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虚拟条件句的三种基本类型与现在事实相反、与过去事实相反、与将来事实相反条件句有真实条件句和非真实(虚拟)条件句两种真实条件句所表示的假设是有可能发生的,而非真实条件句则通常表示一种假想,与事实相反或者不大可能会发生假若我有时间,我就同他们去(陈述语气)If Ihave time,I willgo withthem.假若我是你,我就同他们去(虚拟语气)If I were you,I wouldgo withthem.▲与现在事实相反若与现在事实相反,条件从句的谓语用过去式(通常用)主句谓语用be were,()动词原形”:“should would,could,might+要是我知道她的电话号码,我就可以给她If Iknew hernumber,I couldring herup.打电话了(可惜我不知道)▲与过去事实相反若与过去事实相反,条件从句的谓语用过去完成时(过去分词),主句谓语用hack()过去分词”:“should would,could,might+have+.要是我早点动身,我就准时到了(但我动If Tdleft sooner,Id havebeen ontime身太迟了)▲与将来事实相反若与将来事实相反,条件从句的谓语用过去式(通常用)主句谓语用be were,()动词原形”:should would,could,might+如果我向他提出要求,肯定他会匡助我们If I asked him,Im surehed helpus.(无非我不打算这样做)注几点特殊说明
①主句谓语中的主要用于第一人称后的大致区别是should would,might,could表示结果,表示可能性,表示能力、允许或者可能性would mightcould比较要是你再试一试,你就会成功的(表If youtried again,you wouldsucceed.would结果)要是你再试一试,你可能会成功的(If youtried again,you mightsucceed.might表可能)要是你再试一试,你就能成功了(表If youtried again,you couldsucceed.could能力)
④对于与将来事实相反的情形,请注意以下几点一是这里说的与将来事实相反,实为对将来情况的猜测;二是此用法中的条件从句谓语除用过去式外,有时也用动词原形”(表示可能性极小,常译为“万一”)或者动词原形’“should+were to+(表示与将来事实相反的假设);三是当条件从句使用动词原形”这样的“should+谓语时,主句谓语除可用()动词原形”这样的虚拟语“should would,could,might+气外,也可用直陈语气或者祈使语气If itshould rain tomorrow,don,t expectme.万一明天下雨,就不要等我了(祈使语气)万一我见到他,我就告诉他(直陈语气)If I should seehim,111tell him.、错综时间虚拟条件句2所谓错综时间虚拟条件句即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致,如从句指过去,而主句即指的是现在或者将来,此时应根据具体的语境情况,结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作相应的调整要是昨晚下过雨的话,现If ithad rainedlast night,the groundwould bewet now.在地面就会是湿的彳段若你当时听我的话,You would be muchbetter nowif youhad takenmy advice.你现在就会好多了、两个常考虚拟语气句型3▲句型介绍这两个句型是If itwerent for...和If ithadnJt beenfor...,这是两个很常用的虚拟语气句型,也时常受到命题人的青睐,其意为“若不是有户要不是有,如If itwerent要是没有永第物就无法生长for water,no plantcould grow.,If ithadnt beenfor your assistance we wouldnl have succeeded.=But foryourassistance,we wouldn,t havesucceeded.=Without yourassistance,we wouldnthavesucceeded.、后宾语从句用虚拟语气5wish▲用法说明动词后接宾语从句时,从句谓语要用虚拟语气若要表示与现在事实相反的wish愿望,从句谓语用普通过去时或者过去进行时;若表示与过去相反的愿望,从句谓语用过去完成时或者过去分词;若表示将来没有把握或者不太would/could+have+可能实现的愿望,用动词原形如would could+注特殊注意从句的时态只与从句所指的时间有关,而与的时态无关,比较wish要是我现在有钱就好了I wish I wererich.要是那时我有钱就好了I wishI hadbeen rich.当时我懊悔自己没有钱I wishedI wererich.当时我懊悔自己曾经没有钱I wishedI hadbeen rich.、后的句子用虚拟语气6if only与一样,也用于表示与事实相反的愿望,其后所虚拟语气的时态与if onlyI wishwish后所接时态的情况相同她再勇敢一些就好了If onlyshe hadhad morecourage!我要是当时听了父母的话就好了If onlyI hadlistened tomy parents!她要是愿意和我一道去就好了!If onlyshe wouldgo withme!注通常独立使用,没有主句if only、从句用虚拟语气7as ifthough▲基本用法以引导的方式状语从句或者表语从句,有时用虚拟语气,若表示与as ifas though现在事实相反,谓语动词用普通过去时;若表示与过去事实相反,用过去完成时;表示将来的可能性不大,用动词原形would might,could+他显得认识我似的He actsas ifhe knewme.•他们待我如目生人They treatme as though I were astranger.他说起话来好像曾经出过国He talksas ifhe hadbeen abroad注两点说明从句所表示的内容若为事实或者可能为事实,也可用陈述语气1我们似乎要迟到了It looksas ifwell belate.注意..的翻译2It isntas if..他不像穷的样子或者他又不穷It isntas ifhe werepoor、后的从句用虚拟语气8Its time▲基本用法从句谓语通常用过去式表示现在或者将来,有时也用过去进行时或者动词“should+原形”较少见,且不能省略,其意为早该干某事了”should我们该走了Ifs timewe went[were going,should go].我该上床睡了不用Its timeI wasin bed.were、后句子用虚拟语气9would rather在后的从句中,句子谓语would rather,would sooner,would justas soonthat习惯上要用虚拟语气,表示”宁愿做什么”,具体用法为▲普通过去时表示现在或者将来的愿望我宁愿你明天现在去Id rather you wenttomorrow now.▲用过去完成时表过去的愿望我真希翼你没有这样说过Id ratheryou hadntsaid it.、宾语从句用虚拟语气的种类型1010后的宾语从句▲I wish动词后接宾语从句时,从句谓语要用虚拟语气若要表示与现在事实相反的wish愿望,从句谓语用普通过去时或者过去进行时;若表示与过去相反的愿望,从句谓语用过去完成时或者过去分词;若表示将来没有把握或者不太would/could+have+可能实现的愿望,用+动词原形如would could我希翼我能有什么用处I wishI couldbe ofsome use.我们希翼他不吸烟We wishhe didntsmoke.I我希翼物价能降下来wish priceswould comedown.▲表示“坚持”后的宾语从句主要是指的宾语从句,从句谓语由动词原形构成,其中的在insist“should+should美国英语中通常可以省略如I我坚持要他留下insisted that he shouldstay.注动词后接宾语从句时,除可用虚拟语气外,也可用陈述语气,两者的区insist别是若谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生,或者尚未成为事实,则用虚拟语气;若谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生,或者已经成为事实,则要用陈述语气比较:他坚持说我看过他的信He insistedthat I had readhis letter.他坚持要我看他的信He insistedthat Ishould readhis letter.▲表示“命令”后的宾语从句主要是指的宾语从句,从句谓语由动词原形构成,其中order,command“should+的在美国英语中通常可以省略如should他命令把它送回去He orderedthat itshould be sent back.▲表示“建议”后的宾语从句主要是指等的宾语从句,从句谓语由advise,suggest,propose,recommend动词原形”构成,其中的在美国英语中通常可以省略如“should+should.他建议我们早点动身He suggested that we should leaveearly注与动词相似,动词后接宾语从句时,除可用虚拟语气外,也可insist suggest用陈述语气,两者的区别也是若谓语动词所表示的情况尚未成为事实,则用虚拟语气,此时通常译为建议”;若谓语动词所表示的情况为既成事实,则suggest要用陈述语气,此时的通常译为“表明”、“认为,比较并体味suggest He•他建议我们留下吃饭suggested that weshouldstay fordinner我觉得你与他心照不宣I suggestedthat youhad asecret understandingwith him.▲表示要求”后的宾语从句主要是指等后的宾语从句,从句谓语由动词ask,demand,require,request“should+原形构成,其中的在美国英语中通常可以省略如should我要求他走开Iaskthat heleave..他要求我出场He requiresthat Ishould appear▲表示“提议”“投票”后的宾语从句主要是指等后的宾语从句,从句谓语由动词原形”构成,其中move,vote“should+的在美国英语中通常可以省略如should我提议通过这项提案I movethat weaccept theproposal.▲表示“敦促”后的宾语从句主要是指动词后的宾语从句,从句谓语由动词原形”构成,其中的urge“should+在美国英语中通常可以省略如should•他敦促他们到欧洲去He urgedthat theygo toEurope▲表示“安排”后的宾语从句主要是指动词后的宾语从句,从句谓语由动词原形构成,其中的arrange“should+在美国英语中通常可以省略如should他安排我去国夕卜He arrangedthat Ishould goabroad.▲表示“希翼”“打算”后的宾语从句主要是指动词后的宾语从句,从句谓语由动词原形构成,其desire,intend“should+中的在美国英语中通常可以省略如should她希翼他做此事She desiresthat hedo it.▲表示“指示”后的宾语从句主要是指动词后的宾语从句,从句谓语由动词原形构成,其中的direct“should+在美国英语中通常可以省略如should将军指示释放那些俘虏The generaldirected that the prisonersshould beset free.、主语从句中的虚拟语气11在It isnecessary,important,strange,natural,advisable,anxious,compulsory,绝对必要,crucial,desirable,eager,essential,fitting,imperative impossible,improper,obligatory,possible,preferable,probable,recommended,urgent,vital;;等结构后的主语从etc.it isa pityIt isrequested/suggested/desired/proposed句中要用虚拟语气,即动词原形或者只用动词原形如Should+.•类▲Its important.这——类型主要包括It iswas importantnecessary,desirable,imperative,・句型如advisablethat..他不可能会回家去It isimpossible that he should go home...类▲Its a pity.她竟吃得这么差,真可怜It isa pitythat she should fareso badly.…类▲Its desired这种主语从句还常用在It iswas desiredsuggested,settled,proposed,requested,句型如decided,etc.that...建议付诸表决It isrequested thata votebe taken.、表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气12在advice,agreement,command,decision,decree,demand,determination,indication,insistence,order,preference,proposal,request,requirement,等名词后的表语从句、同位语从句中要stipulation,suggestion,idea,plan,order用虚拟语气,即动词原形或者只用动词原形如should+我们的建议是你应该Our suggestionis that youshould bethe firstto go.第一个去、在以免,以防引导的目的状语从句中的虚拟语13lest,for fearthat incase气在以免,以防从句中用在动词原形,可lest,for fearthat incase ould+should以省略.她走得彳艮轻以免吵She walkedquietly lestshe shouldwake upher roommates.醒她的室友为方便记忆,表格对照使用虚拟语气的主要句型谓语动词的虚拟形式例句表现在的虚拟条件句从句用动词过去多用be were
1.If I were you,IshouldstudyEnglish.
2.I wouldcertainly goif I had time.主句动词原形would/should/could/might+表过去的虚拟条件句从句had+PP
1.If youhad takenmy advice,you wouldnothave failedin thetest.
2.If Ihad lefta littleearlier,I would have caughtthe train.主句would/should/could/might+have+PP表将来的虚拟条件句从句
①用动词过去
②原
③should+V were+to do
1.If itwere toraintomorrow,the meetingwouldbeput off.
2.If youcame tomorrow,wewouldhave themeeting.主句would/should/could/might+have+PR省略的条件句从句用倒装形式,即把等置于句首(并只限)if were,had were/had主句根据虚拟的情况采取与从句相应的形式(
1.Were Iin schoolagain=If Iwere)in schoolagain,I wouldwork harder.(不能说)错
2.Were itnot for the rain,Werent itfortherain,I wouldgo swimming.综时间条件句(从句与主句所表示时间不一致)根据从句与主句表示的不同时进行调整
1.lf youhad workedhard yesterday,you wouldbe tirednow
2.If wehadnt beenworking hardin thepast fewyears,things woudbe goingsosmoothly.涵蓄条件句(虚拟条件暗含在短语或者上下文之中,从句不表现出来)(常见有but要不是等)根据句子表达的实际情况选用相应的虚拟条件句中for without的主句的动词形式
1.Without air,there wouldbe noliving things.
2.1wouldhavegiven youmore help,but Iwas busynow.名词性从句中的虚拟语气“可惜......……就好了”,“悔不该……”希望……后从句:与表各wish,wish种时间的虚拟条件句中的从句动词形式基本相同具体表与现在不能实现的愿望,从句用“过去时,用1,be were,表与过去不能实现的愿望,从句用或者2“had+PP could/would+have.•表与将来不能实现的愿望,从句用+动词原形”+PP“3“could/would
1.1wishIwere abird.
2.I wishIhadknown theanswer..后的宾语从句后从句动词常用过去式would ratherwould rather
1.I wouldratherthey cametomorrow等——类动词后demand,insist,suggest,command,order,require,request,desire的宾语从句(表“暗示、隐含等表“强调,力言等”不用虚拟语气)从句谓suggest insist,语用动词原形可省()“shoulck should
1.I suggestyou shouldgo atonce.
2.He suggestedthat hepatients legshould becut andthis suggestedthathewas.(注意两个的准确翻译)not goodatthecase suggest()上述等动词过去分词(或者“It iswas+demand/suggest等形容词)”后的主语从句从句谓语用important,natural,strange‘necessary动词原形,可省()“should+should
1.It orderedthat thearmy shouldget thereby4a.m.()
2.It isnecessary thatsheshouldbesentthere atonce.等名词后的表语从句或者同order,suggestion jdea,plan,proposal,advice,demand位语从句从句谓语用动词原形,可省“should+should Hisdemand isthatwe()should finishthe workin3hours.特殊形式的虚拟语气引导的从句表示非真实时但表真实时,不用虚拟语气与虚拟语气条件中从as if句动词形式基本相同
1.Tom speaksas ifhe were a girl.
2.He looksas ifhe hadbeen toBeijing.引导的目的状语从句原so that,in orderthat May/might/should+V Ilive sothatothers maylive better.后的定语从句从句谓语动词常用过去式,有时也可用It isthe very/hightime that动词原形should+It ishightime thatwe wentshouldgoto bed.It istime thatIwereleaving.省去主句的要是……就好了虚拟条件句与后的宾语从句谓语形式相同If onlywishIf onlyI hadntlost thechance!=I wishI hadntlost thechance某些表祝愿的句子常用原形或者动词原形May+Long liveworldpeace!May yoube happyl表委婉客气的是常语句情态动词的过去式+动词原形Could Iborrow yourbikeWould youplease giveme ahand虚拟语气的用法虚拟语气表示一种假设的情况,或者一种主观的愿望,即动词所表示的动作或者状态并非事实,或者不可能实现英语虚拟语气的形式有下列几种
一、与现在事实相反连接词条件从句结果从句.动词过去式或者If1were.助动词过去式+动词原形2Should+动词原形WouldcouldmightIf hadthe time,John wouldmake atrip toChina to see theGreat Wall.If Iwere you,I wouldgive updrinking immediately.二.与将来事实相反连接词条件从句结果从句动词原形If
1.should+动词过去式
3.动词原形4wereto+Should+动词原形WouldcouldmightIf you should lose,what wouldyou doIf Iweretoseeher tomorrow,I wouldtell herthetruth.If youwent therenext time,you wouldsee whatI mean.
三、与过去事实相反连接词条件从句结果从句过去分词If hackShould过去分词Would+have+couldmightIf Tddnown thatit wasgoing torain,I wouldnever have gone fora walkin thecountry.
四、虚拟语气的几种特殊用法省掉的条件从句结构ifHad youasked me,I wouldhave toldyou.=lf youhad askedme,....有时虚拟条件不用条件从句而用不定式、分词、介词、名词、连接词或者定语从2句来表示,如A true friend wouldnot dosuch athing.=lf hewereatruefriend,he...=lf therewere nowater,...=lf youhadnt helpedme,...有时条件从句中的动作和结果从句中的动作发生的时间不一致,如
3.If hehad followedthe doctorsadvice,he wouldbe quiteall rightnow.IfIwere you,I wouldhavegonehome.
五、虚拟语气的其他用法、等动词之后宾语从句须用虚拟语气,其句子结构如下1Suggest,advise suggest,advise,recommend,demand,+动词原形require,insist,urge,request,order,+that...should devide,ask,move,等propose注意在此结构中不可省略;省不省均可that shouldHesuggestedthat they shouldstop smoking.上述动词的名词形式浮现时,引导的从句仍用虚拟语气thatHe madea requestthattheyshouldstop smoking.如果引导的从句所表达的内容是事实,也可用陈述语气thatHe insiststhatheis right.等引导的从句须用虚拟语气,其句子结构如2It iswas+necessary,apity+that下动词完成式imperative,advisable,等动It iswas+important,natural,necessary,+that...should+essential,strange,词原形It isimportant thatyou shouldfollow thedoctors orders.It isright thatyoushouldhave doneyour homework.、的用法3wish动词过去式或者一与现在事实相反were主语主语+动词过去完成式一与过去事实相反+wishthat+助动词过去试+动词原形一与将来事实相反I wishIwerea popsinger.=l am sorry Iam nota popsinger..I wishIhadnever stoppedteaching.=1amsorryI stoppedteaching.I wishtheyd letus getsome sleep.注意与接宾语从句的区别在于表示普通可以实现的希翼,宾语wish hopehope从句用陈述语气表示很难或者不大可能实现的希翼,宾语从句用虚拟语气wish试比较1We hopethey willcome,We dontknow ifthey cancome.2We wishthey couldcome,We knowthey arenot coming.、弓导的从句须用虚拟语气,如4as if,asthough,wouldhad ratherthatIHe actsas ifnothing hadhappened.I wouldratheryoudidnl tellhim.、动词过去式或者动词原形,如5Its hightime that...+should+Ifs time thatyouhad ahair cut.Its hightimethatwe tooksome action.。