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Speaking Fluency流利表达And how to improveitCom m on Fluency Issues1常的影响流利度的问题Com mon FluencyIssues常的影响流利度的问题Issue1:I carft easilyuse the words Ive studiedin asentence.”我没办法轻松的把学过的单词放入句子里”积极矢口识和消极知识•This is an extrem ely commonproble m,and it stems fromthedifference betweenactive andpassive knowledge.以母语为例•For exampleyou canread andunderstand greatworks ofliteraturein your native language,but couldyou writesomething just as beautifulin yourownwords It is thesame inyour secondlanguage.Com mon FluencyIssues常的影响流利度的问题•from passiveto activeLearning tounderstand thelanguage isonly the first step;transferring yourpassive knowledgeinto youractive w ordbank isthe secondstep.While youractive knowledgewill neverequal yourpassive knowledge,you shouldaimto makethe mas closeas possible.Targeted Fluency Techniques有的放矢的技巧计时思维训练TechniqueTimed brainstorming•There arethree waysto dothis,but in all of them,you needto seta timerfor60seconds,and thensay aloudas manywords as possible thatfit therequire m ent•It is necessary to speak everywordaloud,because youwant toimprove your speakingfluency,not yourwriting speed.You caneither recordyourself orask afidend tokeepcount方法1Letter Brainstorming按首字母训练•You can try to think of as manywords aspossible that begin witha particularletterThis isthe mostbasic version,and isgood forbeginners.beginner,basic,best,between,bilingual,bubble,browse,••方法2Phonetic Brainstorming按音标训练•Instead offocusing onletters,brainstor mw ordsthatbeginwith orcontain a囿particular sound,such as[pl],or[br].f]phone,focus,food,photo,find,…方法3Se manticbrainstorming按语义训练•The mostadvanced versionof thisex ercis erequires you tothinkof asmany wordsasyou can that belongto aparticular category,such as“mammals,““methods oftransportheInternet/or hobbies.You mightalso《brainstorm wordsending in%ble/ble/and merit.”M am mals:elephant,hum an,monkey,goat,dog,…-ful:m eaningful,beautiful,doubtful,thankful,useful,colourful…W hy it helps:•短时间输出大量词汇All three of theseversions challengeyoutoproduce awiderange ofvocabulary itemsinashort amountof tim e.•清晰认识短板,进步可衡量They alsoallow youto seeobjectively whereyour knowledgegaps are and providea clearnu mb er toimprove uponover time.W hy it helps:•效果立竿影You willnotice anim m e diateimprovem ent inyour performanceifyoutry thesame onetwice.All of the words you said thelast timewill returntoyou morequickly,and ifyod vejust reviewedmore words,then you will addthosethe secondtime aswell•提高用英语提取信息的能力The purposeis to accusto myour brainto fetchinginform ation in English,and notonly tostoring itaway.You shouldtry doingit everydayfor atleast afew minutes.Introduction the biggest strugglesnon-native speakersfacepoor fluency_the biggeststruggle non-native speakersface•Having memorised thousandsof wordsand dozensof sentencestructures V•Having readcountless booksinEnglishVS mo othand naturalspeaking XCom mon FluencyIssues2常的影响流利度的问题Com mon FluencyIssues常的影响流利度的问题Issue2:I talktoo slowly/quickly.语速太慢/太快The slowspeakers andthe fastspeakers:•The slowspeakers:pause frequentlybut paycloser attention to correctgram marandpronunciatioa•The fastspeakers:can communicate moreeasily butmake moremi stakesalong theway.Com mon FluencyIssues常的影响流利度的问题The slowspeakers andthe fastspeakers:•Neither wayis betteror worse,and itmainly dependson personality.Both issuesarecharacteristic ofinterm e diate languageskill,and in the end,both typescan overcometheir problems.Targeted FluencyTechniques有的放矢的技巧Technique:Shadow ing影子总艮读•W hileon thesurface thesetwo problems appearto beopposites,they canboth beimprovedusing thesame method•Shadowing isthe practiceof repeatingthe wordsofarecording asclose tosi muItaneouslyaspossible,imitating speed,tone,and pronunciation.If youusuallyspeak toofast,you willneedto slowdown,and if you speak too slowly,you willneedto learn tocatch up.Technique:Shadow ing影子跟读•However;it isnot assimple aslistening toor watchinga nativespeaker andrepeatingeverything theysay,because itsquite abit m ore difficultthan thatYouwill needthe transcriptor dialogueto readalong withat first•方法记得每周练习我们的影子跟读!W hyithelps:•Shadowing,while challenging,is one ofthemost usefultechniques you can usetoimprove yourfluency,confidence,and pronunciation.•People who are skilledat shadowingsuch asinterpreters canim mediately repeateverythingthey hearthefirsttimethey hearit•Itisn tnecessary to beco me thatskilled,but you should atleast knowthat itspossible!Com mon FluencyIssues3常的影响流利度的问题Com mon FluencyIssues常的影响流利度的问题Issue3:Simple sentencesare easy,but whenI try to useharderstructures,I slowdown or stumble.”简单的句子比较容易说,但遇到结构难一些的句子的时候就会慢下来或者卡住了;本y/r N■以L•You can be fluentwhile usingbasic gram m aticaLstructuresand vocabulary,but becomeless comfortableat higherlevels,even ifyou have noissues writingthem.This isnot aknowledge problem,but ratheraconfidence problem.Com mon FluencyIssues常的影响流利度的问题Ifi us cle mem ory“in language learning Wedescribe habitual(习惯性动作)伯usclememoryactions asusing becauseyou dorit needto stop andthink abouthowtomove yourhand whenbrushing yourteeth;you justdo“autom aticity.”it Inlanguagelearning,this iscalled Youneed specificpracticeto makeevery sentencestructure youknow automatic.Introduction thebiggest strugglesnon-native speakersfacepoor fluency_thebiggeststruggle non-native speakersface结巴•Stutter停顿•Pause支支吾吾,不顺利的说单词•Stumble overwords想不起来•Si mplyblank outwhen lookingfor theperfect wordTargeted FluencyTechniques有的放矢的技巧Technique:句式训练Sentence drills不应该背句子,但一定要熟记句式It isin thiscase thatme morisationisnecessary.It istrue thatme morised answerswill hurtyourspeaking score andthey are alwaysobvious,so pleasedori ttry!,but you cantfluently producelong sentenceswithoutme morisingtheir structurethoroughly.Technique:句式训练Sentence drills方法举一反三-1:Replacement drills•Firstme morise amodel sentencethat youwould liketobeable toproduce.•Then identifywhich wordscanbereplaced tocreate anoriginal sentence.For example,nouns,verbs,pro nouns,and helpingverbs.Use thesentence frameto rapidlyproducemany newsentences aloud,with differentcontent wordsevery time.Technique:句式训练Sentence drills方法举一反三-1:Replacement drills•Are youtwo together•Replacem ent:Are youand Timtogether•Replacem ent:Are youtwo athing•Replacem ent:Are yougoing outwith TimTechnique:句式训练Sentence drills方法转换练习-(时态、正式程度、语态…)2:Conversion diills•Instead ofreplacing individualwords,change theentire sentencetoa differenttense,different levelof formality,or evenadifferenttone ofvoice.This ismoredifficult becauseit requiresfull controlofthestructures youare changing.Technique:句式训练Sentence drills方法转换练习-(时态、正式程度、语态…)2:Conversion diills时态•e.g,1I wentto themeeting lastweek.I willbe goingto thepark tomorro wafternoon.在商店中更正式•e.g2:Are youalright Howmay Ihelp youtoday更正式:•e.g.3Nice tomeet you.IV sapleasure tomeet you.•e.g.4:Look atme.V SLook atme.W hyithelps:•Doing sentencedrills isbasically whatyouhavealready donefor theeasy sentenceswhenjust beginningtolearnEnglish•It isa mistaketostopdoing theseafter youhave movedontomoreadvanced grammarforms.They remainuseful even at ahigh intermediateand advancedlevel,just withdifferentversions.•It isalso muchmore helpfulthan simplymemorising modelsentences,because inorderto comp letethe drillyour brainneeds todo some workeach time.Com mon FluencyIssues4常的影响流利度的问题Com mon FluencyIssues常的影响流利度的问题Issue4:My answersarealwaystoo short”我的答案太短了W hileyou neverwant to speaktoomuch andrun outof timeor boreyour fidends,you willal waysfeel betterknowing youhave theskill tospeak foras longas youwantabout nearlyany topic.Native speakerswhoareespecially introvertedface thesame problemas weHso dontworry aboutit toomuch unlessit isimpacting yourexamscores.Com monFluencyIssues常的影响流利度的问题In anycase,there areplenty ofsimple solutionsto thisproblem whichyou canpractiseeven inyournativelanguage.Introduction thebiggest strugglesnon-native speakersfaceBad news•Fluency isoneofthe mainindicators oflanguage competence•If you cantexpress yourse]f fluently,it wont matterhow wideyour passivevocabularyis.TargetedFluencyTechniques有的放矢的技巧Technique:C.H.E.A.T.When youare hokingfor morethings tosay,do rit cheat,of course,but tryto rememberC HE AT.It means:对比•C ontrast频率•How often解释•Explain额外的例子•Another exam pie时间•Ti meTechnique:C.H.E.A.T.例子:When youwant toanswer aquestion about,for example,a restaurantyou likegoing正to,sa badidea tosimply saythe nameofthe restaurantto eatat Jo3s Restaurant^There area lotof thingsyoucanadd.Technique:C.H.E.A.T.例子•C ontrast:Ifind itbetter thanother placesthat serveA merican food.”•How often:My fidendsand Igo therenearly everySaturday forlunch.”•Explain:sagreat placeto eatbecause Iknow theowner,and hegives mea nicediscount”Technique:C.H.E.A.T.例子•Another exam pie:Although thatsbeing said,itsnot theonly placeI Hketo goto.When Joesis closed,I mightalso visitBoBs Restaurant^•Ti mepast,present,and future:first discoveredJog sa yearago,and Ivebeengoing regularlyever since.I hopeit staysopen foryears tocom e.”Technique:C.H.E.A.T.If itsonly acasual conversationor ELTSspeaking question1,you mightnot needtouse everyletter ofCHE AT,but withenough practice,youwillknow whichlettersare themost appropriateto thequestion Timeyour answers andtrytospeak foraslong aspossible usingthis method.Q uestions
1.W hat isNOT includedinthecriteria forfluencyA.few pausesB.using appropriatevocabularyC.appropriate speedD.appropriate cohesive devices
2.W hichone istheworstfor yourfluency scoreA.self-correctionB.long pausesC.saying“uh,“‘ti m,““出‘D.speaking too quickly
3.True orfalse Youcan neverspeak aswell asyoucanread.Good news•Fluency istrainable,evenatlower levels.•If youareahigh beginneror lowintermediate speaker,youcanspeak fluentlyaswelX ifyou justknow howto practiseit!
4.True orfalse Itis bettertospeaktooquicklythan tooslowly.
5.True orfalse Advancedgrammar shouldbe practisedthesame wayas basicgrammar.
6.True orfalse Thelonger youspeak,the betteryour scorewillbe.Do youhave anyquestionsTodaV stopics•How fluencyismeasured•Some common issuesstudents face•Techniques forfixing eachof theseissuesHow isFluency Measured如何衡量流利度?How isFluency Measured如何衡量流利度?the ELTSspeakingscorecriteria theBritish Council流利与连贯•Fluency andcoherence25%词汇丰富度•Lexical resource25%语法结构的丰富和准确•Gra mm aticalrange andaccuracy25%发音•Pronunciation25%Fluencythe abilitytospeak at lengthabout avariety oftopics,without longpausesor repetitionsof words.How isFluency Measured如何衡量流利度?In orderto scorewell mthis category,you needto:•pause onlyrarely3nd onlybecause ofcontent,not language,•skiUfuHy usecohesivedevicesas appropriate,•seldFcorrect onlyrarely,and•speakata comfortablespeed.Itispossible toachieve avery highscore evena9ifyoupause abit andcorrectyourself aseven nativespeakers dothis,but ifyou doit toomuch,it willbecom eclear thatyou areritascomfortable speakingEnglish asyoushouldbe.。