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英语语法(崔荣容)-视频笔记Pocket第一讲语序和五种基本句式He learnsEnglish every day.他每天学习英语(中英语序不同)英语五种基本句式
一、主+谓
二、主+系+表系动词起到联系作用的动词,连接主语与表语表语描述主语的身份、性质、特征、状态
三、主+谓+宾主语动作发出者谓语作出的动作宾语动作的对象
四、主+谓+间宾+直宾间宾通常是人直宾通常是物
五、主+谓+宾+宾补宾补对宾语的补充说明
一、主+谓The universeremains.宇宙长存中英文语序一样
二、主+系+表The foodis delicious.这个食物很好吃中英文语序一样
三、主+谓+宾(是其次个谓语)He tookhis bagand left,left他拿着他的包离开了中英文语序一样She camelate,because shemissed the bus.Why didshe comelate
4.练习.他们学汉语多长时间了?How longhave theylearned Chinese1你多长时间看一次电影?How oftendo youwatch movies
2.你的家离学校多远?How faris itfrom yourhouse toyour school
3.第十一讲名词代表事物的词,包括具体和抽象的事物名词分两类可数名词是指数得过来的概念可数名词有in apple\pencil\student单数和复数之分apple-apples pencil-pencils tomato-tomatoes
1.不行数名词无法计算的数量或抽象概念如抽象不行数名词无复数,只用单salt\coffee\water\history\love
2.数表示salt-salt coffee-coffee water-water可数名词变复数规则一般末尾加后缀1-s,friend-friends
3.以结尾的词,在该词末尾加后缀-s\z\x\ch\sh es,bus-buses2辅音字母结尾的名词,将变更为再加3+y y i,es除以外的字母为辅音字母以candy-candies ae io u4-o结尾的名词,假如不是外来词或缩写,就加-es.缩写tomato-tomatoes,hippo-hippos从非英语国家引进的词汇为外来词,如是从法国引madam进的外来词、可数名词前可加或量词,有复数变更3aan以元音开头的名词前加以辅音开头的名词前加表示一个an,a,applean appleapples量词a box of applesTomatoatomatotomatoes量词a bagof tomatoes、不行数名词前不行加没有复数,但前面可以加量词4aan,Coffeea cupof coffee练习一盒巧克力He boughtme aboxofchocolate一辆自行车a bike第十二讲代词指示代词和不定代词指示代词特指标识人或事物的代词,用来代替前面已提到的名词常用的this\thes e\that\thos eThis is hisbook.Those appleswere his.不定代词泛指指代不确定的人或事物常用的one\the other\some\any\something\nothing例没人知道他在哪儿No oneknows where he is.Some of the boyswant to go to Shanghai,but theotheis want to一些男孩想去上海,其他人想去西安go to Xi an.每个学生都有一本书Each of the studentshas gota book.练习
1.These teachersare from China.这些老师都是中国来的
2.1knownothing aboutthis person.我对这个人一窍不通
3.1have somethingtotell you.我有事要告知你第十三讲形容词、形容词通常形容人或事物的状态、性质、大小等,通常用在名词前,1be动词后beautiful-beautiful girlThe girl isbeautiful.、形容词=复数名词表示一类,作主语时,后面的动词运用复数的相2The+应格式老的一老年人一类人、复数名词old-the old年轻的一年轻人一类人、复数名词young-the youngTheold needmore carethan theyoung.是复数名词,后面的动词不能用三单的格式The01d need、练习31She is agood student.她是一个好学生2This bikeisexpensive这辆自行车很贵富人有3The richsometimes complain their emptylife.时埋怨他们空虚的生活第十四讲副词、副词可以修饰动词、形容词、其它副词以与其他结构一般表程度1He runsfast.修饰形容词She isvery beautiful,very beautifulTheywork very hard.副词的位置依据状况,放在助动词之后,实意动词之前或之后形容词之前,其它副词之前或之后1多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后2He speaksvery fast.3在实意动词之后,在其它副词之后fast speakveryThey have already left.在助动词后already haveThey have alreadybeen repaired.在第一个助动词后already have、常用的频度副词.......的位置通常放在实always\usually\often\sometimes\never2意动词前面,动词后面,助动词和实意动词之间They alwayscome early.beSam oftenwrites homeworkat7:
00.练习、慢慢地1Please writethe wordslowly、有时2They sometimescome here.、特殊3The treeisvery第十五讲不定量表达法1不确定数量的表达法,用不确定的数量词来限定名词Some anymost everyall都表示“一些”,后面接可数名词复数、不行数名词单数
1..some,any some主要用于确定句,希望得到确定回答时,也可用在疑问句中主要any用在否定和疑问句中r dbeen expectingsome lettersthe wholemorning,but thereJweren t anyfor me.作形容词时表示“大部分的”,后面接复数名词
2.most Mostpeople herearefromChina.表示“每一个、全部”,后面接单数名词
3.everyEvery onelikes thefilm.表示“全部”,后面接可数名词复数、不行数名词单数
4.allAll the cars areparked in the parkinglot.All thecoffee isserved ontime.练习(一些)
1.Some boyswent campingyesterday..(全部的)
2.All thechildren liketo play football(大多数)
3.Most teacherswanttowork here.第十六讲不定量表达法()2表示“两者都”,可作形容词、代词和副词,是“两者之
1.both either一,是“两者都不”neitherBoth hiseyes wereseverely burned.There aretrees oneither sideof thestreet.Neither answeris correct.修饰可数名词,表示“许多”;修饰不行数名词,表示“许
2.many much多)、均可修饰可数与不行数名词a lot offlots ofplenty ofmanybooks muchwatera lotof/lots ofbooks/water练习.(两个都)Both thehands are washed()(许多)Xiaowang drankmuch a lotofcoffee last night.
1.
2.第十七讲不定量表达法()3为确定含义“几个”;为否定含义“没几个”,以上两个词
1.a few,few,均和可数名词复数连用A fewbooks are put into the box.Few books areputonto the box.为确定含义“一点儿”,为否定含义“没多点”,以上两个
2.a littlelittle词均可和不行数名词连用There is a little water in the bottle.There islittlewater in the bottle.和的意思相同,主要作代词,翻译为“一个也不,一点
3.none n one也不”,用法稍有区分可以接短语,动词可用单数也可用复数none of不能接短语,动词只能用单数noneofNo oneknows theanswer.()None ofus havehas arrived.练习(几本)A fewbooksareput intothebox.(一点)There isa littlewaterin thebottle.JL()(没有一个)None ofus havehas arrived.第十八讲句型There/Here be依据上下文,有多种翻译方法,可以翻译成“有”、“是
1.There/Here+be,动词依据后面的名词有单复数变更be有There isa bookon the bookshelf.有There aresome bookson the bookshelf.这儿是Here is thebusstop.这儿是Here areyour books.如的正常语序为主语Here areyour booksYour booksare here,是是动词,就表语,所以,为Your books,are behere There/Here+be倒装句,实质为主系表结构练习(有)
1.There isalotof waterin thebottle.(这是)
2.Here isyour car.(有)
3.Then aremany studentsin theroom.第十九讲一般现在时和现在进行时.一般现在时表示通常性、规律性、习惯性的状态或动作主语是单数1第三人称,动词有单三的变更,主语是非第三人称单数时,动词为原形They oftenget upat7:
00.He oftengets upat7:
00.一般现在时,动词的单三变更⑴在动词尾干脆加如-S,play—plays以字母、、或结尾的动词加2s xch o-es,guess—guesses以辅音字母结尾的动词,先变为再加如3+y yi,-es,Study-studies一般现在时否定和疑问句用、帮助构成do doesHe doesnt like the car.Does helike thecarYes,he does./No,he doesntTheydont likethecar.Do theylikethecarYes,they do./No,they dont..现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作句中通常有等时间2now副词呼应,基本构成形式为be+doingThey arewatching TV.He iswatching TV.I amwatching TV.动词现在分词的变更规则一般状况下,干脆在动词后加如1-ing,work-working动词以不发音的结尾,要去加如2-e eing,take-taking⑶重读闭音节的动词,要双写词尾字母,再加-ing,cut-cutting以结尾的动词,变再加如4-ie y-ing,:lie-lying现在进行时变否定句和疑问句时,将动词否定或提前be1They arent watching TV.Are theywatching TV2He isnlwatching TV.Is hewatching TV⑶Am Iwatching TVYes,you are./No,you arent.练习
1.He workswork verylate everyday.
2.DOyou studyEnglish yourselfYes,I do.
3.They areplaying playsoccernow.其次十讲一般过去时和过去进行时一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性L的行为基本结构主语+动词过去式+其他,一般动词在动词后面加还有一些ed,不规则动词有不规则变更Play-played come-came
1.He workedveryhardlast night.
2.They camehere bycar.动词一般过去时变更规则一般在动词后加如1-ed play—played在以字母结尾的动词后,只加2e-d like—liked在以“辅音字母结尾的动词后,改为再加3+y”yi,-ed如supply-supplied在以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词后,双写4最终一个辅音字母,再加如-ed plan—planned.过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行或发生的动作2其形式为was/were+doingThey werewaiting foryou.He wastalking withhis friendsjust now.练习
1.They went goswimming yesterday.
2.Sam waswatching watchTVat7:00last night.其次十一讲将来时一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,或将来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或状态经常和表示将来的时间状语连用如明天tomorrow下周next week将来in thefuture.助动词或动词原形”,表示将要发生的事情
1.will shall+They willgo toShanghai byship tomorrow..离开去上海2We shallleave forShanghai next month1动词原形”用来表示近期或事先考虑过的将要发生的动
2.“be going to+作以与已有迹象表明必将发生某事,意为“打算、就要They aregoing to playfootballthis afternoon.She isgoing to learn Frenchnext year.表示位置转移的动词如
3.“be doing”go,come leavestart,arrive,,可用现在进行时表示将来时离开去日本1They areleaving forJapan.2She isarrivingtomorrow.练习
1.They aeecoming comeheresoon.
2.Sam isgoing tolearn learnChinesenextmonth.也可以will learn其
3.Peter andMike willfinishfinish thejob tomorrowmoring.次十二讲完成时现在完成时动作过去发生,已经完成,对现在造成影响或have+p.p.,后果,动作可能还会持续,可运用的时间状语为已经和already yet
1.还heyhave already arrived in Shanghai.1T2She hasplayed soccerfor3hours.3She hasnt finishedthe homeworkyet.过去完成时表示句中的动词发生在过去之前,即过去的过去,
2.had+p.p.,已经完成,对过去造成了确定的影响或后果They hadarrivedinShanghai.1
四、主+谓+间宾+直宾(双宾语)Her fatherbought her a dictionary.buy sbsth她爸爸给她买了一本词典(与两个宾语,一个是heradictionary,人、一个是物)中英文语序一样
五、主+谓+宾+宾补We madehim our monitor.我们选他当班长(与都是指同一个人,是对的补him ourmonitor,ourmonitorhim充说明)中英文语序一样有志者事竟成!Nothing isimpossible toa willingheart!其次讲动词的形式和用法be
一、动词的形式、、、、、、、be beam isare waswere beingbeen、The manis back.、1They areback.、2He wasback.、3They wereback.、4They havebeen back.、5r11be back.上述是副词,构成主系表结构“back”6
二、动词的用法起到联系前后的作用(一般翻译为“是或无实意而不作be翻译),多用于主系表结构后面接名词、形容词、地点副词或短语作补足语成分、是名词The manisa teacher.a teacher2She hadplayed soccerfor3hours.13She hadnt finishedthe workyet.练习He hasstopped stopthecar outside.
1.She hasnt beennot betoSichuan yet.
2.Have theyplanned planto stay here
3.其次十三讲动词的用法.动词依据功能分为四类1实意动词有实际意义的动词Notional Verb系动词起联系作用的动词Link Verb:助动词帮助构成句子成分的动词Auxiliary Verb:情态动词有情态含义的动词,后接实意动词原形Model Verb:动词有数量和时态的变更,时态通常有三大时态现在、过去和将来时1依据动作进行的状态可分为一般时、进行时和完成时2运用动词时通常将和结合,如:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般312将来时;现在进行时、过去进行时;现在完成时、过去完成时He goesto schooleveryday.He wentto hospitallast night.动词形态变更总结动词原形单三现在分词过去式过去分词play playsplaying playedplayedhave hashaving hadhadgo goesgoing went gone其次十四讲情态动词1can/could/may/might
①“能怎样”,表示“现在/过去”的实力,可用can/could beable t代替;
②“可能怎样”,表示客观可能性(的可能性大);
③“可以can
1.怎样”,通常用表示请求和允许的语气,更委婉“can/could I”couldHe can/could/is ableto swim.能可能来可He can/could come tomorrow.以留下吗Can/could Istay hereCan hesing an English song Yes,he can./No,he can t.
①表示可能性(的可能性大);
②通常用may/might:may表示请求、允许的语气,更委婉“may/mightl”might
2.口语中常用的回答lMay Ismoke hereYes,please.,禁止、不准No,you cant/mustn t.2He may/might come here by bus.3May/might Ijoin you,Yes,please./No,you cant./No,you mustn t.对开头的提问,确定回答时,通常用否may/might I“Yes,please.”定回答时,通常用(不能)”,慎用禁止性的(不准)”,一“cant“mustn t般不用(可能不)表揣测,语气很弱”“may not练习()She couldspeak Frenchbefore,but nowshe cant,
3.()(按语气程度排序)2Might/May/Could/Can I come in1Yes,please.其次十五讲情态动词2must/have to/should/ought to“必需怎样”,表示必需、必要主观多一些、
1.must/haveto must客观多一些,表“不得不”have to有时态和数量的变更,而无此变更have tomust和二者的否定意义不大相同Must have to如,.你不准去You mustnt go,.你不必去You don t have to go,你不必去You needn tgo.主观必需1You must get up early.,2It sgoingtorain,I have to gohome now.不得不对和提问的否定回答,须用和,must haveto“needn tdon t have,表示“不必to””Must Icome here early tomorrow,No,you neednt./No youdon t haveto.“应当怎样”,表示劝告、建议、叮嘱,其同义词是
2.Should/ought to强调主观看法,而强调客观要求在疑问句ought to;should ought to中,通常用代替should ought to.You should/oughtto do thejob rightnow.Should theystay herenow练习(必需)
1.1must goand seemy motherin hospitaltomorrow.(应当)
2.You shouldwork harderthan that.其次十六讲情态动词3need“须要”need:.作情态动词
1.He needcome here early.aHe neednt come here early.Need hecomehereearlyYes,he need./No,he neednt.作实义动词,有第三人称单数和时态的变更,可用作不定式need todosthob.He needsto comehereearly.He doesn t need to comehereearly.Does heneed tocomehereearly,Yes,he does./No,he doesn t.练习]、You neednt/don tneed todo itagain.你不须要重复做了2He neednt/doesn tneed toworry aboutit.S这件事他无需担忧3Does heneed todo homeworkfirstS他须要先做作业吗?其次十七讲情态动词()4had better/would rather表示“最好做某事”,虽然是过去式,但不表征过去,.had betterhad后接动词原形better1He had better eat more.You dbetter finishit rightnow.表示“宁愿、宁可、最好、还是……为好”,语感比.would rather“had要轻2better”处理You would rather deal with it now.否定形式分别为:.动词原形动词原形had better not+would rather not+3He had betternoteatmore.You would rathernotdealwithitnow.练习:.你最好待在这儿You hadbatter stayhere I wouldrathernot
4..我还是不说的好say it其次十八讲情态动词()5used to+v/would+v表示过去习惯性动作,可译为“过去经常……”used to,would可指过去的状态或状况,指过去反复发生的动作
1.used towould这〃、说过去彳艮流行The novelused to be popular.a.表示过去反复发生的动作假如某一动作无反复性,就不能用wouldb.只能用would,used to.He wouldpractice Englishevery week.I used to livein Beijing.表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作或状态现在已经结束,C.used towould则表示有可能再发生•平的People used to believethat theearth wasflatHe wouldgo tothe parkas soonas hewas free.练习:过去始终开着
1.The windowsusedto be open.聚在一起
2.They wouldgather together every week.,
3.Sam usedtoplaygolf,but he doesn tnow.其次十九讲情态动词()否定和疑问6情态动词的否定情态动词+原形not+vHe cant singan Englishsong.
1.可能不He maynot knowher.不准Hemustn^tgo there.Hedoesnt haveto go there.运用情态动词进行提问情态动词+主语原形+vCan hesinganEnglishsong
2.Yes,he can./No,he cant.Must hegothere・(不必)Yes,he must/No,he neednt.Does hehaveto gothere,Yes he does./No he doesnt.May Ismoke hereYes,please.(不能)(不准)No,you cant/mustnt.练习
1.May IstayhereYes,please.,
2.Must shego backnow No,she neednt.
3.Does hehavetoget upat9:00Yes,hedoes.第三十讲情态动词()7情态动词(现在完成时)+have+p.p.+“情态动词表达过去的事实;或推想的含义,表“可能
1.+have+p.p.已经……(但助动词例外)Should他可能已经到了(可能性最小)He may/might have arrived.他可能已经到了(可能性小)He can/could have arrived.他准是已经到了(可能性大)可能性大小排序He must have arrived.、、、、must cancould maymight・・本应当
2.“should+have+p p”u本不须要neednt+have+p.p.”他本应当到了(但没到)He shouldhave arrived,他本应当已经完成工作(但没They shouldhave finishedthe work.完成)你本不须要则做You neednt have done so.准是已经
3.must+have+p.p,不行能已经Can t+have+p.p.他准是已经至!He musthavearrived.1T他不行能已经到了He canthavearrived.练习(可能)He can/could/mcy/might havearrived.(准是)He musthavearrived.
1.(本不须要)
2.Youneedn thavedoneso.(本应当)
3.They shouldhave finishedthe work.,(不行能)
4.He canthavearrived.
5.第三十一讲被动语态()被动态的构成和含义
1.假如主语是动作的承受者,则用动词的被动语态作谓语
1.被动语态的构成过去分词()・2be+p.p.••by sb.他被妈妈带到了美国He is taken to America byhis mother..被动语态有各种时态3The informationis needed by us.一般时be doneThe book was being vaadby him.进行时be beingdoneThe computerhas been used byher.完成时have/has/had beendoneThe roomwill bcleaned.将来时will be doneThe computercould havebeen used by them.可能已经被用了情态动词+完成时情态动词+have/has beendone练习一个空一个时态The informationis needed,needThe bookwas read.readThe doorhas beenopened,openThe bookwasbeingread,readThe computerhad beenused,useThe computercould havebeenused,useThe roomwill bcleaned.clean第三十二讲被动语态()被动态和情态动词结合
2.被动语态也可以和情态动词结合1情态动词应当被……、必需被……等+bedonecan/could may/+be done+be donemight+be donemust/have toshould/oughtto+be donehadbetter/wouldrather+be doneusedto/would+be须要被done needdoing须要被needto bedone.和情态动词结合的形式:2食品可以被带走The foodcould be taken away.食品可能被带走The foodmight betaken away.食品必需被带走The foodmust btaken away.食品应当被带走The foodshould betaken away.食品须要被带走The foodneeds takingaway.食品最好被带走The foodhadbetterbetakenaway.Books usedto bereturned intwo days.书过去经常在天之内被归还2练习(可能)The roommay/might/can/could becleaned.(必需)The doormust belocked.(应当)The houseshould befurnished.(最好)The treehadbetterbe waterednow.第三十三讲被动语态()(行为者)可省略3by+动作的行为者不明或不重要,或上下文中提到了行为者时,可“by sb”以省略The informationis needed.The booksis beingread.The doorwas opened.练习()被打开了The dooris opened.open()正读着The bookis beingread.read()已经被用了The computerhas beenus]d.use()已经被削尖了The pencilhad beensharpened.sharpen第三十四讲被动语态()被动语态疑问句
4.被动语态的一般疑问句助动词+主语+(其他助动词)+过去分词1Is theinformation neededby himYes,it is./No,it isnt.Has thecomputer beenusedbyherYes,it has./No,it hasnt.Will theroom becleanedYes,it will./No,it wont..被动语态的特殊疑问句疑问词+助动词+主语+其他助动词+过去分2词The informationis neededby them.What isneededby themThe girlistakentoShanghai.Where is the girltakenThe bookhas been read three times.How manytimes hasthe bookbeenread练习
1.Is the book beingreadread byher她正在读那本书吗?
2.Has thecomputer beenuseduse bythem他们用过那台电脑吗?
3.How oftenis theEnglish classtaken take英语课多长时间上一次?第三十五讲非谓语动词()1“不作谓语成分的动词”动词原形动词原形to+VS+ing.动词不定式由构成,可以做主语、宾语、宾补、表语、定语1tod和状语种
6、是形容词Mary snew dressesare colorful,colorful、是地点副词2My motherwas in the kitchen,in thekitchen、数词也可做表语3I am
20.、代词也可做表语4It sme.5
三、动词的练习他们是老师beThey areteachers.L、他曾是一名老师He wasa teacherbefore.
2、他已经当了年的老师He hasbeen a teacher for3years.33第三讲动词的否定/提问/回答be
一、动词的否定be在、、、后面力口am isarewaswere not缩略式,,,,am not,isn taren twasn tweren t、,The manisn t back.、1I amnot back.、,2They arent back.、,3He wasnt back.、4They werentback.5
二、运用动词提问和回答beIs heateacher,Yes,he is./No he isn t.,Are youa teacherYes,I am./No,I amnot.作主语,骑自行车到那,To get there bybike will take us an hour.将花掉我们一小时The driverfailed tosee thecar in time.作宾语,司机没与时望见那辆小轿车We believehim tobe guilty.作宾补(对的补充说明),我们信任他是有罪的himMy suggestiongis toput off the meeting.作表语(动词后),我的建议是推迟会议beThe nexttrain to arrive isfrom Seoul.作定语,将到达的下一列火车是来自首尔的Icomehere onlyto saygoodbye toyou.作状语,我来这目的是和你说再见.动名词具有动词的特征和变更形式,但在句子中作名词用2doing,可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语,也可以被副词修饰或者支配宾语(与动词同)Reading isan art.作主语,阅读是一门艺术They wenton walkingand neverstopped talking.作宾语(动词后),他们始终往前走,未停止交谈Your taskis quicklycleaning thewindows.作表语(动词后),你的任务是赶快把窗户擦干净beThis isa readingroom.作定语,这是个阅读室练习l.To finishthe workwilltakeusanhour.完成这项工作
2.1comehereto saygoodbye toyou.和你告辞
3.Talking isan art.说话第三十六讲非谓语动词()2假主语让/真主语假宾语让/真宾语不定式/动名词的否定式不定式或动名词可以在主语的位置上,但一般用代替它作形式主
1.to it语Its a great honortobeinvited.被邀请很荣幸为假主语,代替真主语气,It beinvited,重排语序为To beinvited isagreathonor.Its no use cryingover spiltmilk.覆水难收(对着溢出的牛奶哭是没用的)为假主语,代替真主语,It cryingover spiltmilk,在真主语较长的状况下,英语常先用放在句首代替真主语,之后再引it出真主语.在宾语的位置上,用代替它作形式宾语2itWe thinkit importantto MamEnglish.我们认为学英语很重要为假宾语,代替真宾语it tolearn EnglishIfound itpleasant walkingin thepark.我发觉在公园里闲逛是件乐事为假宾语,代替真宾语it walkinginthepark”.对动名词或不定式进行否定时,在不定式或动名词前加就可以了3not、not todo notdoingHe pretendednot tosee her.他假装没有望见她He regretsnot joiningthem.他后悔没有加入他们练习l.It is nousecrying cryover spiltmilk.We thinkit importanttolearnlearn English.
2.He pretendednot tosee notsee her.
3.第三十七讲非谓语动词()3不定式表示目的的用法to+动词原形表示目的in order to+动词原形表示目的
1.so asto由引导的目的状语,置于句首、句尾均可
2..in orderto由引导的目的状语,只能置于句尾3so asto
4.r vewritten it down in orderto remember it.我写下来了,目的是为了记住它也可以写成In ordertorememberit,V vewritten itdown.He shoutedand wavedso astobenoticed.他又叫又挥手,目的是为了被留意到它们的否定形式分别在前加to notr vewritten itdown in order nottoforget it.He saidnothing so as not tobenoticed.
5.练习:(目的是)He getsupearlyinorderto/so astoarriveat schoolontime.(目的是不)He wroteitdowninordernot to/soasnottoforget it.第三十八讲非谓语动词()4常见的不定式和动名词包含不定式和动名词的一些固定结构太…而不能…too…to…The roomis toosmall tolive.
1.中间加形容词或副词“too…to”enough+n+todo/adj+enough todo足够……可以
2.There isenough foodto eat.有足够的食物可以吃The boxis bigenough tocontain sixapples.足够大可以装个苹果6一就on doingOnseeing thesnake,the girlwas veryfrightened.
3.一看到那条蛇,女孩就特殊害怕(作状语)没希望There isno hope of doingThereisnohopeofseeing him.
4.没希望望见他想要feel likedoing
5.I feellike eatingice creamnow.做彳艮又艮难havea hard timedoingThey haveahardtime solvingthe problemthemselves.
6.他们自己解决那个问题很困难练习There areenough booksto readread.I feellike drinkingdrinkcoffee now.The roomis toosmall tolive live.第三十九讲非谓语动词现在分词/过去分词,分词句5可称之为动名词;用在进行时中,称之为现在分词
1.doing动名词Writing booksis hisjob.进行时“现在分词”He iswriting abook.用在完成时和被动语态中,称之为过去分词
2.done完成时已经完成作业He haswritten thehomework.被动语态作业被写好The homeworkis written..分词句是包含现在分词和过去分词的分句3The studentswent outofthe classroom,laughing andtalking.作伴随状语,边说边笑作Accompanied byhis friend,he wenttotherailway station.伴随状语,他被挚友陪伴着去了火车站练习He likesdrinking drinkcoffee.The doorwas lockedlock.Given givebetter attention,the plantscould growbetter.第四十讲原形不定式使役动词1使役动词,表示“使/让……”做使役动词,构成形式为
1.make,let,have宾语+动词原形”动词前不加“have/make/let+toHe mademe laugh.I lethim go.Please havehim comehere.和做使役动词,的使役动词句为宾语动词原
2.get helpget“get++to+形,的使役动词句为宾语动词原形”help“help++to+I cantgetanyone todo thework properly.精确地完成工作I helpedhim torepair thecar.宾语+过去分词,表示“让某物/人被别
3.make/let/have/get/help+人……”表被动I mustget myhair cut.,He couldnt makehimself heard.Can yougetthework finishedintime练习He mademe laughlaugh.I lethim gogo,第四十一讲原形不定式()感官动词2I mustget myhair cutcut..“感官动词观看1see/watch/observe/notice宾语+动词原形或现在分词”/hear/smell/taste/feel+动词前不加to表示感知到某物或人怎样了+动词原形,表示动作的真实性+现在分词,表示动作的连续性,进行性I sawhim workinthegarden yesterday.看到他昨天在花园里工作I sawhim workinginthegarden yesterday.看到他昨天始终在花园里工作“感官动词+宾语+过去分词”,
2.表示感知到某物或人被怎样了John sawthe manknocked downbythecar.看到一人被轿车撞倒了练习I watcheda dogrunning runinthegarden yesterday.四十二讲假设单纯表示假设1I heardSam sentsend tothe hospital..条件状语从句用引导条件状语从句,从句为现在时,则主句1“if”为将来时,通常译作“假如……”If youget upearly,you willcatch upwith thetrain.引导的条件状语从句,可以放在句首,也可以放在句尾
2.ifIf youask him,he willhelp you.She willbe upsetif youfail theexam.假如你没考好,她会悲观练习假如他跑得快,他就会与If heruns,he willget get there intime.时赶到那儿假如你拉猫的The catwill scratchscratch you if youpull itstail.尾巴,它就会抓你第四十三讲假设与现在事实相反的虚拟语气
2、从句是一种虚拟的条件或假设,与现在事实相反主从句时态具体如1if下从句动词用过去式用be were主句动词原形would/could/should/might+If I were you,I wouldjoin them.与现在事实相反“我不行能是你”She wouldcome withyou ifyou invitedher.与现在事实相反说明“没有邀请”已经发生虚拟语气是在事实发生后,做出的与事实相反的假设She willcome withyouifyou invither.单纯假设说明“邀请”还未发生、练习2If Iknew knowhis telephonenumber,I wouldtell tellyou.If I had haveany moneywith me,I wouldlend lendyou some.If I were beyou,I wouldtaketake anumbrella.第四十四讲假设与过去事实相反的虚拟语气
3、从句是一种虚拟的条件或假设,和过去事实相反1if主从句的时态具体如下从句:had done主句would/could/should/might+have doneIf Ihad got thereearlier,I shouldhave mether.If he had takenmy advice,he wouldnot havemade suchamistake.、练习2If hehad studiedstudy harder,he mighthave passedtheexam.If therehad beenb ea heavysnow,we shouldnot havegonenot goskating.IfIhadgotgetthereearlier,Iwouldhave metmeet her.第四十五讲假设()4(愿望、希望)(看上去)+过去时/过去完成时/Wish/as if动词原形would/should/could+、后面的从句,译为“希望……就好了”,是不行能实现的假设1wish a.与现在事实相反的愿望I wishIwereas tall as you.一般过去时I Wish+现在许的愿,且与现在的事实相反(事实已发生)与过去事实相反的愿望b.,He wishedhe hadnt saidthat.过去完成时I wished+过去许的愿,且与过去的事实相反(事实已发生).将来不大可能实现的愿望cI wishit wouldrain tomorrow.动词原形I wish+would/should/could+现在许的愿,且将来不大可能实现(事实尚未发生)小结后面的从句与现在事实相反则用一般过去时,与过去事实相反wish则用过去完成时,将来不大可能实现的愿望则用动词原形”主句则依据许愿的时间分别用“would/should/could+wish一般现在时或一般过去时、翻译为“看起来好像……”2as if,从句表示与现在事实相反,用一般过去时a.You lookas ifyou didn t care.你看起来一点也不在乎(实际在乎的)从句表示与过去事实相反,用过去完成时bHe talksabout Romeas if hehadbeen therebefore.他谈论罗马好像他以前去过(实际没去过)从句表示将来不大可能发生,用动词原形”c.“would/should/could+Heopened hismouth as ifhe would saysomething.他张开嘴好像要说点什么(说的可能性很小)、练习:3()I wishIwerebe astallasyou.()He talksasifhe knewknow where she was.()I wishit wouldrain raintomorrow.第四十六讲定语从句(关系代词)定语从which,that,who,whom,whose句修饰或限定一个名词或代词的从句,被修饰的名词叫先行词定语从句由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出、关系代词在从句中做确定的成分,代替先行词,起到连接先行词和从句1的作用常用关系代词只起连接作用,无实义,which,that,who,whom,whose,不用翻译如:The girlwhom/that Ispoke tois mycousin.先行词是人的话用来引导定语从句a.that,who,whom,whose在从句中作宾语“whom”和在从句中可作主语和宾语“who”“that”They arethe peoplethat/who wereseen yesterday.Were theyteachers,Yes,they were./No they werent.
三、动词的练习他是医生吗?beIs hea doctorL不,他不是,No heisn t.、他们昨天在教室吗?Were theyintheclassroom yesterday2,Yes,theywere./No,they werent.、他们昨天不在教室JThey werent intheclassroomyesterday.3第四讲代词的主格和宾格主格代词、I heshe ityou wethey1I amateacher.、2He isateacher.、3You areteachers.宾格代词me himher ityou usthem、He likesme.、We likeher.
1、I likethem.23练习我宠爱它IsI likeit.、他们相识他2They knowhim.昨天那些人被望见了(在从句中作主语)They arethe peoplewhom/that/who Isaw yesterday.他们是昨天我望见的那些人(在从句中作宾语)They arethe peoplewhose walletswere lostyesterday.他们是昨天丢失钱包的那些人(属格)先行词是动物/事物的话,用来引导定语从句b.which,that,whose在从句中可作主语和宾语,作宾语时可以省略which,thatHe cameback forthebookwhich/that hehad forgotten.作宾语,他回来找那本他遗忘的书He cameback forthebookwhich/that wason thedesk.作主语,他回来找的那本书在桌上This is the chairwhose legswere broken.这是那张断腿的椅子指人指物主格Who/that Which/that宾格Whom/who/that Which/that属格Whose whose、练习2He wasthe personwho/that joinedthe armythat year.或省略He cameback forthebookwhich/that hehad forgotten.He isthe manwhose wifeisateacher.第四十七讲定语从句(关系副词)用于修饰表示why,when,where why缘由的名词如the reason我们不知道他没We dont know the reason whyhe didntshow up.出现的缘由修饰表示时间的名词when如next weekWell put offthe picnic until next week,when theweather maybebetter.我们将推迟野餐到天气更好的下周修饰表示地点的名词where如the placeWedontknowthe placewherehelives.我们不知道他居住的地方练习He worksin afactory whereTV setsare made.Wellputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,when theweather maybebetter.She didnttell methereasonwhy sherefused theoffer.第四十八讲宾语从句的连词宾语从句在句子中起宾语作用的从句从属连词(不翻译),(是否)that if,whether()He toldme that hewouldgo tocollege thenext year.He saidthathewas thereyesterday.He doesntknow if/whether hewas there.他不知道他是否在那儿连接代词谁,谁(宾),谁的,什么留意从句who whomwhose what语序的排列Do youknow whohas wonthe game你知道谁赢得了竞赛?Do youknow whomhe likes你知道他宠爱谁?Do youknow whose book it is你知道这是谁的书?你知道他在看什么?连接副词Do youknow whatheislooking at何时,哪儿,为什么,怎么when wherewhy howHe wantsto knowwhenthe party is.He wantsto knowwhere thepartyis.He wantsto knowwhy theyhaveaparty.He wantsto knowhow theycome.练习He doesntknow that/if/whether sheis atschool.He wantsto knowwheresheis.He wantsto knowwhy shecomes.whenwhere howif/whetherHe wantsto knowwhat sheis reading.He wantsto knowwhosebookitis.第四十九讲比较级最高级(D、通常在形容词和副词后面加1“er”“est”如hard-hard er-the hardest、词尾是不发音的单音节时,加2e“r”“st”如:nice-nicer-the nicest、词尾是辅音的双音节时,去掉加3+y yier”“iest如dry-drier-the driest、以一个辅音结尾的重读闭音节时,双写最终一个字母,加如4“er”“est”hot-hotter-the hottest、多音节和双音节,在形容词和副词前加5程度加强“more”“the most”程度减弱:“less”“the least”如更好玩、更无趣interesting-more/less interesting-the most/the leastinteresting最好玩最无趣注单词中有几个元音就有几个音节、不规则变更6good-better-the bestmany-more-the most练习high-higher-the highestlate-later-the latestheavy-heavier-the heaviestthin-thinner-the thinnestfamous-more/less famous-the most/the leastfamous little-less-the least第五十讲比较级最高级的应用()
2、形容词或副词的比较级表示“比较……”(…比…更…,两者间进行1比较)He istaller than his brother.他比他的哥哥更高那本书比那支钢笔更贵The bookis moreexpensive thanthe pen.Her Englishis betterthanhis.”(三者或三者以上进行比较)、形容词的最高级表示“最2她的英语比他好He isthe tallestin hisclass.The bookisthemost expensiveofthe three.Her Englishisthebest amongthethree.、练习3Thegirlis cleverercleverthan theboy.The computeristhemost expensiveexpensiveamong thethree.The manis healthierhealthy thanhis wife.第五讲名词性/形容词性物主代词形容词性物主代词(后接名词)单数形式复数形式my yourhis/her/its ones ouryour their、Thisismy book.、We loveour motherland.
1、Those areyour socks.23名词性物主代词单数形式mine yourshis/hers/its ones复数形式ours yourstheirs、Thebookis ours.、1The appleis hers.2练习、我的老师是中国人My teacheris Chinese.
1、这个电脑是他们的This computeris theirs.
2、我们的书在书架上Our bookis onthe shelf.3主格宾格形容词性物主名词性物主反身代词代词代词I memy minemyselfyou you your yoursyourselfhe himhis hishimselfshe herher hersherselfit itits itsitselfwe ourours ourselvesUSyouyouyouryours yourselvestheythem theirtheirs themselves第六讲反身代词单数myself yourselfhimself herselfitself复数ourselves yourselvesthemselves反身代词的用法指某人自己,通常是主语的“自己”、.请随意吃些鱼吧在动1Please helpyourself tosome fishyourself词后作宾语help、我们昨晚玩得很欢乐2We enjoyedourselves lastnight.在动词后作宾语ourselves enjoyed、,这件事本身不重要3The thingitself isnot important反身代词在名词后作同位语,起到说明、说明名词itself Thething的作用练习、照看好Take goodcare ofyourself限制住了1She gainedcontrol ofherselfS2第七讲实意动词的特征实意动词come goread watchplay fly、1He comes from Shenyang.实意动词作谓语,后接介词短语作宾语动词comesfromShenyang come有一般现在时“单三”的变更、2She isreading storybooks.实意动词作谓语,后接动词作宾语reading storybooks动词有现在进行时的变更read、3They wenttoAmericayesterday.动词有一般过去时的变更go“went”、动词有现在4We havewatched thegame forthreetimes.watch完成时的变更现在完成时动作已经发生或对现在造成影响“watched”、一般将来时5My motherwill flyback toChina nextmonth.wiH+动词原形总结实意动词有时态与数量(三单)上的变更练习、他昨天来上海了1He cameto ShangHaiyesterday.、我们正在写作业2We arewriting homework.、他们读这本书已经读遍了33They haveread thisbook threetimes.第八讲实意动词的否定/提问/回答(一般现在时与一般过去时)运用助动词进行否定在助动词后面加do doesdid notJdonot/don t,does not/doesn tdidnot/didnt例句
1.1dontgo to school bybus.,
2.She doesntwatchTV everyday.,
3.They didnt swimlastnight.运用助动词进行提问He often plays golf.Does heoftenplaygolf
1.,Yes,hedoes./No hedoesnt.They go toschool bybus.Do theygotoschoolbybus
2.Yes theydo./No,they dont.Sam hadbreakfast yesterday.Did Samhave breakfast yesterday
3.Yes,he did./No,he didnt.练习他每天都学英语吗?是的,他每天都学英语Does helearn Englisheveryday
1.Yes,hedoes.昨天没吃早饭Tom,Tom didnthavebreakfastyesterday.
2.第九讲运用疑问词进行提问和回答()1(一般现在时与一般过去时)运用疑问词进行提问时间、地点、人物、干什么、怎样例句when,where,who,what,howHe boughtthree booksyesterday.123Who boughtthree booksyesterday对主语提问,原语序不变
1.What didhe buyyesterday对宾语提问时,将助动词提前,并还原动词
2.When didhe buythree books对状语提问时,将助动词提前,并还原动词
3.They wantedto goto ShangHaiby air.123Who wantedto goto ShangHaiby air
1.Where didthey wanttogoby air
2.How didthey wanttogoto ShangHai
3.第十讲运用疑问词进行提问和回答()2运用疑问词进行提问多长时间,多远,多长时间一次,how long,how far,how often,why为什么They havebeen inChina forthree years.对时间状语提问How longhave theybeen inChina
1.
2.It isabout4000kilometers from Beijing toXi an.How faris itfromBeijingtoXian
3.They cometo visit me oncea week.How oftendo theycometovisitme。