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阅读理解一一主旨题解题技巧主旨大意题是高考英语阅读理解中常见命题形式主要考查学生把握全文主旨和理解文章中心思想的能力主旨大意题包括选择最佳标题title,概括文章大意、段落大意和判断作者的写作目的pwpose等常见的命题形式是What doesthe passage/author mainlydiscussWhat is the first/second paragraph mainly aboutWhat is the main idea of the textWhat is the textmainly aboutWhat is the best title for thetextWhat canbe asuitable titlefor thetextWhats the purpose of the passage
一、最佳标题方法:
1、中心句法根据文章中心句,提炼主题词充当文章标题
2、当文章的写作对象特点较多时,常用写作对象的名称充当文章的标题
3、将文章的写作对象和其主要特点、意义或影响整合充当文章的标题概括性:抽象、准确、简短,常用一个短语或一句话标题的特点:针对性标题外延恰当,与文章内容相符,避免以偏概全liked and the highestin statusbased onstudent surveys(调查研究),“We foundthat theleast well-liked teenshad becomemore aggressiveovertime towardtheir classmates.But sohad those who werehigh in status.It clearlyshowed thatwhile likabilitycan lead to healthyadjustment,high statushas justthe oppositeeffect onus.”Dr.Prinstein has also foundthat thequalities thatmade theneighborswant youon aplay date一sharing,kindness,openness一carryover tolater years and makeyou betterable torelate andconnect withothers.In analyzinghis andother research,Dr.Prinstein came to anotherconclusion:Not onlyis likabilityrelated topositive lifeoutcomes,butit is also responsiblefor thoseoutcomes,too.Being likedcreatesopportunities forlearning andfor newkinds oflife experiencesthat helpsomebodygain anadvantage,“he said.
33.What isthe secondparagraphmainly aboutA.The classificationof the popular.B.The characteristicsofadolescents.C.The importanceof interpersonalskills.D.The causesof dishonorablebehavior.解析找主题句法2016•浙江高考阅读C篇Viewing childhooddevelopment asa scientificinvestigation throwslighton howchildren learn,but italso offersan inspiringlook atscience and scientists.Why doyoung childrenand scientistsseem to beso muchalike Psychologistshave suggestedthat scienceas aneffort一the desireto explore,explain,and understandour world一is simplysomethingthat comesfrom ourbabyhood.Perhaps evolution(进化)providedhuman babieswith curiosityand anatural driveto explain their worlds,and adultscientists simplymake use of thesame drivethat servedthemas children.The samecognitive(认矢口的)systems that make youngchildrenfeel goodabout figuringsomething outmay have been adoptedbyadult scientists.As somepsychologists putit,“It isnot thatchildrenare littlescientists butthat scientistsare bigchildren.”
53.What isthe main idea of the lastparagraphA.The worldmay bemore clearlyexplained throughchildren splay.B.Studying babiesplay mayleadtoa betterunderstanding ofscience.C.Children mayhave greaterability tofigure outthings thanscientists.D.One sdrive forscientific researchmay becomestrongeras hegrows.解析找主题句法根据读文关注点定位到原文中的第一句话Viewing childhooddevelopment asa...look atscience andscientists.;再由关注点一一转折信息处定位到本句话的后半部分but italso offersan inspiringlook atscienceandscientists”,此处用到了转折连词but强调本部分内容,故可知本段主要强调研究孩子们的天性可能有助于更好地理解科学家所以B项正确A项表述不够确切,属于过于笼统,不知所云;C、D两项文中未提及,属于无中生有,生搬硬套、判断作者的写作意图各种文体的常见写作目的:记叙文tell astory/teach alesson/share anexperience/entertainreaders广告advertise orpromote products/attract readers议论文argue/persuade/show thewriters opinionon说明文/新闻报道informreaders ofsth./introducesth/provide someinformation/report anevent/present thefindingsof astudy/stress sth2017年高考北京卷C篇Measles(麻疹),which oncekilled450children eachyear anddisabledeven more,was nearlywiped outin theUnited States14years agoby theuniversaluseof the MMRvaccine(疫苗).But thedisease ismaking acomeback,caused bya growinganti-vaccine movementand misinformationthat isspreading quickly.Already thisyear,115measles caseshavebeenreported in the USA,compared with189for al1of lastyear.(弓I出话题)The numbersmight soundsmall,but theyare theleading edgeof adangeroustrend.When vaccinationrates arevery high,as theystill arein the nationasawhole,everyone isprotected.This iscalledherdimmunity n,which protectsthe people who gethurt easily,including thosewhocan tbe vaccinatedfor medicalreasons,babies tooyoung to getvaccinated andpeople onwhom thevaccine doesnt work.(不接种疫苗的危害)But herdimmunity worksonly whennearly thewhole herdjoins in.When somerefuse vaccinationand seeka freeride,immunity breaksdownand everyoneis ineven biggerdanger.That sexactly whatis happeningin smal1neighborhoods aroundthecountry fromOrange County,California,where22measles caseswerereported thismonth,to Brooklyn,N.Y.,where a17-year-old causedanoutbreak lastyear.The resistanceto vaccinehas continuedfor decades,and itisdriven bya realbut verysmall risk.Those whorefuse totake thatriskselfishly makeothers suffer.Making thingsworse arestate lawsthatmakeit tooeasy toopt out(决定不参力口)of whatare supposedto berequired vaccinesfor allchildrenentering kindergarten.Seventeen statesallow parentsto getan exemption(豁免),sometimes justby signinga papersaying theypersonally objecttoa vaccine.Now,several statesare movingto tightenlaws byadding newregulationsfor optingout.But noone doesenough tolimit exemptions.Parents oughttobeable toopt outonly forlimited medicalorreligious reasons.But personalopinions Notgood enough.Everyone enjoysthe life-saving benefitsvaccines provide,but they’11exist onlyas longas everyoneshares inthe risks.(进一步举例说明不接种疫苗的危害及原因)
66.What isthepurposeofthepassageA.To introducethe ideaof exemption.B.To discussmethods tocure measles.C.To stressthe importanceof vaccination.D.To appealfor equalrights inmedical treatment.解析第一段通过but引出话题第二段通过but说明不接种疫苗的危害最后,进一步举例说明不接种疫苗的危害及原因通过分析,很快就能选定答案C.醒目性新颖奇特,激发读者的阅读兴趣注意排除标题干扰项:⑴片面性概括不够所给选项只概括了文章的一部分内容,或以文章中的细节或个别字词作为选项,或以次要信息作为标题⑵过于笼统或过渡概括所给选项概括的范围过大,超出文章所述内容2018课标全国UD篇We veal1been there:in alift,in lineat thebank oronan airplane,surrounded bypeople whoare,like us,deeply focusedontheir smartphonesor,worse,struggling withthe uncomfortablesilence.What sthe problemIt spossible thatwe allhave compromisedconversationalintelligence.It smore likelythat none of usstart aconversationbecause its awkwardand challenging,or wethink itsannoying andunnecessary.But thenext timeyou findyourself amongstrangers,consider thatsmal1talk isworth thetrouble.Experts sayitsaninvaluable socialpractice thatresults inbig benefits.Dismissing small talk asunimportant iseasy,but wecan t forgetthat deeprelationships wouldnt evenexist ifit werentforcasualconversation.Small talkisthegrease(润滑齐Ll)for socialcommunication,says BernardoCarducci,director oftheShyness ResearchInstitute atIndiana UniversitySoutheast.“Almost everygreat lovestory andeach bigbusiness dealbegins withsmall talk,“he explains.The keyto successfulsmalltalkis learninghowto connectwith others,not justcommunicate withthem.”In a2014study,Elizabeth Dunn,associate professorof psychologyatUBC,invited peopleon theirway intoa coffeeshop.One groupwas askedto seek outan interaction(互动)with itswaiter;the other,to speakonlywhen necessary.The resultsshowed thatthosewhochatted withtheirserver reportedsignificantly higherpositive feelingsand abetter coffeeshopexperience.It snot thattalking tothe waiteris betterthantalking toyour husband,“says Dunn.But interactionswith peripheral(边缘的)members ofour socialnetwork matterfor ourwell-being also.”Dunn believesthat peoplewho reachout tostrangers feelasignificantly greatersense ofbelonging,a bondwith others.Carduccibelieves developingsuch asense ofbelonging startswith smalltalk.Small talkisthebasis ofgood manners,“he says.
35.What isthebesttitleforthe textA.Conversation CountsB.Ways ofMaking Smal1TalkC.Benefits ofSmall TalkD.Uncomfortable Silence解析中心句法根据第二段最后一句(专家说闲聊是一种可带来巨大益处的极有价值的社交行为)以及最后一段最后一句(闲聊是良好举止的基础)可知,C项“闲聊的益处”与题干要求一致,故答案为C项A项“会话很重要”为干扰项,错在偷换概念,conversation(会话,交谈)和smalltalk(闲谈)不是一个概念;文章没有就闲聊的方式或方法做具体的解释,故排除B项“进行闲聊的方式”;D项“令人不安的沉默”只是第一段提到的现象之一,而不是文章的主旨:、概括文章大意方法:
1、借助段落主题句归纳段首、段中、段末
2、借助文章主题段归纳首段(新闻报道、议论文、说明文、科技文献)、末段(记叙文、议论文)(根据不同的文体定位主题句)
3、借助主题词归纳抓住文中出现频率较高的主题词,然后对其进行概括和归纳,确定文章的主旨大意,说明文、议论文找主题句的五个小窍门
(1)段落中出现表转折的词语(如however,yet,but,in fact,indeed,actually等)时,该句很可能是主题句(行文标志词定位主题句)
(2)首段出现疑问句时,对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨
(3)作者有意识地反复重复的观点,通常是主旨;反复出现的词语,一般为体现文章主旨的关键词4表示总结或结论的话常有therefore,thus,in brief,in short,allin all,in conclusion,in aword,to sumup,so等行文标志词定位主题句5表示研究成果的词之后find,show,indicate,suggest,according to,sb(权威人士)says等(行文标志词定位主题句)2018课标全国IIIB篇Cities usuallyhave agood reasonfor beingwhere theyare,likea nearbyport orriver.People settlein theseplaces becausethey areeasytogetto andnaturally suitedto communicationsand trade.New YorkCity,for example,is neara largeharbour atthe mouthoftheHudson River.Over300years itspopulation grewgradually from800people to8million.But notall citiesdevelop slowlyover along periodof time.Boom townsgrowfrom nothingalmost overnight.In1896,Dawson,Canada,was unmappedwiIderness荒野.But goldwas discoveredthere in1897,and twoyearslater,it wasoneofthe largestcities inthe West,with apopulationof30,
000.the reasonof itsappearanceDawson didnot haveany ofthe naturalconveniences ofcities likeLondonor Paris.People wentthere forgold.They travelledoversnow-covered mountainsand sailedhundreds ofmiles upicy rivers.Thepath toDawson wascovered withthirty feetof wetsnow thatcould fallwithoutwarning.An avalancheW崩once closedthe path,ki1ling63people.For manywho madeit toDawson,however,the rewardswere worththedifficult trip.Of thefirst20,000peoplewhodug forgold,4,000got rich.About100of thesestayed richmen forthe restof theirlives,its developmentButno matterhow richthey were,Dawson wasnever comfortable.Necessities likefood andwood werevery expensive.But soon,the goldthatDawson dependedon hadall beenfound.The citywas crowdedwithdisappointed peoplewith nointerest insettling down,and whenthey heardtherewere newgold discoveriesin Alaska,they leftDawson Cityas quicklyasthey hadcome.Today,people stillcome andgo一toseewhere theCanadiangold rushhappened.Tourism isnow thechief industryof DawsonCity一its presentpopulation is
762.its decline
27.WhatisthetextmainlyaboutA.The riseand fallof acity.B.The goldrushin Canada.C.Journeys intothe wilderness.D.Tourism inDawson.解析这篇记叙文没有主题段,但是每一段的大意很清楚,很容易归纳出全文的mainidea第一段讲Dawson城市出现的原因第二段讲Dawson城市的发展第三段but一转折讲Dawson城市的衰落所以答案是A2018全国I卷C篇Languages havebeen coming and goingfor thousandsof years,but inrecent timesthere hasbeen lesscominganda lotmore going.When the world wasstill populatedby hunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit(联系)groups developedtheir ownpatterns ofspeech independentofeach other.Some languageexperts believethat10,000years ago,whenthe worldhad justfive toten mi1lion people,they spokeperhaps12,000languages betweenthem.Soon afterwards,many ofthose peoplestarted settlingdown tobecomefarmers,and theirlanguages toobecame moresettled andfewer innumber.In recentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,the developmentof thenation-state andthe spreadof universalcompulsory education,especiallyglobalisation andbetter communicationsinthepast fewdecades,all havecausedmany languagesto disappear,and dominantlanguages suchas English,Spanish andChinese areincreasingly takingover.At present,theworldhas about6,800languages.The distributionofthese languagesis hugelyuneven.The generalrule isthat mildzoneshave relativelyfew languages,often spokenby manypeople,while hot,wet zoneshave lots,often spokenby smal1numbers.Europe hasonly around200languages;the Americasabout1,000;Africa2,400;and Asiaand thePacificperhaps3,200,of whichPapua NewGuinea aloneaccounts forwellover
800.The mediannumber中位数of speakersisamere6,000,whichmeans thathalf theworlds languages are spokenby fewerpeople thanthat.Already wellover400ofthetotal of6,800languagesarecloseto extinction消亡,with onlya fewelderly speakersleft.Pick,atrandom,Busuu inCameroon eightremaining speakers,Chiapaneco inMexico150,Lipan ApacheintheUnited Statestwo orthree orWadjigu inAustraliaone,with aquestion-mark:none ofthese seemsto havemuchchance ofsurvival.
31.Whatisthemainideaofthe textA.New languageswill becreated.B.People slifestyles arereflected inlanguages.C.Human developmentresults infewer languages.D.Geography determineslanguage evolution.解析这是一篇说明文借助段落主题句很容易选正确答案c项
三、概括段落的主旨大意方法:段落有主题句(说明文和议论文),没有主题句就按前面总结文章大意的方法归纳段落大意总分式/总分总式段落首句为主题句,段落其他各句是举例或论证分总式段尾是主题句,段落开头是举例子或者层层推进分总分式主题句在中间开头引出话题一论述主题一解释2019全国高考I卷D篇During therosy yearsof elementaryschool(小学),I enjoyedsharingmy dollsand jokes,which allowedmetokeep myhigh socialstatus.I wasthequeen ofthe playground.Then camemy tweensand teens,and meangirlsand coolkids.They roseintheranks notby beingfriendly butby smokingcigarettes,breaking rulesand playingjokes onothers,among whomI soonfoundmyself.Popularity isa well-explored subjectin socialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,a professorof clinicalpsychology sortsthepopularintotwo categories:the likableandthestatus seekers.The1ikables plays-well-with-others qualitiesstrengthen schoolyardfriendships,jump-start interpersonalskills and,when tappedearly,are employedeverafter inlife andwork.Then theresthe kindof popularitythat appearsinadolescence:status bornof powerand evendishonorable behavior.Enviable asthe coolkids mayhave seemed,Dr.Prinstein sstudiesshow unpleasantconsequences.Those whowere highestinstatusin highschool,as wellas thoseleast likedin elementaryschool,are“mostlikely toengage(从事)in dangerousand riskybehavior.”In onestudy,Dr.Prinstein examinedthe twotypes ofpopularity in235adolescents,scoring theleast liked,the most9。