还剩29页未读,继续阅读
本资源只提供10页预览,全部文档请下载后查看!喜欢就下载吧,查找使用更方便
文本内容:
剑桥雅思听力原文9M:Now thinking about the room itself,we have a number of options.You can havea singlestudy roomor you can have a sharedone.These areboth what we callsimplerooms.The otheralternative is to opt for a single bedsit,which actuallyhasmore spaceand betterfacilities.Theres about£20a weekdifferencebetween them.W:Well,actually mygrant isquite generous and I think thebedsit soundthe bestoption.M:Lovely.1*11put youdown for that and well seewhat availabilityis like.Nowcan I ask someother personaldetails whichwe like to haveon recordW:yes,of course.M:I wonderif youcould letus knowwhat yourinterests are.This mighthelp usgeta closermatch forplacing youin aparticular hall.W:Ummm.Well,I love the theatre.M:Right.W:And Ienjoy sports,particularly badminton.M:Thafs worthknowing.Now,what weflnish withon theform isreally alist fromyouof what you prioritiesare inchoosing a hall and well doour bestto takethese into account.W:Well,the first thing isId preferahallwhere there are othermature students,ifpossible.M:Yes,we dohave hallswhich tendto caterfor slightlyolder students.W:Ummm and Id preferto beout oftwon.M:Thafs actuallyvery goodfor youbecause wetend have more vacanciesinout-of-town halls.W:Lucky!M:Yes.Anything elseW:Well,I would like somewherewith ashared area,a TVroom for example,orsomething like that.Its a good wayto socialise.M:It certainlyis.W:Thafs it.M:Now,we justneed acontact telephonenumber foryou.W:Sure,Til justfind itItfs double6-7549M:Great,so well be incontact with you assoon aspossible...Section!Hello,Td delightedto welcomeyou to our WildlifeClub,and very pleased thatyoureinterested in the countrysideand the plants andcreatures of this area.Ithink youHbe surprisedat the variety we have here,even thoughwere not farfrom London.Ill startby tellingyou aboutsome of the parksand openspacesnearby.One verypleasant placeis HallandCommon.This hasbeen publicland forhundredsof years,and whatyoull findinteresting is that theRiver Ouse,whichflows into the seaeight kilometersaway,had itssource in the common.There;s aninformationboard about theplantsand animalyou can see here,and by the way,the commonis accessible24hours aday.Then theresHolt Island,which isnoted forits greatrange oftrees.In thepastwillows weregrown herecommercially forbasket-making,and this ancient craftrecentlybeen reintroduced.The island is only open to the public form FridaytoSunday,because itsquite small,and ifthere werepeople aroundevery day,muchof thewildlife wouldkeep away.From thereits just a shortwalk acrossthe bridgeto LongfieldCountry Park.Longfield has a modernreplica of a farmover twothousand yearsago.Childrensactivities areoften arrangedthere,like bread-making andface-painting.The parkisonlyopenduring daylighthours,so bearthat in mind if you decideto gothere.Longfield has a programmeof activitiesthroughout theyear,and togive you asample,this iswhafs happeningin thenext few days.On Mondayyou canlearnabout herbs,and howtheyve beenused overthe centuries.Youll startwith atourof ourherb graden,practise thetechinique ofusing themas colourdyes forcloth,and listento anillustrated talk about theiruse incooking andmedicine.Then onWednesday you can joinlocal expertsto discoverthevarietyof insectsandbirds that appear in the evening.We keepto a small number of peoplein thegroup,so if you want to goyoull need to phonethe parkranger a fewdaysahead.Theres asmall charge,which youshould paywhen youturn up.Im sureyoure allkeen to help with the practicaltask oflooking afterthe park,so on Saturday you can join a working party.Youll have a choseof allsports ofactivities,from plantinghedges topicking uplitter,so youllbe able to changefromone toanother when you feellike it.The rangerswill behard at work allday,but docome and joinin,even forjust a short while.One thing,though,is to make sureyourewearing something that youdont mindgetting dirtyto torn.And finallyId like to tellyou aboutour newwildlife area,HinchingbrookePark,which will be openedto thepublic nextmonth.This slidedoesnt reallyindicatehow bigit is,but anyway,you cansee thetwo gatesinto the park,and themainpaths.As you cansee,theres alake in the northwest of the park,with abirdhide to the westof it,at theend of a path.So ifllbe anice quietplace forwatchingthe birdon thelake.Fairly closeto whererefreshments are available,theres adog-walking areainthe southernpart of the park,leading offfrom thepath.And if you justwant tositand relax,you cango to the flowergarden;thats thecircular areaon themapsurrounded bypaths.And finally,theres awooded areain thewestern section of the park,betweentwo paths.Okay,thafs enoughfrom me,so lefsgo on to...Section3Pam:Hi Jun.As you know,Ive askedyou heretoday to discuss thefuture of ourSelf-Access Centre.We have to decidewhatwe want to do about this veryimportantresource forour Englishlanguage students.So,can youtell mewhatthe studentsthink aboutthisJun:Well,from the students point of view,we would like tokeep it.The majorityof students saythat theyenjoy using it because it providesa variationon theclassroomroutine and they seeit as a prettymajor componentof theircourse,but wewouldlike to seesome improvementsto the equipment,particularly thecomputers;there arentenough forone eachat the moment and we alwayshave to share.P:Well yes,the teachersagree that it is a veryvaluable resourcebut onething wehavenoticed is that a lot of thestudentusingit,but we think the computersshould usedasalearning resource,nor foremails.Some ofus alsothink thatwe could benefit a lotmore byrelocating theSelf-Access Centreto the mainUniversity librarybuilding.How do you think the students would feelaboutthat,JunJ:Well,the libraryis bigenough toincorporate theSelf-Access Centre,but itwouldnt be likea classactivity anymore.Our mainworry would be not beingable to go toa teacherfor advice.Im sure there would be plentyof thingsto dobutwe reallyneed teachersto helpus choosethe bestactivities.P:Well,there wouldstill be a teacherpresent and he orshe wouldguide theactivitiesof the students,we wouldntjust leavethem to get on with it.J:Yes,but I thinkthe studentswouldbe muchhappier keeping the existingset-up;they reallylike going to theSelf-Access Centrewith theirteacher andstayingtogether asa group to do activities.If we could justimprove theresources andfacilities,I thinkit wouldbe fine.Is thecost goingto be a problemP:Its notso muchthe expensethat Imworried about,and wevecertainly gotroonto doit,but its the problemof timetablinga teacherto bein thereoutside classhours.If were goingtospend a lot ofmoney onequipment andresources,wereally need to makesure thateverything islooked afterproperly.Anyway,letsmake some notes to see justwhat needsdoing toimprove theCentre.Pam:Now,what about thecomputersI thinkit might bea good ideato installsomenew models.They wouldtake up a lotless roomand so that wouldincreasethe workspace fortext books and soon.Jun:That wouldbe great.It isa bitcramped in there attimes.P:What aboutother resourcesDo you havealist ofthings that thestudentswouldlike tosee improvedJ:Yes,one of the commentsthat studentsfrequently makeis that they find itdifHcult toHnd materials that areappropriate for their level,especiallyreading resources^so I think we need tolabel themmore clearly.P:Well thafseasy enough,we canget thatorganised everyquickly.In factI thinkweshould reviewall of the studyresources as some of them arelooking a bitout-of-date.J:Definitely.The CDsection especiallyneeds to be morecurrent.I think we shouldgetsome of the onesthat gowith ourlatest course books and also makemultiplecopies.P:Good,now I was alsothinkingaboutsome differentmaterialsthat we havent gotin thereat all.What do you thinkof the idea ofintroducing someworkbooksIf webreak themup intoseparate pagesand laminatethem,theyd bea greatresource.The studentscould studythemaincoursebookin classand thendofollow-up practicein theSelf-Access Centre.J:That soundsgood.P:Okay,now finallywe need to thinkabout howtheroomis used.Ill have to talk tothe teachersand makesure we can allreach someagreement on a timetabletosupervise thecentre afterclass.But we also needto thinkabout security,too.Especially if weregoingto investin somenew equipment.J:What aboutputting in an alarmP:Good idea.The otherthing Pdliketo do istalk toour techniciansand seewhetherwe couldsomehow limitthe accessto email.I reallydont want to seethatresource misused.J:What aboutifweagree toonly useit beforeand afterclassP:Yes,that wouldbe fine.OK,anway…thats greatfor now.Well dicussit furtherwhen weve arrangedto...Section4Good morningeveryone.Now whetheryoure goingto Universityto studybusinessor someother subject,many of you willeventually endup workingfor acompanyof somekind.Now,when youfirst startworking somewhereyou willrealise that theorganisation youvejoined hascertain characteristics.And weoften referto thesesocialcharacteristics as the cultureof theorganisation-this includesits unwrittenideas,beliefs,values andthings likethat.One wellknown writerhas classifiedcompanycultures byidentifying fourmajor types.The firsttype iscalled thePower Culture,and it*s usually found insmallorganisations.Its thetype of culture thatneeds acentral source of powerto beeffective,andbucause controlis in the handsof justone ortwo peoplethere arenftmany rulesorprocedures.Another characteristicis thatcommunication usuallytakes theform ofconversationsrather than,say,formal meetingsor writtenmemos.Now one of thebenefitsof this culture is that theorganisation has the ability to actquickly,so itrespondswell tothreat,or dangeron the one hand,and opportunityon the other.But on the negativeside,this type of organisationdoesnt alwaysact effectively,becauseitdepends toomuch onone ortwo peopleat the top,and when these peoplemakepoor decisionstheres no-one elsewho caninfluence them.And thekind ofperson whodoes wellin this typeofbusiness culture is onewhois happy to takerisks,and forwhom jobsecurity isa lowpriority.The nexttypes ifknown asRole Culture-thafs R-O-L-E9not R-O-double L,bythe way,and this type is usuallyfound in largecompanies,which havelots ofdifferentlevels in them.These organisationsusually haveseparate departmentsthatspecialise inthings likefinance,or sales,or maintenance,or whatever.Eachone isco-ordinated at the topby asmall groupof seniormanagers andtypicallyeveryones jobis controlledby setsof rulesand procedures-for example,there arespecificjob descriptions,rules fordiscipline,and soon.What are the benefitsof thiskind ofculture Wellfirstly,because itsfound inlargeorganisations,its fixedcosts,or overheadsas theyreknown,are lowinrelation toifs output,or whatit produces.In otherwords itcan achieveeconomiesof scale.And secondly,it isparticularly successfulin businessmarketswhere technicalexpertise isimportant.On theother hand,thiscultureis oftenveryslow torecognise theneed forchange,and evenslower toreact.What kind ofperson doesthis typeofculturesuit Wellit suitsemployees whovalue security,and whodont particularlywant to have responsibility.Moving onnow toTask Cultures-this typeis foundin organisationsthat areproject-oriented.You usuallyfind itwhere themarket for the companysproduct isextremelycompetitive,or wherethe productsthemselves haveashortlife-span.Usually topmanagement delegatesthe projects,the peopleand otherresources.And oncethese have been allocated,little day-to-day controlis exercisedfrom thetop,because thiswould seemlike“breaking therulesnNow one of themajor benefitsof thiscultureis that ifsflexible.But itdoes havesomemajor disadvantagestoo.Reading Passage1You shouldspend about20minutes onQuestion1-13which arebased onReadingPassage1below.Hearing impairmentor otherauditory function deficit inyoung childrencanhaveamajor impacton theirdevelopment ofspeech andcommunication,resulting in adetrimental effecton theirability to learn atschool.This is likely to have majorconsequencesfor theindividual andthe population asa whole.The New ZealandMinistry ofHealth hasfound fromresearch carriedout overtwo decadesthat6-19%of childrenin thatcountry areaffected byhearing loss.A preliminarystudy inNew Zealandhas shownthat classroomnoise presentsamajor concernfor teachersand pupils.Modern teachingpractices,the organizationofdesks in the classroom,poor classroomacoustics,and mechanicalmeans ofventilationsuch asair-conditioning unitsall contributeto thenumber of childrenunable tocomprehend theteachers voice.Education researchersNelson andSolihave alsosuggested thatrecent trendsin learningoften involvecollaborativeinteraction ofmultiple mindsand toolsas muchas individualpossession ofinformation.This allamounts toheightened activityand noiselevels,which havethepotential to be particularlyserious forchildren experiencing auditory functiondeficit.Noise in classrooms canonly exacerbatetheir difficultyin comprehendingandprocessing verbal communication withother children and instructionsfromthe teacher.Children with auditory function deficit arepotentially failingto learnto theirmaximumpotential because of noiselevels generatedin classrooms.The effectsofnoise on the abilityofchildrento learneffectively intypical classroomenvironmentsare nowthe subjectof increasingconcern.The InternationalInstituteof NoiseControl EngineeringI-INCE,on theadvice of the WorldHealthOrganization,has establishedan internationalworkingparty,which includesNewZealand,to evaluatenoise andreverberation controlfor schoolrooms.While thedetrimental effectsof noisein classroomsituations arenot limitedtochildren experiencing disability,those with a disabilitythat affectstheir processingofspeech andverbalcommunicationcould beextremely vulnerable.The auditoryfunctiondeficits inquestion includehearing impairment,autistic spectrumdisordersASD and attention deficit disorders ADD/ADHD.Autism isconsidered aneurological and genetic life-long disorderthat causesdiscrepanciesin theway informationis processed.This disorderis characterized byinterlinking problems with socialimagination,social communicationand socialinteraction.According toJanzen,this affectsthe abilityto understand and relateintypical ways to people,understand eventsand objectsin the environment,andunderstand orrespond tosensory stimuli.Autism does not allowlearning orthinkingin the same waysas inchildren who are developingnormally.Autisticspectrum disorders often resultin majordifficulties incomprehending verbalinformationand speechprocessing.Those experiencing these disordersoften findsoundssuch ascrowd noiseandthenoise generatedby machinerypainful anddistressing.This isdifficult toscientifically quantifyas suchextra-sensory stimulivarygreatly fromone autisticindividual toanother.But achild whofinds anytypeof noisein theirclassroom orlearning spaceintrusive islikely to be adverselyaffectedin theirabilitytoprocess information.The attentiondeficitdisordersare indicativeof neurologicalandgeneticdisordersand arecharacterizedbydifficulties withsustaining attention,effort andpersistence,organization skillsand disinhibition.Children experiencingthesedisorders findit difficult to screenout unimportantinformation,and focus oneverything in the environmentrather thanattending toasingleactivity.Background noisein theclassroom becomesa majordistraction,which canaffecttheir abilityto concentrate.Children experiencingan auditory functiondeficitcan oftenfind speechandcommunication verydifflcult toisolate andprocess whenset againsthigh levelsofbackground noise.These levelscome fromoutside activitiesthat penetratetheclassroom structure,from teachingactivities,and othernoise generatedinside,which can be exacerbatedby roomreverberation.Strategies areneeded toobtainthe optimumclassroom constructionand perhapsa changein classroomcultureand methodsof teaching.In particular,the effectsof noisyclassrooms and activitieson thoseexperiencing disabilitiesin theform ofauditoryfunctiondeficit needthoroughinvestigation.It isprobable thatmany undiagnosedchildren existin theeducationsystem withinvisible disabilities.Their needsare lesslikely to be metthanthose ofchildren withknown disabilities.The New Zealand Governmenthas developeda NewZealand Disability Strategyand hasembarked ona wide-ranging consultationprocess.The strategyrecognizesthat peopleexperiencingdisabilityface significantbarriers in achieving afullquality oflife in areas suchas attitude,education,employment andaccess toservices.Objective3of theNewZealandDisabilityStrategyistoTrovide theBestEducation forDisabled Peopleby improvingeducation so that allchildren,youthlearners andadult learnerswill haveequal opportunitiestolearnand developwithin their alreadyexisting localschool.For asuccessful education,the learningenvironmentis vitallysignificant^so anyeffort toimprove this islikely to beofgreat benefitto allchildren,but especiallyto thosewith auditoryfunctiondisabilities.A numberof countriesare alreadyin theprocess offormulating theirownstandards for the controland reductionof classroomnoise.NewZealandwillprobably follow their example.The literatureto dateon noisein schoolroomsappears tofocuson the effectson schoolchildrenin general,their teachersand thehearingimpaired.Only limitedattention appearstohave been givento thosestudentsexperiencingtheother disabilitiesinvolving auditoryfunctiondeficit.It isimperativethat theneeds of these childrenare takeninto accountin thesetting ofappropriateinternational standardsto bepromulgated in future.Text3Section1M:Greek IslandHolidays,can Ihelp youW:Yes,I hope so.I havea friendwhos justcome backfrom Corfuand shesrecommendedsome apartmentsin Arilas.She thoughtthey mightbe onyourlist.M:Arilas,Arilas,let mesee.Can you give methe namesW:Yes,the firsfsRose GardenApartments.Ifd liketo gowith anotherfriend in thelast weekof October.M:Well,weve got a lovelystudio flat available at that time.Tm sureyoud enjoytheentertainment programmethere too,with Greekdancing in therestaurant.W:And thecost foreach ofusM:£
219.W:That soundsvery reasonable!Im justjotting downsomenotes.Now thesecondone shementioned wascalled Blue Bay.M:BlueBayYes,in factthafs everypopular andis hassome specialfeatures.W:ReallyM:The main attraction is the largeswimming poolwith saltwater.W:Much healthier,I understand.M:Thafs right.And it isn*tfarfrom thebeach,either-only300metres,and onlyaroundhalf akilometre tosome shops,so youdont haveto betoo energetic.W:Is itmuch moreexpensive than the first oneM:Let mejust check.I thinkat the time you wanttogo ifsaround£260-no£275tobe exact.W:Right,Ifve gotthat.Now there are justtwo moreapartments toask you about.Um,I cantread my own writing!Something to do withsun…Sunshine,isntitM:I thinkyou meantthe SunshadeApartments.Theyre ona mountainside.W:Any specialfeaturesM:Yes,each roomhas itsown sunterrace andthere areshared barbecuefacilities.W:Sounds lovely.M:Yes,its ratherwell-equipped.It alsoprovides watersports-it has its ownbeach.There arefacilities forwater-skiing.W:Any kite-surfing Myfriends quitekeen.M:Not at the hotelbut Im sure youll find some in Arilas.Theres alsosatelite TVin the apartments.W:And howmuch is that oneM:£490with twosharing.W:You mean£245eachM:Im afraidnot!Each personhas topay that amount andthere must be atleasttwo inan apartment.W:I dont think thatwouldbe within ourbudget,unfortunately.And thelast onesoundsabitexpensive too-the Grand!M:Actually itsquite reasonable.Its anolder stylehouse withGreek paintingsinevery room,andabalcony outside.W:Sounds nice.What arethe viewslikeM:Well,there areforests allaround and they hidea supermarketjust downtheroad,so thafs very usefulfor allyour shoppingneeds.Theres adisco in thearea too.W:And thepriceText1Section1W:Good evening.Kings restaurant.M:Good evening.Im ringingabout the job Iunderstand you have vacantW:Oh,yes.M:Id liketo findout a few moredetails if I may.W:Yes,of course.Can Itake yournameM:Its PeterChin.W:Ok,Peter.Well,if you wanttoask about the joband thenif wereboth stillinterested,we couldarrange you to comefor an interview.M:Great,thanks.Im afraidI missedthe advertfor thejob but I heardabout itfrom a friend.W:Thafs noproblem atall.What wouldyou liketo knowM:Well,um,what sort of workis it-washing upW:Itfs answeringthe phone.M:Oh,right,fine.W:And notwaiting attable.M:Thafll begood.And howmany nightsa weekwould itbeW:Well,were reallyonly busyat the weekend.M:So twonightsW:Three actually,so itwould workout12hours aweek.M:Thafd befine.It wouldntinterfere with my studies.W:Are youin the universityM:Yes,first yearPhysics student.W:Oh,rightM:Because Im not anEU national,would I need awork permitW:Yes,you would.Just getyou tutorto signit.M:That wouldntbeaproblem ifI wereto getthejob.Um,where exactlyis therestaurantW:Well,we havetwo branches-the onewere recruitingfor isin Hillsdunneroad.M:Em,I dontknow that.How do you spellit please9W:Its H-I-double L-S-D-U-double N-E Road.M:Got that,thanks.Is itnear abus stopW:Yes,the nearestone wouldprobably bejust besidethe library.M:Oh,yes,I knowit.Thafll befine for me.And could I askabout thepayW:Were offering
4.45pounds an hour.M:Thafs very good.My lastjob was
3.95anhour.(附加福利).W:We feelifs prettygood andwealso offer somegood fringebenefitsM:ReallyM:£319atthattime,but if you leaveit tillNovember itgoes downby40%.W:Too late,Tm afraid.M:Well,why dontI sendyou abrochure withfull details,Ms...W:Nash.But dontworry aboutthat.Im comingto Upminstersoon and Ill callandget one.I justwanted to get anidea first.M:Well,thats fine.Weve gotplenty herewhenyou come.W:If you gotaminute,couldIjust checka couple of pointsabout insuranceI gotonepolicy throughthe postbut Id liketosee if yours isbetter.M:Fine.What wouldyou liketo knowW:Well,the oneIve gothad benefitsand then the maximumamount youcanclaim.Is thatlike yoursM:Yes,thafs howmost of them are.W:Well,the first thing iscancellation.If the holidays cancelledon thepolicy Ivegot,youcanclaim£8,
000.M:We canimprove on that,Ms.Nash.For GreekIsland holidays,our maximumis£10,
000.W:Thafs good-of courseour holidaywont evencost£1,000together-M:Its stillsensible tohave goodcover.Now,if you go tohospital,we allow£
600.W:Yes,mine issimilar.M:And wealso allowa relativeto travelto yourholiday resort.W:My policyjust says their representativewill help you.M:You cansee there is anotherdifference there.And whathappens ifyou dontgeton theplaneW:Nothing,as faras I see onthis form.M:Dont youhave missedthe departureW:No,Ill justjot itdown.M:We payup to£1,000for that,depending on the reason.And wereparticularlygenerous aboutloss ofpersonal belongs-up to£
3.000,but notmore than£500for asingle item.W:Then Idbetter nottake mylaptop!M:Not unlessyou insureit separately.W:OK-thanks very much foryour time-you\ebeenreally helpful.Can Iget backto you Yourname isM:Ben-Ludlow.Thats L-U-D-L-O-W.Tm AssistantManager here.141give youmynumber.Ifs
081260543216.W:But didntI phone081260567294Thafs whatIve goton thepaper.M:Thafs themain switchboard.Ive givenyou mydirect line.W:Right,thank you…Section!W:For thesecond in our seriesabout locally-run business,we meetSimon Winride,co-founder of the hugelysuccessful WinridgeForest RailwayPark.Welcome,Simon.Now,perhaps youcan beginby tellingusa little bit about howit allstarted.M:Well,during the1970s,my wife,Liz and I hadjust acquired80acres ofsheep-farming land,andwe decided tosettle downand havechildren.Prettysoon we had adaughter,Sarah,andason,Duncan.The placewas wonderfulfor the kids:they particularlylovethetrees andgradually builtup anenormousnetwork ofminiature railwaytract.I beganto developlarger-scalemodels oflocomotives butwe dont think anymore ofit untilI wentonatrip toatheme parknear Birminghamand decidedwecoulddoamuch betterjob!Sowe setupasmall oneourselves basedon theminiature railwayandweopenedto thepublicforjustamonth thatyear,1984-in July-our driestmonth-because ourchildren saidthey dontwant ourguests tohaveamiserable,wetvisit.I dealtwith Parkbusiness andLiz carriedonwith the farmwork.It soonbecame clearthatweare ontoa winner.We beganto extendtherailway tractand layit amongmore interestinglandscape byplanting trees,which inturn attractedmore wildlife,and bymaking cuttingthrough therock.Nowadays,were openall yearround andwere pleasedto saythatWinridge isone of the mostpopular visitorattractions in the area-with
50.000visitors ayear-a millionandahalf peoplehave beenthrough ourdoorssince weopened.All thesevisitors meanwehavehad toexpand ouroperation and ifs nowatruly familyconcern.Im nearto retirementage so I onlyconcern myselfwithlooking afterthe mechanicalside ofthings-keepingthetrains going.Liz nowdevotes allher energiesto recruitingand supportingthe large(一群,一队)squadron ofworkers,which keepthe placerunning smoothly.Were reallypleases thatafter someyears awayteaching,Sarah has nowreturned to theparkand makessurethevisitors arekept fedand watered,which keepsher prettybusy as youcanimagine.Our son,Duncan,have(中坚分子)been astalwart of theparkfor thelast tenyears,taking overfrommein the areaof construction-and Illsay alittle bitmore aboutthatin amoment-and hisnew wife,Judith,has alsojoined theteam incharge ofretail.Thafs becominga tremendousgrowth areafor us-a lot of peoplewantto buysouvernirs.W:So haveyou finishedyour developmentofthesite for the momentM:Not atall!Were constantlylooking forwaystooffer moretoourvisitors.The railwayremains thecentral featureand therefsnow
1.2kilometres oftheline laidbut wedliketolay more.Because ofthe geologyofthearea,ourgreatest problem is diggingtunnels.But weregradually overcomingthat.We*re alsoverypleasedwitha new installationoftheGo-Kart arenawhich is120square metresinarea.Again the problemis the geology;we hadto levelthemounds on the trackfor safetyreasons.We wanted to enable5-12year oldsto use thego-karts.And themainattractionhereis the Formula1Kart.We*veknown fightsto breakout overwho getsit!And thenfinally toour mostrecentdevelopment which is the landscaped....Section3Tutor:Ah Caroline...come onin.Sit down.Caroline:Thanks.Tutor:So howis thedissertation planninggoingCaroline:Well DrSchulmann,Im stillhaving a lot oftrouble decidingonatitle.Tutor:Well,thafs perfectlynormal at this stage.And this is whatyour tutorialswillhelp you to do.Caroline:Right.Tutor:What welldo isjot downsome pointsthat mighthelpyouin yourdissertation.First of all,youhavechosen yourgeneral topicarea,havent youCaroline:Yes,itsthefishing industry.Tutor:Oh,yes,that wasone ofthe areas you mentioned.Now,what aspectsof thecourseare yougood atCaroline:Well,I thinkIm copingwell withthe statistics,and Pmnever boredbyit.Tutor:Good.Anything elseCaroline:Well,I foundcomputer modelingfascinating-I haveno problemfollowingwhafs beingtaught,whereas quite a fewof myclassmates findit difficult.Tutor:Well,thafsverygood.Do you think thesemightbeareasyoucould bringintoyour dissertationCaroline:Oh,yes,if possible.Ifs justthat Imhaving difficultythinking howI candothat.You seeI feelI donthave sufficientbackground information.Tutor:Isee.Well,do youtake notesCaroline:Im veryweak atnote-taking.My teachersalways used to saythat.Tutor:Well,I thinkyou reallyneedto work on these weaknessesbefore yougo anyfurther.Caroline:What do you suggestTutor:Well,I cango throughthe possiblestrategies with you andlet youdecidewhere togo from there.Caroline:Okay,thanks.Tutor:Well,some peoplefindithelpful toorganise peer-group discussions-youknow,each weeka differentperson studiesa differenttopic andshares itwith thegroup.Caroline:Oh right.Tutor:It reallyhelps buildconfidence,you know,having to present somethingtoothers.Caroline:I cansee that.Tutor:The drawbackisthateveryone in the groupseems toshare the same ideas...they keepbeing repeatedin all the dissertations.Caroline:Ok.Tutor:You couldalso trya servicecalled StudentSupport*
1.Its designedto giveyoua structuredprogramme overa numberof weeksto developyour skills,Caroline:Sounds good.Tutor:Yes,unfortunately there are onlyafewplaces.But itsworth lookinginto.Caroline:Yes,of course.I knowI have got to work on my study skills.Tutor:And thenthere areseveral studyskills booksyoucanconsult.Caroline:Right.Tutor:Theyll beagoodsourceofreference but theproblemis they are sometimestoogeneral.Caroline:Yes,thafs whatIve found.Tutor:Other thanthat I would stronglyadvise quitesimple ideaslike using a cardindex.Caroline:Well,yes,Tve neverdone thatbefore.Tutor:Ifs simple,but itreally worksbecause youhaveto get pointsdown ina smallspace.Another thing I alwaysadvise isdont justtake yournotes andforget aboutthem.Read everythingthree times-thafll reallyfix themin yourmind.Caroline:Yes,I cansee itdtake disciplinebut...Tutor:Well,ifyouestablish goodstudyskillsatthisstage they11bewith you allyourlife.Caroline:Oh,yes,I completelyagree.Its justthat I dont seem to be able todisciplinemyself.I needto talkthings over.Tutor:Well,wellbecontinuing thesetutorials of course.Lefs arrangenextmonths now.Let*s see,I cansee youvirtually anytime during the weekstarting22nd January.Caroline:What about the24th Imfree inthe afternoon.Tutor:Sorry,Im bookedthen.What aboutthe followingdayCaroline:Thursday I can makethe morning.Tutor:Fine,well gofor the25th then.Caroline:That*s great,thanks.Section4Good morning.In thelast fewlectures Ive been talking aboutthehistory ofdomesticbuilding construction.But todayI wantto beginlooking atsomecontemporary,experimental designsfor housing.So,Im goingto startwith ahouse,which isconstructed moreor lessunder theground.And one of theinterestingthings aboutthis project isthatthe owners-both professionalsbut notarchitects-wanted to be closelyinvolved,so theydecided tomanage the projectthemselves.Their chiefaim was to createsomewhere thatwas asenvironmentally-friendly aspossible.But atthesametime theywanted to livesomewhere peaceful-theyd bothgrown upintherural areaand dislikethe urbanlife.So the firstthingthey didwas tolook for a site.And theyfound adisused stonequarryinabeautiful area.The pricewas relativelylow,andtheyliked theidea ofrecyclingtheland,asitwere.As it was,the quarrywas anugly bloton thelandscape,and it wasnt productiveany longer,either.They consultedvarious architectsand lookedatanumberofdesigns beforefinallydeciding onone.As Ive said,it wasa designforasortofunderground house,and itwasbuilt into the earthitself,with twostoreys.The north,east andwest sideswereset inthe earth,and onlythe sloping,south-facing sidewas exposedto light.Thatwas madeofadouble layerof verystrong glass.There werealso photovoltaictilesfixed to the topand bottomof thissloping wall.These aretiles thatare designedtostore energyfrom thesun.And the walls hada layerof foamaround themtoo,toincrease theinsulation.Now,what isof interesttous aboutthisprojectis the featureswhich makethebuilding energy-efficient.Sunlight floodsin throughthe glasswall,and tomaximiseit therelots ofmirrors andwindows insidethe house.That helpstospread thelight around.So thafs the firstthing-light isutilised asfully aspossible.In addition,the specialtiles onthe outsideconvert energyfrom thesun andgeneratesome ofthe houseselectricity.In fact,and ifspossible that infuturethehouse mayeven generate an electricitysurplus,and thatthe ownerswill beable tosellsome tothe nationalgrid.As well as that,wherever possible,recycled materialshave beenused.For example,the floorsare madeof reclaimedwood.And theowners haventbought asingleitem ofnew furniture-they justkept whatwhey alreadyhad.And thetheres thesystem fordealing withthe wasteproduced inthe house.This isdealtwith organically-ifs purifiedby beingfiltered throughreed bedswhich havebeenplanted forthat purposeinthe garden.So theoccupants ofthe housewontpollute theland oruse anydamaging chemicals.Its truethattheactual constructionofthe house washarmful tothe environment,mainly because they hadto usemassive amountsof concrete-one ofthe biggestsourcesof carbondioxide inmanufacturing.And,asyouknow,this is verydamaging totheenvironment.In total,thehouseconstruction hasreleased70tonsof carbondioxide intothe air.Now thafs a frighteningthought.However,once theinitialdebt hadbeen cleared-cost anything-environmentally Imean-becauseunlike ordinaryhouses,it isrun ina waythat iscompletely environmentallyfriendly.So,eco-housing likethisislikelytobecome muchmore...Test4SectionlW:Can Ihelp youM:Yes,Ive justmoved tothis areawith mywife andchildrenand Id liketo knowwherewecanall registerwithadoctor ata Health Center.W:Okay.Well.Theres doctorGreen atHarvey Clinic.We alwayswill recommendherfor babies,because sheis verygood withthem andshe runsa specialclinic.M:Oh...actually myyoungest childis five,sothatwouldntbeany goodfor us.W:Right.M:Is thereanywhere elseI couldtryW:Yes,the EshcolHealth Practiceisthenext one onmylist.M:How doyou spell thatW:E-s-h-c-o-1,And ifsdoctor Fuller,who hasspace onhis list.The cliniconlyopened ayear ago,so thefacilities areall verymodern.M:That soundsgood.W:And itsparticularly goodifyouare busyduringtheday,becausetheyalso dotheappointments inthe evening.They closedonSaturday,though.The onlyotherplace onthe lististheHealthCenteron Shore Lane.You canregisterwith doctorGormley,thafs G-o-r-m-l-e-y.He isnew there,but thecenter hasverygood reputation.M:Oh,yes,I thinkI know the road.That wouldbe thebest one.Thanks.Could youtellme,will all their servicesbe freeW:Erm...thereareusually somesmall chargesthat doctorsmake.Let mesee whatitsays aboutthe Shore Lane Center.If you needtobe vaccinatedbefore anytripsabroad,you wonthavetopay for this.Ah,what elseThe sportsinjurytreatment serviceoperates onthe payingbasis,as doesthe nutritionaltherapyservice.Some healthcenters dooffer alternativetherapies likehomeopathy aspartof theirpay-to-use service.ShoreLaneare hopingto dothis soon.I thinktheymay startwith acupuncture.And finally,ifyouneedtoprove yourehealthy,or haventhad anyserious injuriesbefore youremployer willacceptyou,youcanget afree fitnesscheck-up there,but youmost likelyhavetopayfor insurancemedicals though.M:Ok,thanks.(小W:You mightbe alsointerested to knowtheCenter isrunning apilot scheme规模试点计划)talks withpatients.I\egotthe listhere.Actually,they lookveryinteresting.M:What sortof thingsW:Well,the firstone isabout givingup smoking.Ifs nextweek,the25th ofFebruaryat7pm,and thatsin Room
4.It says,the talkwill stressthe health9benefits,particular for people withasthma orheart disease.M:That soundsvery interesting.W:There is also a talk aboutfamilies withchildren.Ifs onHealthy Eating,andtakes placeatthefirst ofMarch,at5oclock.M:Will thatbe atthe healthcenterW:Erm,actually itsthe primaryschool onShoreLane.I imaginethey*re invitingparentsof pupilsthere-and itsays hereHall welcomeM:I mightgo tothat ifI have time.W:Theres acoupleofother talks-one givingadvice abouthow toavoid injurieswhiledoing exercise.Its onthe9th ofMarch.Its alate afternoontalk at
4.30,and itwill bein Room
6.It alsosaysthetalk is suitable for all ages.And finally,there isatalkcalled HStressManagement”,which is...Section!M:Hello.W:Hi,its LauraCarlton here.Weve justarrived attheholidayflat,butIcantget thehot waterand heatingtowork.M:Oh right!Thafs easy.Dont worry.In theupstairs cupboardyoullfindthewater heater.You41see threemain controlsontheleft atthe bottomofthe行heater.The stone-the roundoneonthe farleft-isthe most importantone fortheheating andhot water.Its themain controlswitch.Make sureits inthenonn position.The switchitself doesntlight up,butthelittle squarebellow willbeblack ifthe switchis off.Thats probablywhafs happened-ifs gotswitchedoff bymistake.The middleoneofthe three controls-youll seeifs(浴霸).slightly largerthan thefirstone-controls the radiators If you feelcoldwhile yourethere,and needtheradiatorson,this needstobeturned tomaximum.The lastofthethreecontrols-the oneontheright-isusuallyonabout anumber4setting,which forthe waterinthetaps isusually quitehotenough.Below theheatiec controlsinthemiddle isasmallround plasticbutton.Ifthere isntenough waterinthepipes,sometimes theheat goes out.If thishappens,youll needta pressthe button to resetthe heater.Hold it in forabout5seconds andthe heatershould comeon again.Then theresa littlesquareindicator under the thirdknobq thatskind ofalarm light.Itll flashifyouneedto resetthe heater.W:oh,it soundscomplicated.M:Imsureyou wonthave anyproblemswithit.There shouldbe somemoreinstructions onthe sideoftheheater.Call meback ifyou cantmake itwork.W:Ok.W:While youonthephone,we haventmanaged to find afew thingsweneed,likeextra pillowsforthebeds and some washingpowder.Is thereany hereM:Pillows…yeSq ifyou lookinthecupboard thelarie whiteone upstairs-totheleftof thebathroom door-there shouldbe fouror fiveonthe top shelf.And ifyou wantto dosome washing,there is some powderfor thaL,,probablyby the back door.There isa kindof shelfthere abovethe sink.In fact,Im suretheressome there,inalarge bluebox.You needabout halfa cupfull foreachwash.And thatreminds me,the sparekey tothebackdoor ishangiKR ona hookonthewallby thesitting roomwindow.Please makesure toput itbackwhen youveused it.The previousguests lostit inthegardenand I had togetanother onemade.And ifyouhaveany troublewiththelamps,youllfind somespare bulbsinalarqe cupboardbox.Its ontop ofthe washingmachinewith allkinds ofuseful thingsin it.Oh,and anotherthingIforgotto mentionwhen welast spoke…W:YesM:Ive leftyoualocal map^so youllbeableto findyour wayaround easily.Itshows thewhole area.I putitinthetopdrawer ofthe chestundertheTV inyourbedroom.There isa wholefile oflocal informationintheretoo.W:Thanks.What aboutvisiting the town Can yougiveus anyadviceM:Yes.You needto takethe car.Its toofar towalk from the flatreally.You havetopay to leave yourcar in all thecar parksnow Im afraid…I liketheonethafsby thestation westand youcan walktothe town centerfrom therein fiveminutes.Thafs whereall thebest restaurantsare.But ifyou wanta take-away,the Italianone doesreally goodpasta andpizzas.Call732281forthat one or766119fortheChinese.They areboth goodand theyllboth delivertotheflat.As forplaces tovisit,yes,do go and seethe railwaymuseum.The exhibitionissmall butreally good.It getsvery crowdedon Sundays,so Isuggest youvisitit ona quietday,later intheweek,but noton Thursdays^which isamarket day-you wontfind anywhereto park,and itsalso theonly dayofthe weekwhen theyrenot open.Anything elseW:Not forthemoment.Thanks.W:Well,we giveyouafree dinner,so youeat well.M:Right.Better thanhostel food.W:We certainlyhopeso.And wealsoofferextra payfor workingon nationalholidays.(额夕卜收入),M:Oh,thafsa really goodperk isntitW:Yes,wethinkso.And thenbecause ofthe difficultiesof gettingpublic transport,if youreworking after11oclock,we driveyou home.M:Oh,thafs goodtoknow.W:Wed certainlybe interested in invitingyou foran interview,if yourestillinterestedM:Oh,yes,certainly.Could Ijust alsoask whatqualities yourelooing forW:Well,for thisparticular job,wewanta clearvoice,which youobviously dohaveM:Thanks.W:And youmustbeabletothink quickly,youknow.M:Well,I hoperd...W:So,when couldyoucomein foraninterview.Were actuallyquite quiettonightM:Sorry,I couldntcome tonightor tomorrow,Imafraid.Thursday isok,thafdbe22ndofOctober.W:Fine,after5pmM:Yes,fine.Would6oclock beokW:Perfect.And couldyou bringalong thenames oftwo refereesM:Yes,thats fine.No problem.W:Good,I look forward to seeing you.M:Oh,by theway,who shouldI askforW:Oh,yes,ofcourse,sorry.My nameis SamiraManujaM:Can youspellthatpleaseW:M-a-n-u-j-aM:Ok,Ive gotthat.Thank youverymuch.W:Look forwardtoseeinglater...Section!M:Now wego toJane whois goingto tellusaboutwhafs happeningin townthisweekend.W:Right,thanks,Andrew,and nowonto whats new^and dowe reallyneed yetanothersports shoppingBradcaster Well,most of you probablyknow SportsWorld-the branchofaDanish sportsgoods companythat openedafewyearsago-ifs attracteda lot of custom,and so the companyhasnowdecided toopenanother branchinthearea.Its goingtobeintheshopping centertothewest ofBradcaster,sothatwill begood newsforallofyouwho foundthe originalshop intheNorth ofthetownhard toget to.Section3Paul:Hello,Kira,how are youKira:Fine thanks,Paul,how areyouPaul:Well,thanks.Itfs goodtoseeyou.It mustbe twelvemonths sinceyou didourcourseKira:Thats right.Its niceto comeback andsay hello.Paul:What coursedid youenroll inKira:Actually,I wentstraight intothird yearPharmacy.They creditedme withtwoyears,which probablymade itmore difficultfor me.Paul:On theother hand,you werelucky tobe grantedcredits.It thatwhy youchoosethe courseKira:Yes.And,as Idalready finisheda coursein itin mycountry,I thoughtitwould beeasier ifI studiedsomething Ialready knew.Paul:I didntrealise youwent intothird year.I thoughyou startedin firstyear.Nowonder itwas sohard!And whatdoyouthink isoneofthe bigdifferences betweenstudying atauniversity hereand studying in your countryKira:Well,I foundit verydifficulttowrite assignments,because I wasnt familiarwith that aspectofthesystem here.The problemisthatthe lecturersexpect youtobe critical.That mademe feelreally terrible.I thought“How can I possiblydo itHowcan Icomment onsomeone elsefsresearch when they probablyspent fiveyearsdoing it”I thinkalot of peoplewho comefromoverseas countrieshave similarproblems.But aftera whileit becameeasier forme.People expectyoutohave problemswiththeprocess ofreading andwriting but,infact,itismire aquestion ofaltering yourviewpoint towardsacademic study.Paul:How was the contentofthe lectures Wasit easyfor youKira:I didntreally havemany problemsunderstanding lectures.The contentwasevery similartowhatId studiedbefore.Paul:And whataboutthelecturers themselvesAre theyessentially thesame aslecturersin yourcountryKira:Well actually,no.Here,they aremuch easierto approach.And everylectureyou cangoandask themsomething you didnt understand.Or youcan make anappointment andtalktothem aboutanything inthe course.Paul:Maybe youfound themdifferent because you^emoremature studentnow,whereas whenyou werestudyinginyourcountryyou wereyounger andnot soseertive.Kira:No,I don*tthinkthafsthedifference.Most ofthestudentshere doit.In myfaculty,they allseem tomake appontiments-usually to talkaboutsomething inthecourse thafsworrying them,but sometimesjust aboutsomething thatmight reallyinterestthem^something theymight wantto specialisein.The lecturersmust setasidecertain timesevery weekwhenthey1reavailablefor students.Paul:Thafs goodto hear.Paul:And howwas yourtimetable Wasitavery busyyearKira:Very,very busy.They makeyou workvery hard.Apart fromlectures,we hadpracticalsessions inalotof subjects.We didtheseinsmall oups.I hadtogoandwork fourhours everyweek ina communitypharmacy.Actually,I enjoyedthisvery much-meeting newpeople allthe time.Then insecond semester,we hadtoget(药房,诊疗所),experience inhospital dispensariesso everysecond daywe wenttoneofthe biqhospitals andworked there.And ontop ofall thatwe hadourassignments,which tookmealotoftime.Oh,I nearlyforgot,between firstandsecond semesters,we hadtworkfull-time for two weeksinahospital.Paul:That doessound avery heavyyear.So areyou pleasednow thatyou diditDo youfeel somesense ofachievementKira:Yeah,Idofeel muchmore confidencawhich I suppose isthemostimportantthing.Paul:And haveyougotany recommendationsforpeoplewhoarestudying fromoverseasKira:Well,Isupposethey needverygoodEnglish.It wouldbe much better iftheyspent moretime learningEnglish beforethey entertheuniversity,becauseyoucanbe inbig troubleifyoudont understandwhat peopleare sayingandyou haventgot time to translate.Paul:Anything elseKira:Well,as Isaid before,the biewestproblem forme wasa lackof familiaritywiththe educationsystem here.Paul:It soundsas ifitwasarealchallenge.Congratulations,Kira.Kira:Thanks Paul.Section4Good morning.Today I*dliketopresentthe findingsofourYear2project onwildlife foundin gardensthroughout ourcity.Ill startby sayingsomething aboutthebackground tothe project,then talkalittlebitaboutour researchtechniques,andthen indicatesome ofour interimfindings.First ofall,how did we chooseour topicWell,therearefour ofus inthe groupandone daywhile weere discussinga possiblefocus,two ofthe groupmentioned thattheyhad seenyet moresuair()w-hawks・()iie ofBritains mostinteresting birdsofprey-in theirown citycentre gardensand wonderedwhy theywere turning;upin thesegardens ingreat numbers.We wereall veryengaged bytheideaof whywildanimals wouldchoose toinhabit acity garden.Why isit sopopular withwildlifewhenthecountryside itselfis becomingless soThe firstthingwe didwastoestablish whatproportion ofthe urbanandistaken upbyprivate gardens.We estimatedthatitwas about one fifth,and thiswas endorsedbylooking atlarge-scale usagemaps inthetownland surveyoffice-24%to beprecise.Our owninformal discussionswith neighboursand friendsled us to believethatmany gardenowners hadinteresting experiencesto relateregarding wildanimalsightings sowedecided to surveyearden ownersfrom differentareas ofthedty・Just over100ofthemcompleted asurvey onceevery twoweeks fortwelvemonths-ticking offspecies theyhad seenfromapro formaIist-and addingthenames ofany rarerones.Meanwhile,we weredoing our own observationsinselected gardensthroughout thecity.We deliberatelychoose smallerones becausetheywere byfar themost typicalinthecity.The wholepointoftheprojectwas tolookatthenorm notthe exception.Alongside thisprimary researchon urbangardens,we werestudyingalotofbooks aboutthe declineof wildanimals inthecountryside andthinking ofpossible causesfor this.So whatdidwefind Well,so muchthat Ijust wonthavetime to tellyou abouthere.If youreinterestedinreading ourmore comprehensivefindings,weveproduced detailedgraphic representationsonthecollege web-site andofcourse anyofthegroup wouldbe happytotalktoyouabout them.Just emailus.What wevedecidedtopresent todayis infomatioiiabout justthree species-becausewe feltthese gaveagoodindication ofthe processesat workin ruraland urbansettingsasa whole.The firstspecies togeneratealotofinterestinq informationwas frois.And therewasa clearpattern here-they proliferatewhere there issuitablewater.Gardenponds areontheincrease,rural pondswere disappearing,leading tomassivemigration tothe towns.Hedgehogs arealso findingit easiertolivein urbanareas-this timebecause their行predators arenot ndimit quiteso attractivetoleavetheir ruralenvironment,sohedqehoes havea bettersurvival ratein cities.We hadlost ofsightings,so allinall行wehad no difculties withour effortsto counttheir numbersprecisely.Our finalspecies isthe finestof birdsingers,the songthrush.On thedecline inthecountryside,theyareexperiencingaresurgence inurban gardensbecause thesedaysgardens arebuying lotsof differentplants whichmeans theresan extensiveranqeof seedsaround,which iswhat theyfeed on・Another factoristheprovisionof nestingplaces-which isactually betterin gardensthanthecountryside.Hard tobelieveit,but ifstrue.Incidentally,we discoveredthata massive newsurvey onsongtrushes isabout tobe launched,so youshould keepan eyeopen forthat.Now,rd behappytoanswer anyquestions youmay have....I wasinvited toa specialpreview andIcanpromise you,thisisthe ultimatein(极简主义者)sports retailing.The wholeplace hasbeen givena newminimalistlook withthe companyssignature colorsof blackand red.The firstthree floorshaveahuge range of sportsclothing as wellasthe equipment.And onthetopfloor,thereisa cafeandabookDVD section.Youll findall thewell-known namesaswellassomeless well-known ones.If theyhaventgotexactly whatyou wantinthestock,they promisedtogetit foryouin10days,unlike theother store,where itcan takeupto14days.They coverallthe majorsports,including football,tennis,and swimming,but theyparticularlyfocus onrunning andthey claimtohavethe widestrange ofequipment inthecountry.As wellas that,awholesectionofthe thirdfloor isdevoted tosports bags,including thelatest designfromtheStates-Ifyoucant findwhatyouwant here,itdoesnt exist.The shopwouldbeopen from9am thisSaturday,andifyougoalong tothe openingthenyoull havethe chanceto meetthe national400meters runningchampion PaulKing,whos comingalong toopen theshop,andhewill bestay arounduntil aboutthemidday tochat toany fanswho wantto meethim andsign autographs.Then therewillbeawholerangeofspecial attractionsall weekend.There willbefree ticketsfor localsporting eventsforthefirst50customers,and alsoa special叫competition opento justanswer15out of20sports questionscorrectly towin asignedcopy ofPaul KingsDVD SpringTips,while thefirst persontogetall thequestionscorrect getsa yearsfree membershipoftheBradcaster Gym.Allentrance willreceive aspecial Sportscalendar withdetails ofall Bradcasterfixturesin thecoming year.One ofthe special opening offersisafitness test-a completereview ofyour cardiacfitnessand muscletone,actually doneintheshop byqualified staff.This wouldnormallycost30pounds butis availableat halfprice forthis monthonly.There areonlya limitednumberofplaces availableforthis,so tomakeabooking phone
560341.In addition,ifyouopen anaccount youget lotsmore specialoffers includingthechance to try outtheequipmentatthespecialopeningevenings...Section3Pro:Before westart,Spiros andHiroko,thanks forcoming intoday totalk aboutyourrecent studyexperiences andcongratulations toyou bothin doingso wellinthefirstsemester exams.Id liketodiscusswithyouthe valueoftheEnglishfor AcademicPurposes courseyoudidhere lastyear beforestarting youruniversitycourse.Spiros,ifIcould startwithyou,what partsof theprogrammehave nowproved tobe particularlyvaluable toyouS:I thinkthat havingto doa seminarpresentation reallyhelped me.For example,acouple ofweeks agoinourmarketing subject,when itwas myturn togivepresentation,I feltquite confident.Of course,I wasstill nervousbut because Ihad doneone before,I knewwhat toexpect.Also,I knowIwaswell preparedandI hadpractised mytiming.In fact,Ithinkthat inrelation tosome oftheother peoplein mygroup,I didquiteagood jobbecause myoverall stylewasquite professional.Pro:What aboutyou HirokoH:Mmm,thafs interesting.In mygroup,Iwasreally surprisedbytheway studentsdidtheir presentations-they justread thenotes aloud.Canyoubelieve thatTheydidnt worryabout theirpresentation styleor keepingeye contactwiththeir audience-andI remember thatthese thingswere reallystressed tous inthe course here.Pro:So,how did you approachyour presentationHirokoH:Well,to speakfrankly,I readmy notestoo.At thetime,itwasa relieftodoit thisway,but actuallywhen Ihad finishedI didnvtfell anyreal sense of satisfaction.I didntfeel positiveabouttheexperience atall.S:Thafs apity.You knowalthough Iwas pleasedwithmypresentation,Imnotsopleased withmy actualperformance rightnow inthe tutorials-during thewholesemester Ivenot saidanything inour tutorialdiscussions.Not aword.H:Really,Spiros,why isthat Dotheotherstudents talktoo muchS:Ifs partlythat,but itsmostly becauseI havehadnoconfidence to speak out.Their styleof speakingissodifferen-its notthe stylewe wereusedtoduring(白话,口语,俗话,方言),thecourse.There areso manycolloquialismthey notvery politeand sometimesthey seems tobeno orderin theirdiscussion.Also theyare veryfamiliar witheach other,so becausethey knoweach other1shabits,they canlet eachother intothe discussion.H:Youre right,Spiros.Ive experiencedthat too.H:For mostofthis semester,Ivesaidabsolutely nothingin twotutorials.Butrecently Ivebeen tryingtospeakup moreandIjust jumpin.And Ive noticedan interestingthing.Ivenoticedthat ifthey thoughtmy pointwas interestingandnew,thenthenext timethey actuallyasked formy opinion,and thenit wasmucheasier formetobe partofthediscussion.S:Thafs great,Hiroko.I hopethat happensformenext semester-ill haveto workhardto Andsome interestingpoints.What helpyoutofind theseideasH:Ithinkthatonethingthathelped mewith thiswasthereading.Tve hadtodosomuch readingthissemesterjust tohelp metomakesenseofthe lectures.Atfirst Icouldnt understandwhat thelecturers weretalkingabout,soIhad toturntothebooksandjournals.Every nightI readfor hours,using thelists ofreferencesthat weregiven,andImade pagesof notes.At breakfast,I readandread mynotes again.This habit has helpedmetofollowtheideas inthelectures,and itsalso givenme some ideas touse inthe tutorials.S:But Idid somuch readingsanyway-1dontthinktheres anytime leftover foranythingextra.My readingspeed isstill quiteslow,though Immuch betteratdealing withvocabulary thanI usedtobe.Pro:What elsedoyouthinkwecould addtothecourse programtohelpwith thisreadingproblemS:Er,theres notreally anythingbecause itsmy problem.Irememberwe weregivenlong articlesto read.We didntlikethatbut nowI realisethat readingthoselong articleswas goodpreparation forthe thingsIneedto readnow.Also,inclasswe regularlyhad speed-reading taskstodo,andwekept arecord ofourreading speed,sotheteachers wereencouraging ustowork onthat.H:Thafs true,Spiros,but whatwe readcould havebeen different.Sometime intheEnglish classI feltfrustrated whenIhadto readarticles aboutthe environmentorhealth oreducation,becauseIwantedtoconcentrate onmyown field,but wedidntread anythingabout engineering.So,IthinkI wastedsome timelearningvocabulary Ididnt need.Pro:But surelythis strategiesyou weretaught fordealing withthat vocabularywerehelpfulH:Yes,but psychologicallyspeaking,Iwould have feltmuchbetterworking onreadingfrom myownfield.What doyouthinkSpirosS:Well,I agree.That wouldhave helpedmy confidencetoo,andIwouldhavebeenmore motivated.And itwas goodthough thatwecouldworkonourowntopicswhen wewrote theresearch assignments.Pro:Ok,thafs moveontowriting now...Section4Good afternooneveryone.Well,with someofyouwill gooutonfieldwork itstimelythatinthis afternoonssession Illbe sharingsomeideasaboutthereasonswhy groupsof whalesand dolphinssometimes swimashore fromthesea rightonto thebeach and,most often,die inwhat wereknown as”massstranding
11.Unfortunately,thistypeof eventisafrequent occurrencein someof thelocationsthat youllbe travellingto,where sometimesthe tidegoesoutsuddenly,confusing the animals.However,therearemany othertheories aboutthe causesofmass strandings.Thefirstisthatthe behavioris linkedto parasites.It*softenfound thatstranded animals wereinfested withlarge numbersof parasites.For instance,atype ofworm iscommonly foundintheears ofdead whales.Since marineanimalsrely heavilyon theirhearing tonavigate,thistypeof infestationhasthepotential tobevery harmfuLAnothertheory isrelated totoxins,or poisons.These havealso beenfound tocontributetothedeath ofmany marineanimals.Many toxins,as Imsure youreaware,originate fromplants,or animals.The whaleingests thesetoxins initsnormal feedingbehavior butwhether thesepoisons directlyor indirectlylead tostrandingand death,seemstodepend uponthe toxininvolved.In1988,forexample,fourteen humpbackwhales exclaimedafter strandingalongthe beachesof CapeCode werefound tohavebeenpoisoned aftereating tunathatcontained saxitoxin,thesametoxin thatcanbefatal tohumans.Alternatively,ithasalso beensuggested thatsome animalsstrandedaccidentally byfollowing theirprey ashoreintheconfusion ofthe chase.In1995David Thurstonmonitored pilotwhales thatbeached afterfollowing thesquidashore.However,this ideadoesnotseemtohold trueforthemajority ofmassstrandings becauseexamination ofthe animals1stomach contentsreveal thatmosthad notbeen feedingas theystranded.There werealso somenew theories,which linkstrandings tohunmans.Agrowing concernisthatloud noisesintheocean causestranings.Noises suchasthese causedby militaryexercises areof particularconcern andhave beenpinpointedasthecauseofsome strandingsof late.One ofthese,amassstranding ofwhales in2000intheBahamas conincidedcloselywith experimentsusinganew submarinedetection system.There areseveralfactors thatmade thisstranding standout asdifferent fromprevious strandings.This ledresearchers tolookforanewcause.For one,allthestrandedanimalswerehealthy.In addition,the animalswere spreadout along38kilometers ofcoast,whereas itsmore fortheanimalstobefoundinagroup whenmass strandingsoccur.A Hnaltheory isrelated togroup behaviour,and sugeststhat seamammalscannot distinguishbetween sickand healthyleaders andwill followsick leaders,even toan inevitabledeath.This isa particularlyinteresting theorysince thewhalesthat arethought tobe mostsocial-the toothedwhaled-arethegroup thatstrand themostfrequently.The theoryisalsosupported byevidence froma dolphinstranding in
1994.Examination ofthe deadanimals revealedthat apartfromtheleader,alltheothershad beenhealthy atthetimeof theirdeath.Without oneconsistent theoryhowever itisveryhard forustodo anythingaboutthis phenomenonexcept toassist animalwhere andwhenwecan.Strandingnetworks havebeen establishedaround theworld toaid inrescuing animalsandcollecting samplesform thosethat couldnotbehelped.I recommendedJohnConnors MarineMammals ashoreas anexcellent startingpoint ifyoureinterested inHnding outmore aboutthere networks,or establishingone yourself.Text2Section1M:Good morning.Can Ihelp youW:Yes.Ivebeenaccepted ona courseattheuniversity andId liketotryandarrange accommodationinthehall ofresidence.M:Yes,certainly.Please sitdown.What Illdo isOil ina formwithyoutofindouta littlemore aboutyour preferencesandsoforth.W:Thank you.M:So firstofall,canItake younameW:Its AnuBhatt.M:Could youspell yourname pleaseW:Yes.A-N-U...B-H-A doubleT.M:Thanks,and couldIaskyour dateof birthW:31st March
1972.M:Thank you.And whereareyoufromW:India.M:Oh right.And whatwill yoube studyingW:Im doinga coursein nursing.M:Right,thank you.And howlong wouldyouwantto stayin hall,doyouthinkW:Well,itll takethree yearsbut Idonly liketo stayin hallfortwo.Idliketothink aboutliving outsideforthethird year.M:Fine.And whatdidyouhave inmind forcatering Doyouwantto cookforyourself orhave allyour mealsprovided,thatfs fullboardW:Is theresomething inbetweenM:Yes.You canjust haveevening mealprovided,whichishalf board.W:Thats whatI prefer.M:Yes,alotofstudentsoptforthat.Now,withthatinmind,doyouhave anyspecialdiet,anything weshould knowaboutW:Yes,I donttake redmeat.M:No redmeat.。