作宾语的动词有A付得起、同意、叩申请、安排、要求、想要、决定、afford agreeply arrangeask carechoose decide决定、要求、请求、决心、期待、帮助、希望、demand desiredetermine expecthelp hopeintend打算、设法、主动提出、计划、准备、假装、答应、manage offerplan preparepretend promiserefuse拒绝、想要、希望、失败want wishfail习惯上要接动名词作宾语且不能接不定式作宾语的动词有B承认、建议、允许、感激、建议、避免、考虑、admit adviseallow appreciatesuggest avoidconsider推迟、否认、停止、讨论、不喜欢、喜爱、逃脱、冒delay denystop discussdislike enjoyescape risk险、原谅、设想、完成、禁止、报告、原谅、放弃、excuse fancyfinish forbidreport forgivegive up想像、保持、推迟、提及、介意、没赶上、原谅、imagine keepput offmention mindmiss pardon允许、练习、禁止请看以下典型用例permit practiseprevent ffl.lt prohibit我承认窗子是我打破的I admitbreaking thewindow.非常感谢给T我这个机会I appreciatebeing giventhis opportunity.我回避提及这个问题,以免触犯他I avoidedmentioning thesubject incase heshould beoffended.他提议带孩子们去动物园He suggestedtaking the children tothe zoo.【说明】等动词之后,虽然不能直接跟不定式作宾语,但可接不定advise,allow,forbid,permit式作宾语补足语如医生嘱我在家休息几天The doctoradvised meto stayin fora fewdays.护士让他留在那儿,而按规定那The nurseallowed himto remainthere,though itwas notpermitted.是不许可的而有些动词(如)则可接“疑问词+不定式”作宾语如consider,understand,discuss你是否考虑过如何到那儿去?Have youconsidered how togetthere Shedoesnt understandhowto她不知道应如何照顾他look afterhim.我们讨论了该怎么办及到哪里去We discussedwhat to do andwhere weshould go.既可接不定式也可接动名词作宾语、两者意思基本相同,有时甚至可以互换的动词主要有C喜欢、喜欢、憎恨、宁可、开始、开始、继续、不like lovehate preferbegin startcontinue cantbear能忍受、麻烦、打算、试图、停止bother intendattempt cease请看以下典型用例.他们继续每天都见面They continuedto meet|meeting|daily我喜欢将每件东西都保持整洁I likekeeping[to keep]everything tidy.她没完没了地抱怨物价She neverceased complaining[to complain]about prices.【注意】当与连用时,其后习惯上只能接不定式,不能接like,love,hate,prefer would,should动名词、既可接不定式也可接动名词作宾语、两者意思不相同的动词主要有D()(记得),(忘记),(后悔)后接不定式指该不定式所表示的动1remember forgetregret作还未发生,后接动名词(有时可用完成式),则指该动名词所表示的动作已经发生比较临睡前别忘了关灯Remember to turn outthe lightsbefore yougo to bed.我记得在报纸上看过关于这次地震的消I rememberreading aboutthe earthquakeinthepapers.息别忘了过一小时左右把煤气关小点儿Dont forgetto turndown thegas afteran houror so.我永不会忘记第一次看见长城的情I shallnever forgetseeing theGreat Wallfor thefirst time.景十分抱歉,那个工作已经有人做了I regretto saythe jobhas beenfilled.我懊悔讲了我讲的话我是不应当这样讲的I regretsaying whatI said.I shouldnthave saidit.()后接不定式表示设法做某事,接动名词表示做某事试试看有什么效果如2try你不应该试图不付账就离开饭店You shouldnttry toleave therestaurant withoutpaying.你确实需要努力克服你的腼腆You reallymust tryto overcomeyour shyness⑶后接不定式表示打算想要做某事,接动名词表示意味着要做某事如mean打算做一件事和To mean to do something andto actuallydosomethingare twodifferent things.实际上做一件事完全是两回事要想赶早班车,我们就得在If wemeantocatch theearly bus,that meansgetting upbefore five.点钟以前起床5后接动名词表示停止做某事,接不定式表示停下正在做的事去做另一事注意后接不4stop定式时,不定式不是宾语,而是目的状语如他停止讲话,房里一点声音也没有He stoppedspeaking,and therewas nota soundinthe room.了公共汽车停下让乘客上车The busstopped to take onmore passengers.后接动名词表示禁不住去做某事,接不定式表示不能帮助做某事如5cant help她是一个奇怪的姑娘,但你禁不住会喜欢Shes afunny girl,but yetyou cant help likingher.她这药不能帮你治好感冒The medicinecanthelp togetrid ofyour cold.后接不定式表示做完某事后接着做另一事,接动名词表示继续做正在做的事如:6go on部长一连谈了两个小寸The ministerwent ontalking fortwo hours.H部长接着就谈外交政策The ministerwent onto talkabout foreignpolicy.【专项训练】
01.I mustntannoy myboss becauseI cantafford myjob.A.losing B.to loseC.to havelost D.having lost
02.We an,anged tomeet atthe cinemaat
7.30,but hefailed.A.to turnup B.toturndown C.turning upD.turning down
03.1wouldnt haveoffered theplants ifId knownthere wereso many.A.to waterB.watering C.watered D.to havewatered
04.Imagine theanswertosuch aneasy question!A.not toknow B.not knowingC.to notknow D.not knew
05.They shouldntallow here;the streetis toonarrow.A.to parkB.parked C.being parkedD.parking
06.She imaginedinto theoffice andeveryone whatshe thoughtof them.A.walking,telling B.to walk,to tellC.to walk,telling D.walking,to tell
07.Peter,who hadbeen drivingallday,suggested atthe nexttown.A.to stopB.stopped C.stopping D.having stopped
08.It annoysmewhenpeople forgetthank you.A.saying B.having sayingC.to sayD.to havesaid
09.1forgot apen.Can youlend meoneA.bringing B.to bringC.having broughtD.to havebrought
10.If yourewriting toyour mother,dont forgetsomething about her comingto stay.A.to put in B.putting inC.to gaveputinD.having putin
11.We regretpassengers thatthe
14.50train forCardiff willleave about37minutes late.A.to informB.informing C.informed D.having informed
12.She stoppedaboutherillness and went on us about all herother problems.A.talking,telling B.to talk,to tellC.talking,to tellD.to talk,telling
13.He beganby uswhere theisland wasandwentonusabout itsclimate.A.showing,telling B.to show,to tellC.showing,to tellD.to show,telling
14.——Robert isindeed awise man.——Oh,yes.How oftenI haveregretted hisadvice!A.totakeB.taking C.not totake D.not taking
15.—Can Ismoke here—Sorry.We dontallow here.A.people smokingB.people smokeC.to smokeD.smoking【参考答案】01—05BAABD06—10ACCBA11—15ACCDD五.补语补语是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分补足主语意义的句子成分叫complement做主语补语补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语在subject complement,object complement.英语中有些及物动词,接了宾语意义仍不完整,还需要有一个其他的句子成分,来补充说明宾语的意义、状态或者说补充说明宾语是什么、怎么样或做什么等,称为宾语补足语,简称宾补.形容词用作主语补语是常置于主语之前,后有逗号1我又累又困,就去睡了Tired andsleepy,I wenttobed.有时可以置于主语之后,前后都有逗号,与非限定性定语相似如The man,cruel beyondbelief,didn9t listento theirpleadings.那人不可置疑地残酷,不听取他们的恳求.可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等2他们将孩子命名为吉米名词用作宾补
1.They namedthechildJimmy..我的母亲看着彳艮年轻,你会
2.My motherlooks soyoung thatyou wouldthink hermy sister以为她是我的姐姐名词短语作宾补她将鸡蛋煮老了形容词用作宾语补语
3.He boiledthe egghard.我发现那本书很有趣形容词短语用作宾补
1.1found thebook veryinteresting.介词短语作宾补
5.We foundthe oldlady ingoodhealth.同志们要白求恩大夫隐蔽一下不定式用
6.The comradeswanted Dr.Bethune totake cover.作宾语补语现在分词作宾补
7.1heard Jeansinging thismorning.过去分词作宾补
8.He hadhis walletstolen yesterday.注、当感官动词和使役动词,接宾补时,不定式的符号必须省略如A t感官动词see hearnotice watchhear feelobserve使役动词make havelet在后,不定式可以带也可不带helpto,、主动语态中的宾补,在被动语态中则成了主语补语了如B1I sawhim playingbasketball yesterday.2He wasseen playingbasketball yesterday.六.定语定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的主要有形容词,此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式短语、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语形容词用作定语是普遍的
1.她是一位天生的音乐家
1.She isa naturalmusician..他一定是最好的在世的小提琴手了后置定语
2.He mustbe thebest violinistalive
2.名词用作定语如女婴
1.A babygirl井水
2.well water双座轻型汽车
3.Sports car梦幻的天堂
4.A foofsparadise.代词作定语3你该理发了物主代词用作定语
1.Your hairne6dseutting.人人负责就是无人负责不定代词所有格作
2.Everybodys businessis nobodysbusiness.定语.数词作定语4做此事只有一法
1.Theres onlyone way to do it.现在就干吧,你可能再没有机会了
2.Do itnow,you maynot geta secondchance.基数词用作后置定语page24,Room201,the year
1949.副词充当定语时常后置,如5楼上的房间theroomabove今日世界theworldtoday出路休息日the wayoutaday off,不定式用作定语,后置
6.她忘记了答应写信的事
1.Her promiseto writewas forgotten
2.That9sthewaytodoit.那正是做此事的方法.动名词用作定语.7拐杖A walkingstick安眠药sleeping pills吃饭用具eating implements学习方法learning method,分词充当定语8正在睡中的小孩a sleepingchild嗜酒者a drinkingman一个退休工人a retiredworker一朵谢了的花a fadedflower,介词短语用作定语91这是一幅中国地图This isa mapof China..他那凶暴的目光说明得再清楚不过了.The wildlook inhis eyesspoke plainerthan words10从句用作定语,即定语从句.停在外面的车是我的The carthat isparked outsideis mine我在外面看见你的汽车了,它给Your car,which Inoticed outside,has beenhit byanother one.另一辆车撞了七.同位语当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时.,一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分,前者就叫做后者的同位语这两个句子成分多由名词代词担任,同位appositive语通常皆放在其说明的名词代词之后名词用作同位语是普遍的
1.我们有两个孩子,一男一女lWe havetwo children,a boyand agirl.2We,theChinesepeople,are determinedto buildChina intoa powerfuland prosperouscountry.我们中国人民决心将中国建成一个强大的繁荣的国家.代词用作同位语2他们都想见他They allwanted tosee him.咱们俩去工作吧Lets youand mego towork,Oliver..他们每个人都有一本英汉字典They eachhave anEnglish-Chinese dictionary,你得自己去干Youll havetodoit yourselfHehimself doesntknow why..数词用作同位语3你们俩准备好了吗?lAre youtwo ready.他们俩去了,我们三个留了下来2They twowent,we threestayed behind•不定式与动名词用作同位语4他们lTheir latestproposal,to concentrateon primaryeducation,has metwith someopposition.最近提出了集中全力于初等教育的提议遭到了某些人的反对第一个计划是夜袭,被拒绝了2The firstplan,attacking atnight,was turneddown.短语用作同位语
5.Of罗马城The cityof Rome写作艺术the artof writing吸烟嗜好The viceof smoking.从句用同位语,即同位语从句6。