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国际海洋法第一节概述
一、国际海洋法的概念The law of the sea isthat lawby whichStates regulatetheir relationsin respect of the marineterritory subject to coastal State jurisdiction and thoseareas of the seaand seabed beyondanynational jurisdiction.
三、国际海洋法的编纂Codification ofInternational Law of the Searelevant conventionsare:a Conventionon theTerritorial seaand theContiguous Zone1959[TSC],entered into领海与毗连区公约force onSept10,1964;大陆架公约•b Conventionon theContinental Shelf1958[CSC],Jun.10,1964;
④c Conventionon Fishingand theConservation of the LivingResources of the High Seas;捕鱼和养护公海生物资源公约1958[FC],Mar.20,1966;公海公约:d Conventionon theHighSeas1958[HSC],Sept.30,1962and eUnited NationsConventionon thelaw of the seaLaw of the SeaConvention1982[LOSC],Nov.16,1994联合国海洋法公约
四、领海基线baselines of the territorial sea心The startingpoint forestablishing themaritime zones.3The baselinesof a state servedual functionsTheydemarcate thestates internal waters fromexternal waters.They alsoprovidethe linesfrom which the outerlimits ofmaritime zoneswill bemeasured.Thus,allwaters of astatethat arelandward of its baselinesare internal waters and are anintegralpart of the territoryof the coastal State,andaretreated virtuallyas if they werepart of thestates land territory.Waters seawardof astates baselinesare subjectto thelawof thesea.According toLawof theSeaConvention thereare twotypes ofbaselines:3正常基线1,normal baseline/natural baselineLOSC Article5the normalbaseline formeasuring the breadth of the territorial sea isthelow-water linealong the coast asmarked onlarge-scale chartsofficially recognizedby the coastal”测算领海宽度的正常基线是沿海国官方承认的大比例尺海图所标明的沿岸低潮线”State.直线基线
2.Straight baselinesLOSC Article71“In localitieswhere thecoastline isdeeply indentedand cutinto,or if thereis afringe ofislands alongthecoastin itsimmediate vicinity,the methodof straightbaselines joiningappropriatepoints may be employedin drawingthe baselinefrom which the breadth of the在海岸线极其蜿蜒的地方,或者如果紧接海岸有一系列岛屿,测算领territorial sea is measured.海宽度的基线的划定可采用连接各适当点的直线基线法”第二节主要海域The right of hot pursuit ceasesas soonas the ship pursuedenters the territorial seaofits ownState orof athird State.The right of hot pursuit may be exercisedonlyby warships or militaryaircraft,or otherships or aircraftclearly markedand identifiableas beingongovernment serviceand authorizedto thateffect Wherea ship hasbeen stoppedor arrestedoutsidethe territorial sea incircumstances whichdo notjustify the exerciseof the right ofhotpursuit,it shall be compensatedfor any lossor damagethat mayhavebeenthereby sustained.LOSC Article81waters on the landwardside of the baseline of the territorial seaform part of the领海基线向陆一面的水域构成国家内水的一internal waters of the State.”部份legal status:
1.coastal Statehas completeand exclusive sovereignty subjectto therightofforeignvessels indistress toseek safetyin internalwaters
③
2.Where the establishment of a straightbaseline has the effectof enclosingasinternal watersareas whichhad notpreviously beenconsidered assuch,a rightof innocentpassageas providedin this Convention shallexist inthose waters.
二、领海the territorial sea,令页海的概念7Concept ofterritorial sea仆LOSC Article21“The sovereigntyof a coastal Stateextends,beyond itsland territoryandinternal waters and,in the case of an archipelagic State,its archipelagic waters,to anadjacent沿海国的主权及于其陆地领土及其内水以外邻belt ofsea,described asthe territorial sea.”接的一带海域,在群岛国的情形下则及于群岛水域以外邻接的一带海域,称为领海领海的宽度
2.Breadth of the territorial seaLOSC Article3uEvery Statehas theright toestablish thebreadth ofits territorial sea upto alimitnot exceeding12nautical miles,measured frombaselines determinedin accordancewiththisConvention/5每一国家有权确定其领海的宽度,直至从按照本公约确定的基线量起不超过十二海里的界限为止1Interior limit of the territorial sea::--is baselinesof the territorial sea,which isthe boundarybetween internalwatersandterritorial领海的内部界线■一是领海基线,是内水和领海的分界线sea.2Outer limitof the territorial sea•LOSC Article4The outerlimitof theterritorial seaisthe lineevery pointof which is ata distance from the领海的外部界限”•■nearest pointof thebaseline equalto thebreadth of theterritorial sea.是一条其每一点同基线最近点的距离等于领海宽度的线,领海的法律地位3legal statuscLOSC Article27The sovereigntyof acoastal Stateextends,beyond itslandterritoryandinternal watersand,in thecase of an archipelagic State,its archipelagic waters,to anadjacent沿海国的belt ofsea,described astheterritorialsea.7主权及寻其陆地领土及其内水以外邻接的一带海,胜群岛国的情形下则及于群岛水域以外邻接的一带海域,称为领海®2This sovereigntyextends to the air space over theterritorialsea aswell asto Itsbed and此项主权及于领海的上空及其海床和底土subsoil.2®3The sovereigntyover theterritorialseais exercisedsubjecttothisConventionand to other对于领海的主权的行使受本公约和其他国际法规则的限制rules ofinternational law.3The natureof the coastal state9s rightsin theterritorialseais statessovereignty.沿海国在领海上的权利的性质为国家主权无害通过权4therightof innocent passage;The rightsof thevessels of other statesto passthrough theterritorialsea通过的意义1Meaning ofpassage・LOSC Article18CA.navigationfor the purpose of:C a.traversing thatsea withoutentering internalwaters or calling ataroadstead or portfacility outsideinternalwaters;orb.proceeding toor frominternalwaters oracall atsuch roadsteadorportfacility.・B Passageshallbecontinuous andexpeditious.・通过是指为了下列目的,通过领海的航行;A・穿过领海但不进入内水或者停靠内水以外的泊船处或者港口设;施a.・驶往或者驶出内水或者停靠这种泊船处或者港口设施h・通过应继续不停和迅速进行
8.无害通过的意义2Meaning ofinnocent passage•LOSC Article19A Passageis innocentso longas itis notprejudicial to the peace,good orderor security of the通过只要不伤害沿海国的和平、良好秩序或者安,全coastal State.A就是无害的
8.Passage ofaforeign ship shallbe consideredto beprejudicial to the peace,good orderorsecurity of the coastal State ifin theterritorialseait engagesin anyof thefollowing activities:B.如果外国船舶在领海内进行下列任何一种活动,其通过即应视为伤害沿海国的和平、良好秩序或者安:全c a.any threator use offeree againstthe sovereignty,territorial integrityor political;对沿海国的主权、领土完整或者政治独立进行任何independence of the coastal State a.武力威胁或者使用武力;以任何种类的武器进行任何°b.any exerciseor practicewith weaponsof anykind;b,操练或者演习;间谍活动O c.spying;c任d.any actof propagandaaimed ataffecting thedefence orsecurityof the coastal State;d何目的在于影响沿海国防务或者安全的宣传行;为・,在船上起落或者接载任何飞机;e.the launchingor taking on board aircraft;e公£在船上发射、降落或者接L thelaunching,landing ortakingon board of any militarydevice;载任何军事装置;g.the loadingor unloadingpersons orgoods contrarytothecustoms,fiscal,immigration or•违反沿海国海关、财政、移民或者卫生sanitary laws and regulationsof the coastal State;g的法律和规章,上下任何商品、货币或者人;员;故意和严重的污染行为;h.willful andserious pollutionh.,,捕鱼活动3L fishing;一/./•进行研究或者测量舌动;research orsurvey activities;5k.any actaimed atinterfering with any systemsof communicationor any other facilitiesor.任何目的在于干扰沿海国任何通讯系统或者任何其他设installations of the coastal State;k施或者设备的行为;直接关系的任L any other activitynot havinga directbearing onpassage.何其他活动司法管辖权
5.judicialjurisdiction刑事管辖权7criminaljurisdictionC LOSC Article27,A..The criminaljurisdiction of the coastal State shouldnot beexercised onboarda foreign shippassingthrough theterritorialseato arrestany personor toconduct anyinvestigation inconnectionwithanycrime committedonboard the shipduring itspassage,save onlyin沿海国不应在通过领海的夕卜thefollowing cases:国船舶上行使刑事管辖权,以逮捕与在该船舶通过期间船上所犯任何罪行有关的任何人或者进行与该罪行有关的任何调查,但下列情形除外协罪行的后果及于沿海a.if theconsequences ofthe crimeextend toecoasta/S/afe;a国;仆if thecrime isof akind todisturb thepeace ofthe countryor thegood法罪行属于扰乱当地安宁或者领海的良好秩序的性;质order ofthe fe/r Ma/sea;h今c.if theassistance ofthe localauthorities hasbeen requestedby themaster ofthe shipor by a经船长或者船旗国外交待表或者领diplomatic agent or consularofficer of theflag State;orc事官员请求地方当局予以协;助或者・c dif suchmeasures arenecessary for the suppressionof illicittraffic innarcotic drugsor.这些措施是取缔违法贩运麻醉药品或者精神调理物质所必要的psychotropic substances.dBJn othercases,the coastal State shall,if themaster sorequests,notify adiplomatic agentorconsular officeroftheflagState beforetaking anysteps,and shallfacilitatecontact betweensuchagentorofficer and the ship9s crew.In casesof emergency如经船长请求,this notificationmaybecommunicated whilethe measuresare beingtaken.B.沿海国在采取任何步骤前应通知船旗国的外交待表或者领事官,员应便利外交待表或者领事官员和船上乘务人员之间的接触遇有紧急情况,发出此项通知可与采取措施同时进行民事管辖权2civiljurisdiction•LOSCArticle28The coastal State shouldnot stopor diverta foreignship passingthrough theterritorialseafor the purpose ofexercising civiljurisdictionin relationto aperson onboard the ship.The coastalState may not levyexecution againstor arrestthe shipforthepurpose of anycivilproceedings,save onlyin respectof obligationsor liabilitiesassumed or incurred by theship itselfin thecourse orforthepurpose ofits voyagethrough the waters ofthe coastalState.・沿海国不应为对通过领海的外国船舶上某人行使民事管辖权的目的而住手其航行或者改变其航向沿海国不得为任何民事诉讼的目的而对船舶从事执行或者加以逮,犍涉及该船0舶本身在通过沿海国水域的航行中或者为该航行的目的而承担的义务或者于是负担的责任,则不在此限・
三、毗连区Contiguous zone・t ConceptuIna zonecontiguous toits territorialsea”.The contiguouszone mayextend beyond24nautical milesfrom thebaselines fromwhich thebreadth oftheterritorialseais measured.
2.Legal statusContiguouszone hasno unattachedlegal status.LOSCArticle33the coastalState mayexercise thecontrol necessaryto:a.prevent infringement ofitscustoms,fiscal,immigration orsanitary laws andregulations within its territoryor territorialsea;・b punishinfringementofthe abovelawsand regulations committedwithin itsterritoryor territorialsea.”沿海国可在毗连其领海称为毗连区的区域,前使为下列事项所必要的管制;司防止在其领土或者领海内违犯其海关、财政、移民或者卫生的法律和规;章切惩治在其领土或者领海内违犯上述法律和规章的行为
四、群岛水域archipelagic watersIarchipelagic State^archipelagic State“means a State constitutedwholly byone or more archipelagosand mayincludeother islands.
2.Legal status of archipelagicwatersaarchipelagic waters”—the watersenclosed by the archipelagic baselines.The sovereigntyofanarchipelagic Stateextends to archipelagicwaters,regardless oftheirdepth ordistancefrom thecoast,totheair spaceover thearchipelagicwaters,as wellastotheir bed and subsoil,andtheresources containedtherein.3Right ofarchipelagic sealanes passage1All shipsand aircraftenjoy therightofarchipelagic sealanes passagein suchsea lanesandair routesas designatedbythearchipelagicState.2uArchipelagic sealanes passagemeans theexercise inaccordance withthisConvention ofthe rightsof navigation and overflightin thenormal modesolelyfor thepurpose ofcontinuous,expeditious andunobstructed transitbetween one part ofthe high seas or anexclusive economic zone and another part ofthe high seas oran exclusive economic zone.
五、用于国际航行的海峡Straits usedfor international navigationtLegal statusThe regime ofpassage throughstraits usedforinternational navigationshall notinotherrespects affect the legal statusofthewatersforming suchstraits ortheexerciseby theStatesbordering the straits oftheir sovereigntyoijurisdiction oversuch watersand theirairspace,bed andsubsoil.2Theregimeof passagefreedomsof navigation and overflightif there existsthrough the strait aroute throughthe high seasorthrough an exclusiveeconomic zoneof similarconvenience withrespect tonavigational andhydrographicalcharacteristics,in suchroutes,the freedomsof navigationand overflightapply.2transit passageuTransitpassagemeans theexercise ofthefreedom of navigationandoverflight solelyforthepurposeofcontinuous andexpeditious transitofthestrait betweenonepartofthe highseas oranexclusive economic zoneandanotherpartofthe highseas oran exclusive economiczone.3Innocent passage7thestrait is betweena partofthe highseasoranexclusiveeconomiczoneand theterritorial sea ofaforeignState.8ifthestraitisformed byan islandofaState borderingthestrait and itsmainland,transitpassage shall not applyifthereexists seawardoftheisland aroute throughthe highseas orthroughanexclusiveeconomiczoneof similarconvenience withrespectto navigationalandhydrographical characteristics.Thereshallbe nosuspension ofinnocentpassagethrough suchstraits.
六、专属经济区the exclusiveeconomic zoneTheexclusiveeconomiczone isan areabeyond andadjacent totheterritorialsea,shall notextend beyond200nautical milesfrom thebaselines fromwhichthebreadthoftheterritorial seais measured.
2.Legal system1Rightsjurisdiction and duties ofthe coastalStateRights:1sovereign rightsforthepurposeof exploringand exploiting,conserving andmanagingthe natural resources,whether livingor non-living,ofthewaters superjacentto thesea-bed andofthesea-bed andits subsoil,and2with regard tootheractivities sovereignrights forthe economicexploitation andexplorationofthezone,such asthe productionof energyfrom thewater,currents andwinds.jurisdiction1theestablishmentand useof artificial islands,installations andstructures;2marine scientific research;3the protectionandpreservation ofthe marineenvironment DutiesthecoastalState shall have due regardtothe rights andduties of other States2Rights andduties ofother Statesin theEEZRights:thefreedoms ofnavigationandoverflight;thefreedoms ofthe layingof submarinecables andpipelines;andother internationallylawful usesofthesea relatedto thesefreedoms.DutiesStates shall havedueregardtothe rightsandduties ofthecoastalState and shallcomplywith the lawsandregulations adoptedbythecoastalState.
七、大陆架continental shelftDefinition ofthe continental shelfThe continental shelf ofacoastalState comprisesthesea-bedandsubsoil ofthesubmarine areasthat extendbeyond itsterritorialseathroughout thenatural prolongationof itslandterritory tothe outer edge ofthe continental margin.Breadth ofthe continental shelfTo adistance of200nautical milesfrom the baselinesfromwhichthebreadthoftheterritorialseais measuredwhere the outeredgeofthe continentalmargindoes notextend uptothat distance,Thefixed pointscomprising thelineoftheouterlimits ofthe continental shelf on thesea-bed eithershallnot exceed350nautical milesfrom thebaselines fromwhichthebreadth oftheterritorialseais measuredor shallnotexceed100nautical milesfromthe2500metreisobath,whichisa lineconnecting thedepth of2,500metres.2Legal statusof continental shelf1The rightsofthecoastalStateover thecontinentalshelfdo notdepend onoccupation,effective ornotional,or onany expressproclamation.2The coastalState exercisesexclusivesovereignrights over thecontinentalshelf forthepurpose of exploring itand exploiting its naturalresources.3The rightsofthecoastalStateover thecontinentalshelfdo notaffectthelegalstatusofthe superjacentwatersoroftheairspaceabove thosewaters
3.Legal system1Rights anddutiesofthecoastalStateA.The coastalState exercisesover thecontinentalshelfsovereign rightsforthepurposeofexploringitandexploitingits naturalresources.・B Therights areexclusive in the sensethat ifthecoastalState doesnot explorethecontinental shelfor exploititsnaturalresources,no onemay undertakethese activitieswithoutthe expressconsent ofthecoastalState.・C ThecoastalStateshall havethe exclusiveright to authorize and regulate drillingon thecontinentalshelffor allpurposes.・D thecoastalStateshallhavethe exclusiveright toconstruct andtoauthorizeandregulatetheconstruction,operation anduseofartificialislands and necessaryinstallations andstructuresE Theexercise oftherightsofthecoastalStateoverthecontinentalshelfmust notinfringeor resultin anyunjustifiable interferencewith navigationand otherlegitimate rightsandfreedomsofother States.2Rights anddutiesofother Statesoverthecontinentalshelf
八、公海一公海的概念和法律地位High seas are referredto asall partsofthesea thatare notincluded in the exclusiveeconomiczone,intheterritorialseaorinthe internalwatersofaState,orinthe archipelagicwatersofanarchipelagicState,Legal status
1.No Statemay validlypurport tosubject anypartofthe highseas toits sovereignty.
③2Every State,whether coastalor land-locked,hastheright tosail shipsflyingitsflag onthe highseas.3The highseas shallbe reservedforpeaceful purposes.•二公海的法律制度
1.Freedom ofthe highseasThe highseasareopen toall States,whether coastalor land-locked,comprises:1freedom ofnavigation;2freedom ofoverflight;3freedom tolay submarinecables andpipelines;4freedom toconstruct artificialislandsandother installationspermitted underinternationallaw;5freedom offishing;6freedom ofscientificresearch,2Jurisdiction onthe highseas7jurisdiction oftheflag stateA.Nationality of shipsEvery Stateshallfix theconditionsfor thegrant ofits nationalityto ships,for theregistrationofshipsinitsterritory,andfor theright toflyitsflag.Ships havethe nationalityof theStatewhoseflag theyare entitled tofly.There mustexist agenuine linkbetweentheState andthe ship.Nationality ofship isestablished bycertificate ofship andtheflyingflag.B,Status ofshipsa.Ships shallsail underthe flagof oneState onlyand shallbe subjectto itsexclusivejurisdictiononthe highseas.A shipmay notchange itsflagduring avoyage orwhile inaport ofcall,save inthecaseofareal transferof ownershipor changeof registry.・b Aship whichsails underthe flagsof twoormoreStates,using themaccording toconvenience,maynotclaim anyofthenationalities inquestion withrespect toanyotherState,and maybe assimilatedtoaship without nationality.a Thepreceding articlesdo notprejudice thequestion ofships employedontheofficialservice ofthe UnitedNations,its specializedagencies orthe InternationalAtomic EnergyAgency,flying theflagoftheorganization.C,Duties oftheflag Statea.Every Stateshall effectivelyexercise itsjurisdictionandcontrol inadministrative,technical andsocial mattersover shipsflyingitsflag.“每一个国家应对悬挂该国旗帜的船舶有效地行使行政、技术及社会事项上的管辖和控制”・b assumejurisdictionunder itsinternal lawover eachshipflying itsnag andits master,officers andcrew inrespectofadministrative,technical andsocial mattersconcerning the ship.,,根据其国内法,就有关每艘悬挂该国旗帜的船舶的行政、技术和社会事,项对该船及其船长、高级船员和船员行使管辖权,a EachStateshallcause aninquiry tobe heldby orbefore asuitably qualifiedpersonorpersons intoevery marinecasualty or incident ofnavigation onthehighseas involvingashipflying itsflagand causingloss oflife orserious injuryto nationalsof another State orseriousdamage toshipsorinstallations ofanotherStateor tothemarineenvironment TheflagStateandtheotherStateshall co-operate inthe conductof anyinquiry heldby thatotherStateinto anysuchmarine casualtyorincidentofnavigation.・每一国家对于涉及悬挂该国旗帜的船舶在公海上因海难或者航行事故对另一国国民造成死亡或者严重伤害,或者对另一国的船舶或者设施、或者海洋环境造成严重伤害的每一事件,都应由适当的合格人士一人或者数人或者在有这种人士在场的情况下进行调戏于该另一国就任何这种海难或者航行事故进行的任何调,船旗国«应与该另一国合作G D.Immunity ofwarships onthehighseasWarships onthehighseas have complete immunity fromthe jurisdiction of any Stateother than theflagState.E.Immunity ofships used only on government non-commercial servicecShips ownedor operatedbyaStateandusedonlyon governmentnoncommercial serviceshall,onthe highseas,havecompleteimmunityfromthejurisdictionofanyState otherthan theflagState.◎3universaljurisdictionRight ofvisit:Except whereacts ofinterference derivefrom powersconferred bytreaty,awarship whichencounters onthehighseas aforeignship,otherthanashipentitledtocompleteimmunity,is justifiedin boardingit ifthere isreasonable groundforsuspecting that:a the ship is engaged inpiracy;cb.theship is engagedintheslave trade;c.theshipisengagedin unauthorizedbroadcasting andthe flagState ofthe•warship hasjurisdiction;・dtheshipiswithoutnationality;ore.thoughflying aforeignflagor refusingto showitsflag,theshipis,in reality,ofthesamenationality asthe warship.Ifthe suspicionsprove tobe unfounded,and providedthat theship boardedhas notcommittedany actbeing suspected,it shallbe compensatedforany lossor damagethat•mayhave beensustainedTheseprovisions applyto militaryaircraft,anyotherduly authorizedshipsoraircraft clearlymarkedand identifiableas beingongovernmentservice.今4protectivejurisdiction
⑥Right ofhot pursuitThehotpursuitofaforeignshipmaybeundertaken whenthe competentauthorities ofthecoastal Statehave goodreason tobelieve thattheshiphas violatedthelawsandregulationsof thatState.Such pursuitmust becommenced whentheforeign shiporone ofits boatsis withinthemaritime spacesunder thejurisdictionof pursuingState,and mayonly becontinued tothe hignseasifthepursuit hasnot beeninterrupted.。