高考语法复习定语从句知识讲解+知识清单

高考英语语法复习定语从句知识讲解

一、概念定义用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫做定语从句简单地讲定语从句就是修饰名词或代词的作定语的句子大家要清楚一个概念，那就是它就相当于一个形容词，作后置定语，所以定语从句通常又被称为形容词性从句可以解释为什么什么样的人或物☆前置形容词的位置顺序Op sha co m（记住这个无意义的单词）opinion shapeage colouroriginmaterialtwo verynice smallFrench woodenchairsan interestinglittle redFrench oilpainting定语从句的位置只能放在它所修饰词的后面，被修饰的词我们叫它“先行词”Tom,who is17,is my classmate.Tom ismyclassmate,who is

17.（Tom就是先行词）

二、结构被修饰的名词/代词+关系词+从句〃被修饰的名词/代词“二〃先行词〃这儿要强调的是先行词只能是名词或代词“先行词”与“关系词”之间实质上是互等、互换的关系关系词的作用就是将先行词所表达意义“代到”从句中来起作用“先行词”往往是分别重复出现在两个句中（主句和从句）的名词或代词先行词可以看成区别定语从句和名词性从句的标记看以下两句That sall that I have told him.此句为定语从句，先行词为allThat swhat I havetoldhim.此句为表语从句，由what引导，没有先行词★那为什么一定要有关系词呢？关系词可以看作是连接主句和从句的桥梁，它指代先行词在从句中充当一个句子成份这就体现了英语句子的链形结构，英语的句子逻辑性很强，就象一环扣一环的链条有了关系词，就把主句和从句紧紧地联系在了一起比如下面这组句子第二个句子中who把主从句连在了一起The woman-she livesnext door-is adoctor.The womanwho livesnext dooris adoctor.又如The girlis Mary.We sawher yesterday.The girl-we sawher yesterday-is Mary.The girl-her wesaw yesterday-is Mary.The girlwho/whom/that wesaw yesterday is Mary.关系词可分为关系代词和关系副词关系代词有who,which,that,whose（所有格），as关系副词有when,where,why特别注意what不能引导定语从句，只能引导名词性从句

三、分类

1.限定性定语从句（去掉定语，意义模糊）对先行词进行限定、修饰The manwho is talking isMarys father.

2.非限定性定语从句对先行词进行补充、说明Tom,who is17,is agood student.”是非限定性定语从句的标志注意以下两组句子的区别一The oldman hasa son,who isin thearmy.（他只有一个儿子，这个儿子在参军）The oldman hasa sonwho isin thearmy.（他有一个参军的儿子）可能不只一个儿子He saidnothing thatmade her angry.他没有说使她生气的话He saidnothing,which madeherangry.他什么也没有说，这使她很生气特别注意在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that

四、特征我们撇开先行词和关系词后，再看剩下的从句，这个句子一定会缺少一个句子成份，而这个成份就是由先行词来充当的比如The manwho is talking isMary sfather.去掉关系词who,剩下is talking,则缺少主语，这个主语也就是由who,即the man从句补充完整就是The manis talking.再如This isthe reasonwhy he was late.不看关系副词why,剩下he waslate和句子原意再比，缺少原因状语完整句子应该是He waslatefor thatreason.（why=for what）我们分析一个定语从句时、可以按以下三步来做一.先确定先行词，定语从句一定有先行词，并且只能由名词或代词（有时会是整个句子）来充当二.判断从句的起止，也就是从什么地方开始到什么地方结束，可以用括号括出三.判断先行词在从句中充当什么成份（或看先行词可以还原到从句什么位置，如果要加介词才能还原，则为状语，要用关系副词why,where,when或介词前置），以此确定关系词这个步为关键特别注意分析时主句和从句要分开看，不能互相影响

五、关系代词引导的定语从句引导定语从句L指代先行词.

2.在定语从句中必须充当一个成分

3.She isthe girlwho canspeak Englishverv well.♦T♦先行词关系词定语从句.指代.引导.在定语从句中充当成分（主语）2the girl

131.关系代词在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语（whose,which）o表示人时用who（主格/宾格）；whom（宾格，也就是动词或介词的宾语）；that,whose（所有格）表示物时用which,that,whose（注意that和whose既可表人也可表物），另外which可以指代前面整个句子注意，介词后宾语表人用whom,表物用which,若是表所有格，用whose特别注意what不能引导定语从句，只能引导名词性从句

2.我们来看以下几个例句The girlwho/that isstanding at the gateis anEnglish teacher,（who,that作从句的主语，表人）That snot Tomwho/that issitting nextto John,（who,that作从句的主语，表A）-That snotTom.Tom issitting nextto John.The girlwhom/who/that Peter istalkingto is a teacher,（whom作从句宾语，表人）The girlto whomPeteristalking isa teacher.（介词可以前置，且当介词前置时，表人只能用whom）（人）The girlwhose motherisanurse isa teacher,（whose与它所修饰的名词一起构成一个名词短语在从句中担当成分）（物）The bookwhose coveris missingis very funny.（不可分割的一部分，指物时可用of which来代替）=The book,the coverof whichis missing,is veryfunny.The roomwhose doorfaces southis verybright.（物质所属）=The room,the doorof whichfacessouth,is verybright.The bookwhich/that belongsto meis missing,（which/that作从句主语，表物）1dont likethe novelthat/which youare reading,（that/which作从句动词的宾语,表物）

3.which的特殊用法He waslate forschool again,which madethe teachervery angry,（which指代前面整个句子，作从句的主语）He advisedme tohide behindthe door,which adviceI tookat once.（which作定语）She had a littlemoney in the bank,with whichto helpher mother,（which与不定式连用，构成定语短语）

（1）介词+关系代词例句（包括介词前置）指人作宾语whom㊀㊀指人或物作定语whose㊀㊀关系代词指人或物作定语、表语、宾语that㊀㊀指物作主语、宾语、表语、定语which㊀㊀指人或物作主语、宾语、表语as㊀㊀指时间作时间状语when㊀㊀指地方作地方状语[where㊀㊀关系副词指原因作原因状语why㊀8指人作主语、表语、宾语who㊀㊀注意介词的选择，要根据从句来确定，不能受主句影响！This isthe roomin which I live.先行词room在从句中要加上介词in作地点状语，也就是作in的宾语从句还原应该是I live in theroom.止匕句也可以转换成This isthe roomwhich Ilivein.I havepaid forthe housein which he lived.注意此句不能用for which,分析此句时，先确定先行词the house,其次确定the house或which在从句中要加介词in作状语不能受主句中the house前介词for的影响The manto whomyou talkedjust nowwill chairthe meetingtomorrow.=The man whom/who youtalked tojust nowwill chairthe meetingtomorrow.He told me thetickets arehard tobuy,in which case you d betterbuy rightnow.（which作case的定语）The books,some of which hehas read,are veryinteresting.表示整体与音B分关系The students,most of whom haveseen themovie,are fromour class.He spent2hours there,during whichtime heslept.The bossin whosedepartment Mr.King workedhadaheart attack.但注意，在部分固定短语中介词不能提前，比如care for,call on,put off,listen to,look for,look after等，如果把它们拆开，那么这些短语就失去了原来的含意The oldmanwhomI amlooking afteris better.

（2）介词+关系代词的倒装I arrivedat abuilding in front of which growmany trees.I arrivedat abuilding,and manytrees growinfrontof it.We visiteda hillat thefoot of which liesa temple.We visiteda hill,and atemple liesat thefoot of it.They wentinto theclassroom inthe centerofwhichstands alarge table.They wentinto theclassroom,and alarge tablestands inthe centerofit.关系代词as（as…as…，such as,the sameas/that）可放于句首和句中，可作从句主语、宾语和状语（做题时一般看到前面有as,such,the same等，大部分情况后面都选as）常用于be known,expected,reported,announced,shown•••As weall know,China isa bigcountry,as作宾语China isintheeast ofAsia,as isknown toall.as作主语Our team,as wehad expected,won the game.Take asmany booksas you can.I wantto readsuch abook asyou read,（as定语从句）This issuch agood book that weall likeit.（so/such…that・••结果状语从句,that后跟完整的句子）Please doit inthe sameway asI did.（as作状语）I wantto borrowthe samebook asyou read.我想借一本和你读的一样的书I wantto borrowthe samebookthat you read.我想借你读的那本书（只有一本）

六、特殊的定语从句

①It/This is+the+序数词+时间+（that）+定语从句（从句用完成时）It isthe firsttime（that）Ihaveever beenhere.It is（high）time+that+定语从句It istime thatwe shouldgo home.It istime thatwe wenthome

②the way+定语从句，the way做从句状语时，通常省略关系词或用that/in whichTheway（that/in which）he isdoing theexperiment is veryfunny.

③time,moment,second,minute等后，通常用that来代替when引导定语从句，并且常省略The momenthe arrives,I willring youup.（that/when）常省略By thetime Johncame,Peter hadfinished hiswork,（that/when常省略）

④But作为关系代词（了解即可）,相当于that（who）…notThere arevery fewbut admirehis talents.很少有人不佩服他的才华

七、定语从句的省略定语从句除了上述特殊定语从句中的

2、3点两种情况的省略外，主要是当关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可省，注意，只有做宾语时才能省但如果是介词前置，则不可省The novelwhich/that hewrote isinteresting.The manwho/whom Tomistalkingwith isa teacherin ourschool.

八、定语从句的主谓一致

1.当关系代词作定语从句的主语时，定语从句中的谓语动词在人称和数上要和先行词一致I knowthe studentwhois yourclassmate.The studentswho aremy classmatesare goingto helpthe oldman.

2.“oneof+可数名词复数”引导的定语从句中，谓语动词应用复数；而“one of+可数名词复数”前有the,only或the only修饰，定语从句中的谓语动词用单数He isone ofthe studentswhostudy very hard at school.He isthe only/the onlyone ofthe studentswho studiesveryhardatschool.

九、定语从句需特别注意的地方

①situation,case,point在从句中充当状语时，后常用whereI pickedup theapples.Some ofthem werebad.Can you think ofa situationwhereyou canuse theword

②标点符号，比较以下一组句子I pickedup theapples andmost ofthem werebad.I pickedup theapples,some ofwhich werebad.

③关系词选择时，要注意从句中的及物动词和不及物动词，从而判断先行词在从句中所作的成份特别是看到先行词是时间、地点、原因时，要特别小心注意下面几组句子:I11never forgetthe dayswhen/in which we workedtogether.I11never forgetthe daysthat/whichwespent together.I wentto theplace where/at whichI workedten years ago.I wentto theplacethat/whichIvisited tenyearsago.This isthe reasonwhy/for whichhewaslate.This isthe reasonthat/whichhegave.

④which和whose在从句中做定语时的区别He toldme thetickets arehard tobuy,in whichcase youd betterbuy rightnow.（which作case的定语）He advisedme tohide behindthe door,which adviceI tookat once,（which作定语）The bookwhose coveris missingis veryfunny.（不可分割的一部分，指物时可用ofwhich来代替）The roomwhose doorfaces southis verybright.（物质所属）which做定语时和后面的名词一起指代前面的先行词（通常为整个句子），还原从句为独立分句时往往还原成this/that；如第一句whichcase指代前面的句子，从句可还原成In thatcase,youdbetterbuy rightnow.第二句:1took thatadvice atonce.而whose做定语时只是单独指代前面的先行词，通常可以用ofwhich或ofwhom来代替，还原时往往变为its/his…等比如第三句:The bookisveryfunny andits coveris missing.分裂式定语从句有些定语从句的先行词和关系词之间会插入一些其它成份He arrivedin Jinzhouin1984,where hebecamea manger2years later.此句中关系词不能用when,因为从句中已经有时间状语，因此先行词不是1984,而是Jinzhou带有插入语的定语从句，如I think,do yousuggest等Please choosesomeone whoyou thinkis kind.此句中youthink为插入语，关系代词wh作从句的主语，is是从句的谓语介词from后可以跟whereHe hasbeen tothe citytwice fromwhere hisgirl friendcame.

十、与其他从句的区别

一、定语从句和同位语从句的区别定语从句的先行词或关系代词要在从句中充当一定的句子成份，而同位语从句中则不充当任何句子成份，比较以下两个句子The newsthat ourteam lostthegamedisappointed allof us.止匕句为同位语从句，that连词在从句中不充当任何句子成份The newsthatyoutoldmeyesterdayisso disappointing.止匕句为定语从句，that连词在从句中充当told的宾语

二、定语从句和状语从句的区别状语从句没有先行词，引导词用where,它很明显的特点是其前面为动词、副词等，有时虽有名词但不是表示地点的名词You shouldmake ita ruleto leavethings whereyoucanfind themagain.状从After thewar anew schoolbuilding wasput upwhere therehad oncebeen atheatre.状语从句This isthe roomwhere/in whichwe livedthree yearsago.定从，先彳亍词是room

三、定语从句和强调句的区别强调句型的结构It is/was couldbe---+被强调的成分+that...强调的成分是主语、宾语和状语强调句型可用“还原法”来判断，若删除强调句型结构Itis\was...that后，句子能还原为一个完整的句子，就是强调句It wasatthe school gatethatI met Tom yesterday.It wastheschoolgate where I metTom yesterday.第一句为强调句，去掉强调句型结构后，句子可以还原成一个完整的句子，ImetTomyesterdayatthe schoolgate.而第二句不能还原成一个完整的句子，必须要加个介词at

四、as前置和It作形式主语的主语从句辨析这两种形式主要区别在于as结构有标点符号”号，而It和that连用，比较下面两个句子As isknown toall,the earthmoves aroundthe sun.It isknown toall thatthe earthmoves aroundthe sun.

十一、定语从句练习中的难点陷阱一★从句迷惑主句结构的判断The personwe spoketo_______no answerat first.A.making B.makes C.make D.made对于此题，一些粗心的学生看到to马上就选择C实际上we spoketo是定语从句，修饰the person,主句的主干应该是The personmade noanswer.应该选DThe manwhose songswe arefond ofin ourcity nextweek.A.singing B.to singC.will singD.sang同样，此题易误选A,以为是be fond of singing,实际上whose songswe arefondof为定语，句子主干为The manwill singin ourcity.陷阱二★主句从句结构混杂在一起Everything heaway fromhim beforehe returnedto hishometown.A.took B.had been taken C.had hadbeen takenD.had taken此句对于一些基础差的学生有一定难度，他们无法正确判断句子的结构，容易误选A或D但实际上，此题是主句和从句的结构相互混杂Everything为先行词，he had为定语从句修饰everything,主句主干为Everything hadbeentakenaway.因止匕应选C陷阱三★定语从句和强调句混杂在一起定语从句和强调句本身就容易混淆，如果把两者加在一起就更容易混淆了，做题时，关键是要判断定语从句的范围如以下这个句子It wasin thisbuilding Ionce workedhe methis formerclassmate.（答案是where,that,因为强调部分是in thisbuilding,whereIonce worked是状语从句,强调句主语谓语部分是从he开始）。