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七、动词的时态和语态对应学生用书在空白处填入括PI72号内单词的正确形式(,全国卷)()1•2019I In recent yearssome Inuitpeople inNunavut reportincreases inbearsightings aroundhuman settlements.(全国卷)()2•2019,H Pickingup herLifetime Achievement”award,proud Irenedeclare shehadno plansto retirefrom her36-year-old business.(全国卷)()3•2019-II1love inghere andseeing myfamily andall thefriends Imake over theyears.4・(2019•全国卷ni)Our hostsshared manyof theirexperiencesand(remend)wonderful placestoeat,shop,and visit.5・(2019,全国卷ni)On thelast day of our week-long stay,we(invite)to attenda privateconcerton abeautiful farmon theNorth Shoreunder thestars.6•(2019,浙江卷)0件study inAmerica foundthat students9grades(improve)a littleafter theschoolintroduced uniforms.7•(2018•全国卷H)Since2011,the country(grow)more comthan rice.(•全国卷)一8•2018II TheChinese Ministryof Agriculturefinds thatbetween2005when the()government starta soil-testing programthat givesspecific fertilizerremendations tofarmers-and2011,fertilizer usedropped bymillion tons.[答案与解析]考查时态根据上下文语境,尤其是时间状语可知,句子用1,have reportedoInrecentyears现在完成时态5故填have reported考查时态根据上下文可知,该句主语为,此处为谓语成分,根据后文2-declaredo Irene可知,用一般过去时态,故填had declaredo考查动词时态根据该定语从句中的时间状语可知,此处用现3-have made“overtheyears”o在完成时态,句意我喜欢到这里来看看我的家人和我这些年来交到的朋友们故填have madeo考查一般过去时句意我们的主人和我们分享了很多他们的经历并推荐了一4-remendedo些很好的吃饭、购物和参观的地方前后两个动作与是并列关系’时态and”“shared“remended”一致故填remended考查一般过去时的被动语态句意我们被邀请去参加一场私人音乐会由
5.-were invitedOnothe lastdayofourweek-long stayv可知,句子时态为一般过去式,主语为we,用被动语态故填were invited考查时态句意美国的一项研究发现,在学校引入校服后,学生的成绩有6-improvedo所提高本句是引导的时间状语从句,前后时态保持一致,从句使用了一般过去时,主句after用一般过去时故填improved由句中的时间状语可知,此空应用现在完成时7,has grownoSince20118・startedo根据语境可知,此处叙述发生在过去的事情,应用一般过去时对应学生用书
(一)动词时态概述P172英语中动词共有种时态,其中一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行16时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、一般过去将来时、现在完成进行时,使用频率较高,同学们应着重学会使用这十种时态全部动词时态分类如下表时体现在过去将来过去将来对应学生用书P*6
(一)被动语态的构成基本形式(其中是构成被动语态的助动词,为及物动词的过去分词)
1.be+v-ed bev-ed•各种时态的被动语态只需要将动词作相应的变化即可,被动语态没有完成进行时2be和将来进行时(加括号的结构只需理解):实义动词的被动结构情态动词的被动结构一般现在时am/is/are+v-ed一般过去时was/were+v-ed一般将来时will/shall be+v-ed过去将来时would/should be+v-ed现在进行时am/is/are being+v-ed过去进行时was/were being+v-ed现在完成时has/have been+v-ed过去完成时had been+v-ed一般将来完成时will/shall have been+v-ed、cancouldmaymight过去将来完成时would/should havebeen+v-ed+be+v-shouldwouldought to•••cd二被动语态的用法用法例句不知或没必要说明动作的执行者1Such booksare writtenfbr children.Printing was introduced intoEurope fromChina.动作的承受者是谈话的中心,或者既关心动2作曲This songwas posedby a student.作的承受者,又关心动作的执行者She isliked byeverybody.此句He wentto thecountry andwas warmlyweled.出于修辞的需要3使用同一主语,以求简练三使用被动语态须注意的问题注意事项例句只有及物动词和及物动词短语才有被动语态,不及物动词或不及物动词短语无被动语态,常见不及物动词和不及物动词短语有appear,die,disappear,endvi.结束,fail,happen、,»last lieremain,sit spread,stand,break out,eThe pricehas beenrisen.X,true,fall asleep,keep silentlose heart,take place等The pricehas risen/JThe pricehas raised.XThe pricehas beenraised.VThe accidentwas happened last week.XThe accidenthappenedlast week.JThis roomis belongedto me.XThis roombelongs tome.V表示状态的及物动词,如have cost5fit Uast,The shirtfits himvery well.V,,等往往不能用于被动语态own holdbeeHe isfitted verywell by the shirt.X反身代词在句中做宾语时,不能用被动语态You mustlook afteryourself.VYourself mustbe lookedafter.X短语动词作为一个整体转换为被动语态时,后All therubbish shouldbe gotrid of.面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略The childwill betaken ofby mymother.Such athing hasnever beenheard ofbefore.动词read/write/sell/wash/clean/wear/open/副词This hallmeasures100metres longand60metreseat/lock...+well/badly/easily/wide.表小主语的属性特征时,用主动形式smoothly…表被动含义This typeof carsells wellin China.一般一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时一般过去将来时进行现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时过去将来进行时完成现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时过去将来完成时过去将来完成进行完成进行现在完成进行时过去完成进行时将来完成进行时时时态形式例句功能动词原形+动shallwill+/be going to一般将来时词原形He willgraduate fromHarvardUniversity nextyear.表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态The studentswill havefive Englishclassesper weekthis term.表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性Spring wille again.动作I willstudy hardto catchup withhim.用于第一人称后,表决心或意愿;willHe wontdo it.否定句中有“不愿”的意思用于请求对方许可Will youopen thedoorI amgoing tobuy a new coatthis决定、打算要做什么winter.有迹象表明即将,可能将发生The iceis going to break.将来进行时形式shallwill+be+v-ingWhat willyou bedoing thistimetomorrowShe willbe working on theproject all将来某个时刻或某个时段正在进行the nextweek.或持续的动作表示将来的安排打算Ill beseeing tomorrow.Will yoube havingsupper withus thisevening用于有礼貌地询问别人的计划打算一般过去将来时shouldwould+动词原形+动词/waswere goingto原形He saidthat he would waitfor usat the从过去某时看来将要发生的动作或bus stop.存在的状态,常用于宾语从句Whenever wehad troubles,he woulde只用表示过去的某种习惯性行wouldto helpus.为She wasgoingtodo nothingthat night.表示过去的打算或计划或预见到某There wasgoingtobe athunderstorm.事会发生几个表将来的特殊形式动词原形be to+表示计划或安排The highwayis tobe openedin May.People didntknow thatEinstein*s表示注定要发生的事theories wereto changeour viewofthe universe.表小命令You areto leave here rightnow.+动词原形be about to Thetalk isabout tobegin.表不即将发生的动作,句中不可用表He wasabouttoleave whenthey示将来的时间状语came.She wason the point ofwinning when形式be on thepoint of+v-ingshe felldown.He isonthepointofmaking around-表示即将要发生的事,“正要……the-world tour.时”be,e,go,begin,leave,arrive等动词The termstarts on18th February.的一般现在时根据规定预计要发生的动作或事情When doesthe trainleave时态形式例句功能一般现在时lbe的各人称形式I am;We/You/They are;He/She/It is行为动词第二人称单词在词尾加2s,es等;其他人称形式同原形I amastudentand Istudy several表示目前的状态、事实subjects.We domorning exercisesevery day.表示现在经常、反复发生的动作或习The studentgoes homeonce amonth.惯性动作Iron feelshard,but cottonfeels soft.表事物的性质或状态Water boilsat100℃.The earthis roundand itmoves around表示自然现象喀观事实或普遍真理the sun.If youtake ouradvice,you willsucceed.在条件、时间、让步状语从句中,用I willtell herthe truthimmediately现在时表示将来发生的动作I seeher.,Tomorrow isto thetimetable the有些表示按规定,计划安排的动作,train esin at830a.m.用现在时表示将要发生的动作I am现在进行时He/She/It is►We/You/They are+doing表示此刻、说话时正在进行的动作The boyis doinghis lessonsnow.My brotheris studyingin theU・表示目前、现阶段正在发生的动作present.I ammeeting tonight.My motheris ingto seeme thisweekend.表示近期内特定或安排的动作He isleaving forShanghai onFriday.IWe现在完成时have+pp.YouTheyHeShe.has+pp.It.车了The carhas arrived.车子已在门口Someone hasbroken thewindow.表示动作发生在过去,动作的结果现有人把窗户打破了窗户是破的在还存在has studiedin thisschool since
2014.表示过去一个动作持续到现在只有They havehad themeeting formore持续性动词如teach,work,live,etc.than twohours.能够使用,而短暂性动词如go,e,不能用arrive,etc.I shallplay withyou ifI havegot myworkdone.在时间、条件等状语从句中,可用现Dont getoff thebus untilit hasstopped.在完成时来表将来完成时It/This/That isthe firsttime thatIhave visitedthis exhibition.That isthe mostinteresting filmIve用在某些固定句型中ever seen.现在完成进行、IWe时havebeendoingYouTheyHe]She has been doingIt时间状语或时间状语从句与现在完He has been workingin thispany for成时相同,但完成进行时强调动作一six years/since
2010.直持续The directorhasbeenworkingontheproduction plan,but hehasnt workeditout yet.I havebeen repairingthe bikefornearly fivehours.一I havegot abad cold.一No wonderyou havebeen coughing现在完成进行时强调动作一直在进行,一般不用状态性动词these days.时态形式例句功能一般过去时动词lbeIwasHe/She/ItWe►wereYou They规则变化行为动词动词+形式2ed不规则动词见3《不规则动词表》He workedin thisshop fortwo years表示过去的行为、动作and leftlast year.I boughtthe newly-published noveltheother day.带有表示过去的时间状语,如He metan oldfriend ofhis in the streetyesterday,last month,a fewyears ago,last Sunday.等的句子中,谓语动词the otherday用过去时When hewasinmiddle schoolhe oftenwalked/used towalk withhisclassmates aftersupper.表示过去经常、反复发生的动作或存He saidthey hada meetingonce aweek.在的状态Mary saidshe wouldgo tothe movieswithme ifshe finishedher homework.在表示过去的时间状语从句中,当主He saidhewouldleave untilI came句用过去将来时时,从句往往用一般back.过去时I过去进行时He/She.was+doingItWeYou.were+doingThey—What wereyou doingat ninelastnight表示过去某一时间点正在进行的动一作I waslistening tothe NightNews.We were having finalexams fromWednesdayto Saturdaylastweek.In thosedays wewerehavinga hard表示过去某一段时间正在发生,进行time.的行为、动作One day,I waswalking alonga roadwhensuddenly someonecalled me.用于含时间状语从句的复合句中,当When Iwent intothe teachers*office,一个动作突然发生时•,另一个动作was checkingour exercisebooks.在持续进行过去完成时had+过去分词We hadreviewed theold lessonsby theendof lastmonth.常用于含过去时间状语的句子中by+When theman arrivedat therailway,station thetrain hadleft.在包含when9before,after等连词的复合句中或口果主句谓语动词和从had learntGerman forsome timebefore句谓语动词的动作不是同时发生,那he wentto Germany.么先发生的动作通常用过去完成时用于主句的谓语动词是过去时的宾He toldme thatone ofhis novelshad语从句中从句动作发生在主句前,already beentranslated intoEnglish.从句用过去完成时mean5intend,plan,expect,wish,I hadmeant tovisit youlast night,but want,hope等表大“计划,打算的I hadan unexpectedvisitor.动词可用过去完成时,表示过去未能实现的愿望、想法等五注意事项一般过去时与现在完成时的区别1•一般过去时所表示的动作或状态纯属过去,与现在没有联系常用的时间状语有1yesterday,last night,two daysmonths/weeks...ago等Tom boughtanewcar aweek ago.He wasin prisonin
1990.I sawHero lastweek.现在完成时所表示的动作或状态与现在有联系,是过去的动作或状态对现在产生的结果2或造成的影响说话人关心的是现在的结果或状态;或表示过去一个动作一直延续到现在常用的时间状语有already,just yet,never5before,latelyrecently,in thelast/past fewdays/years,,,等since thenup tonow so farIve neverbeen toBeijing.He hasnot givenhis responsesofar.他已经来这里了说话人关心的是“他现在在这里相当于He hasehere.He ishere now..他哥哥参军年了指他哥哥五年前到说话His brotherhasbeeninthearmy for5years5时一直在部队服役某些状语从句中将来时的表达方式2•在以when5untiltill、as soonas、bythetime,afterbefore等引导的时间状语从句或以if,unless,once等引导的条件状语从句以及以no matterwhen,however5even if等引导的让步状语从句中,谓语动词通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时,用一般过去时表示过去将来时【例11I willstay athome ifitrain tomorrow.[答案]rainso[例]2Helen hadleft herkeys inthe officeso shehad towait untilher husbandehome.[答案]cameo一般不用于进行时的动词3•状态动词或静态动词通常不用于进行时态如:like,love,prefer5want,think5wish»desire,believe,know,understand,realize,recognize,doubt、feel,forgive,guess、imagine5satisfy,taste,see,be,belongto,concern,contain,cost,dependon,deserve,have有,lack,need,owe,own,remain,seem,sound等[[列]Iam knowing/was knowing/know Tomquite wereintroduced ata party.[答案]knowo等副词在进行时中表达的意义4,alwaysalways,often,constantly,frequently,forever等副词和进行时连用,表达说话人的某种感情,即“赞扬”或“厌恶”等,可译为“老是、总是”【列111Johnwill alwaysthink/is alwaysthinking ofwhat hecan dofor others.[答案]is alwaysthinkingo[例2]The leadersthought illof,because shewas always plaining/had alwaysplained.[答案]wasalwaysplainingo。