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高考必考语法精讲精练非谓语动词非谓语动词是高考必考点,《年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》附录语法项目表中对非谓语2017动词列了三项动词不定式、动名词和分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)年高考全国卷第题和题(语法填空)分别考查了过去分词和现在分词做后置2015I6870conducted living定语年高考全国卷第题和题(语法填空)分别考查了过去分词表示被动和动名词做宾语2016I6667年高考全国卷第题和题(语法填空)分别考查了动词不定式做宾补和动名词做宾语非谓语2017I6368动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词,其中分词又包括现在分词和过去分词非谓语动词可以充当除了谓语之外的其他成分,如下表主语宾语表语定语状语补语不定式动名词分词动词不定式
一、动词不定式的形式
二、动词不定式的用法动词不定式可以充当谓语之外的所有句子成分,动词不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但变化作主语
1.主动被动
(1)动词不定式一般式to do to bedone作主语,一般表示具体的某次动否定式not to do not to bedone作,谓语动词用单数形式例如完成时to havedone to have been done1To seeis tobelieve.进行式无2To mastergreat to be doingEnglishis ofimportance.有时态和语态的()不定式或不定式短语作主语时,常用作形式主语,构成结构,或2it“It is+adj+for sb.+to do”It is+adj+for例如sth+to bedone
①It isimpossible forhim togive upsmoking.
②宜It is not easyto ndyour wayin the mountain.
③It is difficult for the problemto besolved.©It isimpossible formy questionto beanswered inhis absence..作宾语2动词不定式作宾语时,常跟在某些及物动词后面,常见的有1agree,dare,decide,expect,help,hope,learn,等例如:manage,offer,pretend,promise,refuse,want,intend,fail,wish,choose
①I meanto gothere atonce.
②We mustlearn to tell friendsfrom enemies.()不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式短语放在宾补之后,而用作形式宾2it前加(想要)后接动词要用不定式
8.know to,want前加(想要)后接动词要用不定式
9.be to,want改为介词后接动名词作宾语
10.listen listening,改为用作主语要用动名词,不用动词原形注意不能将视为名词,因为其后有副词修
11.Walk Walking,walk饰语quicklyo改为介词后接动名词作宾语
12.cross crossing,改为后接动词要用动名词形式
13.see seeing,worth改为用作主语要用动名词,不用动词原形
14.Find Finding,
16.speak改为speaking,practise后接动词作宾语要用动名词形式
17.Teach改为Teaching,用作主语要用动名词,不用动词原形
18.Learn改为用作主语要用动名词,不用动词原形Learning,
19.repair改为因它与并列,一起用作介词的宾语repairing,making at
20.living改为因它与其前的并列live,go to...,find...
21.seeing改为see,因它与to buy并列,see为省略to的不定式改为后接动词作宾语要用动名词形式
15.ask asking,enjoy去掉前的因后应接动词原形,不接不定式非谓语动词单句改错之提升训练
22.tell to,would you...改为
1.to buybuyingo改为介词后要求用动名词作宾语
2.send sendingofo改为表示“令人疑惑不解的”意思
3.puzzled puzzlingopuzzling改为和前面的是并列结构
4.prepare preparingpreparing readingo改为是介词短语,后面接动名词或名词
5.climbed climbingas well as改为表示请人拔牙’的意思
6.pulling pulledohave thetooth pulledout改为从后面可以看出来,“我”听完了整首歌曲,强调动作的全过程,用不定式作宾补
7.singing sing去掉用动名词表示对已发生过的事情的后悔
8.to,改为的目的是
9.having havestop have a resto改为还未看电影
10.seeing see改为独立主格结构
11.was beingo改为意为“使别人听到自己的话
12.hear heardmake oneselfheardo改为后面要求接不定式作宾语
13.seeing seepretend改为后用不定式作宾补
14.being beconsider改为过去分词表被动
15.following followedo改为动名词主动形式,表被动意义
16.repaired repairing改为过去分词作定语,强调动作的完成
17.falling fallen改为表示陷入深思
18.losing losto be lostin thought改为后面用动名词作宾语
19.listen listeningoenjoy改为..为一固定说法
20.Judge JudgingoJudging by.语句型为“主语形容词/名词例如+find feel,think,believe,considerate+it++to do sth
①I thinkit necessaryto report the thingto the teacher.
②I findit interestingto workwith him.动词不定式还可以用作介词、和的宾语,如果介词前为动词的某种形式,则后面接不3except butbesides do带的不定式,否则带和后的不定式也省略常用句型有to tocannot choose but cannot help butcannot butto例如There isnothing to do but+doThere isnothing to do but wait.例如do nothingbut/except+doWe cando nothingbutwait.例如cannothelp/choose but+doWe cannotchoosebutwait.例如have nochoice butto doWehave nochoice butto wait..作表语3动词不定式作表语,常放在系动词之后,表示将来的动作,主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词,如wish,task,等例如purpose,duty,job
①To teachis tolearn.2My jobis tohelp thepatient.【注意】如果在主语中通常在主语从句或修饰主语的定语从句中有实义动词时,作表语的动词不定式do省略例如toAll Iwant to do nowWhat Iwant to do now is fillmy stomach..作定语4不定式可以放在名词、代词、序数词、和形容词最高级等后面作定语常被不定式修饰的名词有:the onlychance,等不定式常表示将来的动作need,promise,time,opportunity,way不定式与被修饰的名词往往构成逻辑上的关系如果不定式与该句的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,则不定1式用主动形式;如果不定式与该句的主语不构成逻辑上的主谓关系,则不定式用被动形式例如
①He isnota manto telllies.
②There willnot beenough spaceto standin onthe earth.3---1will gohome tomorrow,do you have anythingtobetaken to your parents一No,thanks.作定语的不定式与所修饰的名词之间是动宾关系,而且不定式动词又是不及物动词时应在该动词上加上2一个介词例如
①He has a nicepen to write with.
②He islooking fora roomto live in.
③It issaid that the bestway totravel byis onfoot..作状语5不定式作状语时,可表示目的、原因、结果或条件例如原因Fm veryglad to hear thenews.不定式作目的状语时,常可构成例如in orderto,so as toHe gotup earlyso asnot tobu late.不定式可以跟在表语的形容词之后作状语入例如The questionis difficultto answer.有些不定式短语可以做独立成份,通常放在句首,有时置于句中或句未,须用逗号的开,如to beginwith,tobe等例如honest,to tellyou thetruthTo behonest,my Englishis poor.不定式作结果状语常用如下句型形容词/副词例如:Too++to do sthHe istoo youngto go to school.形容词/副词例如+enough+to do sthHe isold enoughto dresshimself.名词例如enough++to do sthI haveenough moneyto buya car.形容词名词例如such++as to do sthHe is sucha cleverboy asto workout thequestion quickly.形容词/副词+例如so+asto do sthHe is soclever a boy asto workout thequestion quickly.【注意】不定式作状语,其逻辑主语与句子主语必须一致【注意】不定式可以放在后面表示未曾预料的结果例如nly
①He hurriedto the railway station,only to find that the trainhad left.
②I gotto hishouse,only tobe toldthat hewasnt in..作补语宾语补足语和主语补足语,有两种情况6接带的不定式作宾语补足语,这类动词或动词短语有1to ask,tell,invite,force,get,beg,allow,help,wish,want,like,hate,prefer,expect,encourage,advise,persuade,instruct,permit,request,order,warn,cause,urge,call on,depend等,构成结构例如on,long for,wait forV+sb.+to do
①I didntmean you to hearit.
②We arelonging forthe cewterm tobegin.在感官动词等和使役动词后的补足语中,不2see,hear,feel,listen to,notice,watch,observe let,have,make定式不带但这类句子变成被动语态时,必须带注意不用于被动语态例如:
①ttlet,have I saw himplayin the park.—He wasseen toplay in thepark.
②The bossmade thosemen workday andnight.一Those menwere madeto workday andnight.注意、等动词后面可以接“连接代词或连接副词作宾语补足语例如tell advise+t do”You didnot tellme howCo pronouncethe word.动名词主动语态被动语态一般式doing beingdone完成式having done having been donenot doingnot beingdonenot having done nothaving beendone否定式动名词的基本形式是由动词末尾加形式构成,动名词具有动词和名词的特点动词的特点体现在它可-ing以有自己的宾语、状语和补足语,有时态和语态的变化;名词的特点体现在它可以作主语、宾语、表语和定语
一、动名词的时态、语态和否定形式动名词的时态有一般式和完成式;语态有主动和语态和被动语态;动名词的否定式是直接在其前面加上noto以为例,列表说明如下do、动名词的时态动名词的一般式表示的动作通常是一般性的动作,即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来1的动作,或者是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作;完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前例如
①I aminterested inplaying basketball.
②He didntmention havingmet youatthe meeting.、动名词的语态如果句子的主语是该动名词动作的承受者,即句子的主语与动名词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,2则动名词要用被动形式例如
①(句子的主语与动词构成动宾关系,且动作基本同时发生)
②She didntmind beingleft athome.she leaveI forgot(句子的主语与动词构成动宾关系,且动作已经完成)
二、动名词的语法功能having beentold aboutit.I tell.作主语动名词做主语可以放在句首,有时候也可以用做形式主语,常常构成一些固定句型,如,1it Itsa;•.例如waste oftime doing...Its nouse/good doing.©Teaching ismy full-time job.
②Writing anEnglish compositionisnoteasy.
③Its awaste oftime arguing with him.已@Ws nouse takingthis kindof medicin.作宾语2()作动词的宾语只接动名词作宾语的常见动词有、、1resist mindsuggest delaykeep look forward to、等例如
①enjoy includeappreciate imaginepractice finishsucceed inconsider canthelp missI havejustfinished doingmy homework.
②I suggestedasking hisbrother forsome money.@He keepsbuying expensivemaps.【注意】以下几个动词或短语后面跟动名词作宾语和跟动词不定式作宾语意义不同mean,remember,stop,forget,regret,try,goon忘记要做某事|to dosth.忘记已经做过某事/doing sth.对即将做的事表示遗憾未做.对做过的事表示后悔已做J todosth.regret doing sth尽力去做某事.试着做某事|todosth.”[doing sth.继续做另一件事叫.继续做原来做的事fto dosth godoing sth•记着去做某事未做一八,—「八,Jto dosth remember
4.记着做了某事已做doing sth[todosth.打算做某事mean[doing sth.意味着做某事停下来去做某事C todosth.stop〔.停止做某事例如doingsth©Please stoptalking.
②Lets stoptohavea rest.31regret tellinghim thesecret.
④I regretto tellyou thatyouhavemissed theexam.作介词的宾语,常用于固定短语和句型中如2be/get usedto,devote...to...,look forwardto,pay attentionto,get以及down to,think of,be proudof,prevent...from...,keep...from....,be engagedin,feel likehave some/no/any例如difficultytrouble in,have funpleasurein,havea goodhard time,there isno need/use/good/harm/hurryino
①We arethinking of making anew planforthenext term.
②There isno needarguingwithhim..作表语动名词作表语时,句子的主语常常是表示无生命的名词或引导的名词性从句作表语的动名3what词与主语通常是对等关系,表示主语的内容,主语与表语可互换位置例如
①My jobis teaching.=Teaching ismy job.
②Her full-time jobis layingeggs.^Laying eggsis herfull-time job.3What Ihate mostis beinglaughed at..作定语:动名词作定语表示性质或用途4a washingmachine=a machinefor washingaswimming pool=a poolfor swimming分词现在分词和过去分词过去分词只有一种形式,即没有其他变化形式,而现在分词有时态和语态的变化如下表所示以done,为例do作定语:现在分词L及物动词不及物动词作定语,可以表示名词的用途,也可以表主动被动主动示主动意义或正在一般式进行的动doing beingdone doing作或当时的状态,此时现在分词在意义上相当于完成式having done having beendone havingdone一个定语从句过去分词作定语表示被分词的语法功能:动或完成一般而言,单个的分词作定语要放在被修饰词之前,分词短语作定语放在被修饰词之后例如:a developingcountry=a countrywhich isdeveloping
①②a sleepingboy=aboywho issleeping Theman standingatthewindow isour teacher.Polluted airand waterareharmful topeoples health.
③The buildingbuilt lastyear wasa hospital.©The meetingbeing heldnowis very important.【注意】如果两个动词有先后,一般不能用现在分词作定语,而用定语从句,即现在分词的完成主动式having以及完成被动式不能作定语如,我们不能说donehavingbeendone.而是用定语从句代替I have heard of the accidenthaving happenedyesterday I haveheardof theaccident thathappenedyesteiday.再如,我们不能说而用定语从句I didntfind mywallet havingbeen stolen.作状语:现在分词作状语表时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随(方I didntfind mywallet whichhad beenstolen.
2.式)等特点.分词短语作状语,其逻辑主语须与句子的主语一致.表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词或
12.while引导.如果主语不一致,要采用独立主格结构when3现在分词的一般式和完成主动式作状语时,与句子的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系表doing havingdone doing示的动作和句子的谓语动词所表示的动作基本同时发生或现在分词的动作正在发生;则表示其动havingdone作先于句子的谓语动词的动作发生例如
①.(时间)Hearing thebell,the studentsentered the classroom
②(时间)Hearing thecry forhelp,he rushedout.
③.(时间)While readingthe book,he noddedfrom time to time
④(时间)Having finishedhis work,he went home.
⑤(条件)Seeing fromthe hill,you canget the whole town.
⑥()Not havingreceived ananswer,he decidedto writeanother letter.M0
⑦(伴随)The studentsran outof the classroom,talking andlaughing.(结果)©Football isplayed allaround theworld,making itthe mostpopular sport.过去分词和现在分词的完成被动式作状语时,与句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系而donehavingbeendone且表示的动作在句子的谓语动词之前就已经发生例如
①
(二)(原因)Given Having been givena wrongnumber,I couldntcontact himover thephone.
②(口寸间)Havingbeenwarned manytimes,they becamemore andmore carefulin doingthe job.
③(条件)
④Seen fromthe hill,the wholetown isbeautiful.Not satisfiedwith theresult,we decidedtodothe experiment(原因)
⑤(伴随)again.He enteredthe room,followed byhis girlfriend.(条件)@If allowed,he wouldeat allthe foodin thehouse.【注意】分词作状语时,如果分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致,则通常在它前面加上它的主语构成独立主格结构,即(非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语,逻辑主语的代词又是主格,故常称为“n.+-ed/-ing“独立主格工)例如
①行()
②Her worknished=After herwork hadbeen finished,she satdown fora cupof tea•There beingno taxis()^Because therewas notaxis,we had to walk.
③()
④Weather permitting=If weatherpermits,they willgo onan outingtomorrow.An importantlecture tobr given仁)tomorrow Becausean importantlecture willbe giventomorrow,the professorhas tostay uplate into the night.
⑤()He waslying onthe grass.his handscrossed underhis hnad=and hishands werecrossed underhis head有时也用()名词(或代词宾格)+分词”的结构表示伴随状况的独立主格结构例如with without+He fellasleepwith thelamp burning.补充其他形式的独立主格结构(不定式;介词短语;形容词;副词)例如n.+n.+n.+n.+
①He isgoing to make amodel plane,some oldparts tohelp.
②The boygoes to theclassroom,book inhand.
③So manypeople absent,themeetinghadtobe calledoff.
④The meetingover,they allwenthome..作宾补3现在分词做宾补的两大特征一是宾语与现在分词之间与主语之间有主谓关系;二是现在分词所表示的动作正在进行能跟现在分词作宾语补足语的常见动词有:、、、、make lethave lookat seewatch hearlisten to(三让、三看、两听、注意感觉)例如:notice feeL
①I heard the girlsinging intheclassroom.
②I sawa longqueue outsidethe bankwaiting forit toopen.
③The babywatched hisdad shavinghis facewith interest.
④We sawtheteachermaking theexperiment.过去分词做宾补的两大特征一是及物动词的过去分词做宾补与宾语有动宾关系;二是不及物动词的过去分词做宾补与宾语有主谓关系,多用来表示动作已经完成能借过去分词做宾补的常见动词有have,make,see,hear,等例如find,leave,want
①Ive neverheardthesong sungin English.
②Isawthe horsetied to a tree..作表语:分词放在系动词后面作表语现在分词作表语指物,过去分词作表©People foundthe thiefescaped.4语指人例如
①The movieis inspiring.
②Heisinspired bythe movie.
③The storyhe toldus wasvery interesting.@Heisinterested inEnglish.高考英语短文改错及语法填空分析与训练•非谓语动词考点规律分析短文改错对非谓语动词的考查主要涉及不定式符号的有无,介词后该使用动词的什么形式to(用动名词),并列结构中几个非谓语动词是否一致,动词用作主语时用何种形式(可用动名词或不定式,但不能用动词原形)等语法填空主要涉及非谓语动词的形式选择难需将劭商单句改相之工泉制称
1.David andI wantedgo offto findhelp butBill insistedon stayingnear thecar.
2....rather thango into the forestand gettinglost.
3.David pointedtoapath whichhe thoughtwould probablyleading toa village.
1.1went backto getDavid andhelped himto stoodup.
5.Charles andLinda Masondo all of these things as wellas climbed building.
6.Modem peopleknow moreabout health,have betterfood,and toliveinclearer surroundings.
7.The WorldHealth Organizationand otherorganizations areworking improvehealth allover theworld.
8....you pay the cost of send a postcard,the librarianwill writetoyou.
9....and letyou toknow whenthe bookyou wanthas returned.
10.1want tothank youagain forhave mein yourhome forthe summerholidays.
11.1had alwayswanted return tothevillage aftermoving away.
12.lt wasvery kindof themto meetme attherailwaystation anddrove meto theirhome.
13.1lookforwardtohearfrom yousoon.
14.Play footballnot onlymakes usgrow uptall andstrong butalso givesus asense offair playand teamspirit.
1.11was oftena littletired aftera dayswork andwatch TVdemands verylittle effort.
16.rd likevery muchcome butI havean examinationon Mondaymorning.
17.Til spendthewholeweekend reading and preparefbr it.
18.But thenthere isalways moremysteries lookinto.
19.After learnthe basicsofthesubject,nothing elseseemed verypractical to me.
20.My parentslove medearly ofcourse andwill do all theycan makesure thatI geta goodeducation.
21.He didnot wantshare thingswith otherpeople.
22.That is,a gameof tennismaking himvery busy.
23.As weclimbed the mountain,we fedmonkeys,visiting templesand toldstories.
24.But hisparents thinkgotocollege is more importantthan playingsports.
25....children maynot developthe habitof readand theability toenjoy themselves.
1.
1...tomakechildren towant thingsthat theydont reallyneed.
27.Soon Ibegan toenjoy talkto myselfon paperas Iwas learningto expressmyself insimple English.
28.Shake herhead,she said,“It isnta goodtimetodo that,dear.”291ts likegoing toa hugelibrary withouthave towalk aroundtofindyour books.
28.
1.am thinkingofmakinga tripto London,and visitthe BritishMuseum andsome parks.
31.1have somerecords givingtomeas birthdaygifts.
32.1dream ofstanding onthe platformintheclassroom andgive lessonsto lovelyboys andgirls.林褶语劭镯草句改指e模拙制秣
1.In thosedays wewere forcedwork twelvehours a day.
2.Its verydifficult fora foreignerlearn Chinese.
3.It was silly of you believewhat hesaid.
4.He wasmade washthe bossscar onceaday.
5.Til letyoutoknow assoon asI hearfrom her.
6.1waved toher butfailed attracther attention.
7.Ihavealready seenthe filmtwice.I dontwant seeit anymore.
8.What Iwant knowis whenall thishappened.
9.It wasclear thathe wantedbe alone.
10.Most childrenare interestedin listento stories.
11..Walk quicklyisdifficultfor anold man.
12.Be carefulin crossthe street.
13.The filmis very interesting.It isworth seetwice.
14.Find workisverydifficult thesedays.
15.Most ofus studentsenjoy askquestions inEnglish.
16.Look,some ofmy classmatesare practisingspeak English.
17.Teach achild tosing anddance isveryinteresting.
18.Learn tospeak Englishismoredifficult thantowriteit.
19.My friendJim isvery goodat makingthings andrepair things.
20.He decidedto gotothesouth,find agood joband livingthere.
21.It wasvery kindofyouto buyus somuch fruitand seeingus atthe station.
22.Excuse me,would youtotellme theway tothe zoo林需将劭铜单句改将之提升利株
1.A lotof moneyhas beenspent tobuy thebook.
2.You willhave topaythecostofsendapostcard.
3.What hedid waspuzzled.
1.1will spenda weekreadingandprepare forthe examination.
5.Charles andLinda doallofthesethingsas wellas climbedbuildings.
6.Yesterday Ihad mybad toothpulling out.
6.1heard hersinging asong whichmoved meto tears.
1.1made aterrible mistake.I regrettednot totaking youradvice.
9.When wereached thetop ofthemountain,we stoppedto havinga restbefore wewent downthemountain.
10.ThereUl beagoodfilm tonight,remember toseeing iton time!
11.The gamewas over,she wenthome.
12.When speaking,you mustmake yourselfhear.
13.She pretendednottoseeing mewhen Icame in.
14.Abraham Lincolnwas consideredto beingone ofthe greatestof allAmerican presidents.
15.Following bythe officers,the generalinspected thearmy.
16.Theres somethingwrong withmy car,and itneeds repaired.
17.Dont bumthe fallingleaves onthe ground.
18.Losing inthought,he almostran intoa carin frontof him.
19.1enjoy listentotheclassic music.
20.Judge bywhat hewears,he isa farmer.非谓语动词单句改错之真题训练后加因为后要接不定式
1.wanted to,want改因为与其前的并列
2.getting get,get go改为因为其前有助动词
3.leading lead,would改为因为在此为不定式结构
4.stood stand,to standup改为若将视为连词,则将改为因为它与其前的并列;若
5.climbed climb/climbing,as wellasclimbedclimb,do将视为介词,则因为介词后动词用动名词aswellas climbing,.去掉前的因为与其前的并列6live to,live know,have前加..为表目的的不定式短语
7.improve to,to improve.改为因为介词后接动名词作宾语
8.send sending,.去掉前的因为其前有动词9know to,let改为因为介词后接动名词作宾语
10.have having,前加因为后要接不定式
11.returnto,want改为因为与其前的并列,此处的为省略的不定式
12.drove drive,drive tomeet driveto改为因为其前的是介词
13.hear hearing,to第一个改为因为动词原形不能用作主语
14.play playing,改为因为动词原形不能用作主语
15.watch watching,前加因为后接不定式
16.come to,would like改为因为它与其前的并列,与其前所用的动词有关
17.prepare preparing,reading spend前加此处为不定式作后置定语
18.look to,改为因为介词后接动名词作宾语
19.learn learning,前加因为在此用作目的状语,注意句型
20.make to,tomake...doallone cantodosth后加因为后要接不定式
21.want to,want改为因为缺谓语,不能用非谓语形式,根据上下文用一般过去时
22.making made,改为因为它与其前的和其后的并列
23.visiting visited,fed told改为因为动词原形不能用作主语
24.go going,改为因为介词后要接动名词
25.read reading,.去掉前的因为.在此用作使役动词的宾语补足语26want to,want..make改为因为动词后要接动名词作宾语
27.talk talking,enjoy改为现在分词表伴随
28.Shake Shaking,改为介词后用动名词作宾语
29.have having,改为因与并列,作介词的宾语
30.visit visiting,visit makingof改为“把某物给某人“是句中与是被动关系,故用过去分词
31.giving given,give sthto sb;records give改为因它与并列,作的宾语
32.give giving,standing dreamof非谓语动词单句改错之模拟训练前力口此句为的被动形式
1.work to,force sbtodosth前加此句用的是句型
2.learn to,its difficultfor sbtodosth
3.believe前加to,此句用的是it9ssillyof sbtodosth句型前加中的不能带但若用于被动语态,则其后的要带
4.wash to,make sbdosthdoto,make doto去掉因为后用作宾语补足语的不定式不能带
5.to,let to前加意为“未能做某事”
6.attract to,fail todosth前加(想要)后接动词要用不定式
7.see to,want。