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人类非物质文化遗产代表作中国活字印刷术Wooden movable-type printingof ChinaWithoutthe importationof paperand printingfrom China,Europe wouldhavecontinued formuch longerto copybooks by hand,in apainstaking andslow processthatcould takemore thana yearfor eachbook.German printerJohannes Gutenbergdidnot inventmovable type printing,he contributedwith movable type mechanicalprintingtechnology inEurope in
1450.如果没有从中国进口纸张和印刷,欧洲会持续更长时间手工复制书籍,这是一个艰苦而缓慢的过程,每本书可能需要一年以上的时间德国人约翰尼斯・古腾堡没有发明活字印刷,他于1450年在欧洲贡献了活字机械印刷技术More thanfour centuriesearlier,the Chineseinventor Bi Sheng990-1051ADcreated the worlds firstknown movabletype systemfor printing.His printingsystemwas inventedbetween1041and1048during theSong dynasty.However,this systemneverbecame terriblypopular;mostly becausethe Chinesecharacter systemis toolargefor amovabletypeset to be practical.However;when adaptedto theRomanalphabet,this systemworked surprisinglywell.四个多世纪前,中国发明家毕昇(公元年)创造了世界上第一个已知的活字印刷系990-1051统他的印刷系统是在宋朝的年到年间发明的然而,这个系统从来没有变得非10411048常流行,主要是因为汉字系统对于一个可移动的字体集来说太大而不实用然而,当适应罗马字母时,这个系统运行得出奇地好Block printingtechnique wasan expensiveand time-consuming process,foreach carvedblock couldonly beused fora specificpage ofa particularbook;additionally,a singlecarving mistakecould ruinthe wholeblock.雕版印刷技术是一个昂贵且耗时的过程,因为每个雕版只能用于特定书籍的特定页面;此外,一个雕刻错误可能会毁掉整个书版During theNorthern SongDynasty,BiShenginvented themovable-type printingaftermany years of experimentation.He engravedthe characterson smallpieces ofclay,and heatedthem until they becamehard movablecharacters.When printingabook,people placedthe moveablecharacters inorder into a wholeblock andthen代ran offa print.A erprinting,they tookthe blockapart andreused thecharacterslater.This methodwas botheconomical andtime-saving.北宋时期,经过多年的实验,毕昇发明了活字印刷术他把汉字刻在一小块泥胚上,加热汉字直到其变成硬的活字印书时,人们按顺序将活字摆在一起,印出印迹印刷完后,他们把字分开,以后重复使用这种方法既经济又省时Chinas movable-type printingfirst spreadeastward intoKorea andJapan,thenwestward intoPersia andEgypt,and atlast,around the world.While basedon claytype,type madeof wood,lead,tin,and coppergradually appeared.The inventionofmovable-type printinggreatly promotedthe culturalexchanges amongcountries allovertheworld.中国的活字印刷术首先向东传至朝鲜和日本之后向西传至波斯和埃及最后传遍全球而在粘土印刷的基础上,逐渐出现了由木头、铅、锡和铜制成的活字印刷活字印刷术的发明大大促进了世界各国的文化交流7One oftheworlds oldestprinting techniques,wooden movable-type printingismaintained inRui anCounty,Zhejiang Province,where itis usedin compilingandprinting clangenealogies.Men aretrained todraw andengrave Chinesecharacters,which arethen setinto atype-page and printed.This requiresabundant historicalknowledgeand masteryof ancientChinese grammar.Women thenundertake theworkof papercutting andbinding,untiltheprinted genealogiesare finished.Themovable characterscan beused timeand againafter thetype-page isdismantled.木制活字印刷是世界上最古老的印刷技术之一,保存在浙江省瑞安县,用于编制和印刷氏族族谱男人们被训练画汉字和雕刻汉字,然后把汉字放入活字页打印出来这需要丰富的历史知识和对古代汉语语法的掌握然后,妇女承担剪纸和装订的工作,直到印刷的家谱完成活字拆页后可以反复使用Throughout theyear,craftspeople carrysets of wooden charactersand printingequipmentto ancestralhalls inlocal communities.There,they compileandprinttheclan genealogybyhand.A ceremonymarks thecompletion ofthe genealogy,andthe printersplace itintoalocked boxtobepreserved.一年到头,工匠们会把一套套木制汉字和印刷设备带到当地社区的祠堂在那里,他们手工编辑和印刷氏族族谱仪式标志着家谱的完成印刷者把它放入一个锁着的盒子里保存The techniquesofwoodenmovable-type printingare transmittedthroughfamilies byrote andword ofmouth.However;the intensivetraining required,the lowincomegenerated,popularization ofcomputer printingtechnology anddiminishingenthusiasm forcompiling genealogieshave allcontributed toa rapiddecrease inthenumber ofcraftspeople.At present,only elevenpeople over50yearsofage remainwhohave masteredthe wholeset oftechniques.If notsafeguarded,this traditionalpracticewill soondisappear.木制活字印刷技术是通过机械和口头方式在家庭中传播的然而,所需的强化培训、低收入、计算机印刷技术的普及和编纂家谱的热情下降,都导致工匠人数迅速减少目前,只有11名岁以上的人掌握了整套技术如果得不到保护,这种传统做法将很快消失50Wooden movable-typeprintingof Chinawas successfullyclassified intheRepresentative Listof IntangibleCultural Heritageof Humanityin
2010.中国活字印刷术于年成功入选《人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录》2010。