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《英美文学选读》笔记背完必过Part One:English LiteratureAnIntroduction toOld andMedieval EnglishLiteratureI Understandingand application:(理解应用)
1.England sinhabitants areCelts.And itis conqueredby Romans,Anglo SaxonsandNormans.The Anglo-Saxons broughtthe Germaniclanguage andculture toEngland,whileNormans broughtthe Mediterraneancivilization,including Greek culture,Rome lawand theChristianreligion.It is the culturalinfluence of these twoconquests thatprovided thesourcefor therise andgrowth of English literature.
2.The oldEnglish literatureextends fromabout450to1066,the yearof the Normanconquest ofEngland.
3.The oldEnglish poetrythat hassurvived can be dividedinto twogroups:The religiousgroupand thesecular one
4.Beowulf:a typicalexample ofOld English poetry isregarded as the nationalepic of theAnglo-Saxons.It is an exampleof themingling ofnature myths and heroic legends.
5.After theNorman/s conquest,three languagesco-existed in England.French istheofficial languagethat isused byking and theNormanlords.Latin isthe principaltongue ofchurchaffairs andin universities.Old Englishwas spokenonly bythe commonEnglishpeople.
6.In thesecond halfof14th century,English literaturestarted toflourish with theappearance ofwriters likeGeoffrey Chaucer,William Langland,John Gower,and othersIIRecite:(识记再现)
1.Romance:
①It usesnarrative verseor proseto singknightly adventuresor otherheroic deedsis apopularliterary formin the medieval period.
②It hasdeveloped thecharacteristic medievalmotifs of the quest,the test,the meetingwiththe evilgiant and the encounterwith thebeautiful beloved.
③The hero is usuallythe knight,who setsout ona journeyto accomplishsome missions.There areoften mysteriesand fantasiesin romance.©Romantic loveis animportant partof theplot inromance.Characterization isstandardized,While thestructure isloose andepisodic,the languageissimple andstraightforward.
⑤The importance of theromance itselfcanbeseen asa meansof showingmedievalaristocratic menand womenin relationto theiridealized viewof the world.
2.Heroic couplet:Heroic coupletis arhymed coupletof iambic pentameter.It isChaucer whoused itfor thefirst time in English in his workThe Legend of GoodWoman.
3.The themeof Beowulf:The poempresents avivid picture of howthe primitivepeople wageheroic strugglesagainstthe hostileforces of the naturalworld undera wiseand mightyleader.The poemis anexampleof themingling of the naturemythsandheroiclegends.
4.The Wifeof Bathin The Canterbury Tales:The Wifeof Bathis depictedasthe new bourgeoiswife assertingher independence.Chaucer developshis characterizationto ahigher artisticlevel by presenting characters withboth typicalqualities and individual dispositions.
5.Chaucer sachievement:
①He presenteda comprehensiverealistic pictureof hisage and created awhole galleryof vivid charactersinhisworks,especially inThe CanterburyTales.
②He anticipateda newear,the Renaissance,to comeunder the influence of the Italianwriters.
③He developedhis characterizationto ahigher levelbypresentingcharacterswithbothtypical qualitiesandindividualdispositions.@He greatlycontributed to the maturingof Englishpoetry.Today,Chaucer7sreputation hasbeen securelyestablished asone of the bestEnglish poetsfor hiswisdom,humor andhumanity.
6.“The FatherofEnglishpoetry”:Originally,Old Englishpoems aremainly alliterativeverses withfew variations.©Chaucer introducedfrom Francethe rhymedstanzas ofvarious typesto Englishpoetryto replaceit.@In TheRomaunt of the Rose(玫瑰传奇),he firstintroduced to the Englishtheoctosyllabic couplet(八音节对偶句).
③In TheLegendofGood Women,he usedfor thefirst timein Englishheroic couplet.
④And inhis masterpiece,TheCanterburyTales,he employedheroic coupletwith trueeaseand charmfor thefirst timein thehistory ofEnglish literature.
⑤His artmade himone ofthe greatestpoets inEnglish;John Drydencalled him“thefather ofEnglishpoetry.【例题】The workthat presented,for thefirsttimeinEnglishliterature,acomprehensive realisticpictureofthe medievalEnglish societyandcreatedawhole galleryofvividcharacters fromall walksof lifeis mostlikely0704A.William Langland7s PiersPlowmanB.Geoffrey Chaucers TheCanterbury TalesC.John Gower1s ConfessionAmantisD.Sir Gawainand theGreen Knight【答案】B【解析】P
4.para.2本题考查的是中世纪时期几位诗人作品的创作主题和创作范围A答案是《农夫皮尔斯》及其作者威廉•兰格伦他在其作品中描述了他那个时期的宗教与社会问题C《爱人的告白》,D《高文爵士和他的绿衣骑士》都是约翰•高厄的作品,属于时最精美的骑士文学作品;然而只有乔叟,在英国文学史上第一次向我们展示了表现当时英国社会的一幅综合性、现实主义的画卷,在他的代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》中塑造了一系列来自社会各阶层的生动形象的人物本章小结本章重点:Chaucer andhis achievement本章提示本部分内容以选择题考查,所以,复习时以识记为主Chapter1:The RenaissancePeriodGeneral Introduction考核要求
1.识记1文艺复兴时期的界定2历史文化背景
2.领会1文艺复兴运动的意义与影响2文艺复兴时期的文学特点3人文主义的主张及对文学的影响
3.应用文艺复兴,人文主义及玄学诗等名词的解释考点串讲
1.The Renaissance:The Renaissancemarks atransition from themedievaltothemodern world.Generally,it referstotheperiod betweenthe14th17th centuries.It firststarted inItaly,with thefloweringof painting,sculptureliterature.From Italythe movementwent toembracethe restof Europe.The Renaissance,which meansrebirth orrevival/1is actuallyamovement stimulated by a series ofhistorical events,such as:
①The re-discovery of ancient RomanGreekculture
②The newdiscoveries ingeographyastrology,the religiousreformationtheeconomic expansion.
③The Renaissance,therefore,in essenceisahistorical periodin whichthe Europeanhumanistthinkersscholars madeattempts toget ridof thoseold feudalistideas inmedievalEurope,to introducenew ideasthat expressedthe interestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,to recoverthe purityoftheearly churchfrom thecorruption ofthe RomanCatholicChurch.【例题】The Renaissanceis actuallya movementstimulatedbyaseriesof historicaleventsEXCEPT.0804A.the rediscoveryofancientRoman andGreek cultureB.the vastexpansion ofBritish coloniesin NorthAmericaC.thenewdiscoveries ingeography andastrologyD.the religiousreformation and the economicexpansion【答案】B【解析】P
7.paral文艺复兴是欧洲中世纪和现代社会的分水岭,它的发生有着深刻的社会历史根源,当时的社会发展刺激了文艺复兴的发生,如地理天文大发现,席卷欧洲的宗教改革以及对古希腊,古罗马文化的发掘等
2.Humanism:Humanism isthe essenceoftheRenaissance.It sprangfrom theendeavor torestore amedievalreverence for the ancientauthors andis frequentlytaken asthe beginningof theRenaissanceon itsconscious,intellectual side,for theGreek andRoman civilizationwasbased onsuch aconception that man isthe measureof allthings.Through thenew learning,humanists notonly sawthe artsof splendorand enlightenment,but thehuman valuesrepresentedin theworks.Renaissance humanistsfound in the classicsa justificationto exalthumannature andcame tosee thathuman beingswere gloriouscreatures capableofindividual developmentin thedirection ofperfections,and thattheworldthey inhabitedwastheirs notto despisebut toquestion,explore,and enjoy.Thus,by emphasizingthe dignityofhuman beingsandtheimportanceofthe presentlife,they voicedtheir beliefsthatmandidnot onlyhave theright toenjoy thebeauty ofthis life,but hadthe abilityto perfecthimselfand toperform wonders.Thomas More,Christopher Marloweand William Shakespeare arethebest representativesoftheEnglish humanists.
3.The Renaissancein England:
①The first—the beginning1485-1558-imitation andassimilationPoetry:WyattSurreyThe formerintroduced thePetrarchan sonnetinto England,while thelatter broughtinblank verse.
②The secondthe peakthe ElizabethAge1558-1603—The ElizabethandramaPoetry:SpenserMarloweSpenserian stanza:Spenserian stanzawas inventedby EdmundSpenser.It isa stanzaofnine lines,withthefirst eightlines iniambicpentameterthe lastline iniambic hexameter,rhyming ababbcbcc.Drama:MarloweShakespeareThe Renaissancehero:A Renaissancehero refersto onecreated byChristopher Marloweinhis drama.Such aheroisalways individualisticand fullof ambition,facing bravelythechallenge fromboth godsand men.He embodiesMarlowes humanisticides ofhumandignity andcapacity.Different fromthe tragichero inmedieval plays,who seeksthe waytoheaven throughsalvation andgods will,he isagainst conventionalmorality andcontrives toobtainheaven onearth throughhis ownefforts.With theendless aspirationfor power,knowledge,and glory,the herointerprets thetrue Renaissancespirit BothTamburlaine andFaustusare typicalin possessingsuch aspirit.The Elizabethandrama:It isthe realmainstream ofEnglish Renaissance.It couldbe datedback tothe MiddleAges.English materialwas putinto theregular formoftheLatin comediesof PlautusandTerence.Tragedies werein thestyle ofSenecaThe mostfamous dramatistsintheRenaissance Englandare:Marlowe,Shakespeare BenJackson
③The third-further development1603--1660Poetry:John DonneJohn MiltonMetaphysicalpoetry:The termmetaphysical poetryis commonlyused toname theworkofthe17th centurywriters whowrote undertheinfluenceof JohnDonne.With arebelliousspirit,the metaphysicalpoets triedto breakaway fromtheconventional fashionofthe Elizabethan lovepoetry.The dictionis simpleas comparedwiththat oftheElizabethanortheNeoclassic periods,and echoesthe wordsand cadencesofcommon speech.The imageryis drawnfromtheactual life.The formis frequentlythat ofanargument withthe poefsbeloved,with God,or withhimself.Drama:Ben JacksonEssay:Francis BaconHe isthefirst importantEnglish essayist,is knownfor hisessays whichgreatlyinfluenced thedevelopment ofthis literaryform.Heisalso thefounder ofmodern scienceinEngland.His writingspaved theway forthe useof scientificmethodThe typicalauthors duringthis period考核要求
1.一般识记重要作家的文学生涯
2.识记重要作品及主要内容
3.领会重要作家的创作思想,艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构,人物塑造,语言风格,艺术手法,社会意义等
4.应用1莎士比亚诗歌的主题,意象2喜剧《威尼斯商人》的主题和主要人物性格分析3哈姆雷特的性格分析4史诗《失乐园》的结构,人物性格,语言特点等的分析考点串讲I eWilliamShakespeare
1.The bibliographyWilliamShakespeare isone ofthe mostremarkable playwrightsand poetsthe worldhasever known.
2.ViewpointsViewpoints onpolitics:necessity ofmighty andjust sovereign,andthecondemn totheanti-nature andanti-humanism ofthe feudalwars—anti-feudalismViewpoints onreligion:against thereligious persecutionand racialdiscrimination,against thesocial inequalityandthecorrupting influenceofthegold andmoney--anti-CatholicismViewpoint onliterature:literature shouldbe acombination ofbeauty,kindness andtruth,and shouldreflect natureand reality—humanism
3.The majorcontributions—o—。