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约翰・;瑞宾John Gribbin,英国著名科学读物专业作家,萨塞克斯大约翰葛瑞宾《国民科学须知》中英文互译•学天文学访问学者他毕业于剑桥大学,获天体物理学博士学位,曾先后任职]于《自然》Nature杂志和《新科学家》New Scientist周刊他著有多部科普和科幻作品,其中的科学三部曲《薛定谓猫探秘》50In Search、《双螺旋探秘》of SchrodingersCat In Search of the DoubleHelix和《大爆炸探秘》尤为脍炙人口InSearchof theBig BangAlmost EveryonesGuide to Science Excerpt《国民科学须知》节选Concern forman himselfand hisfate mustalways bethe chiefinterest ofalltechnical endeavours..,in orderthat thecreations ofour mindshallbe ablessing andnot acurse tomankind.Never forgetthis in the midstofyour diagramsand equations.Albert Einstein,Caltech,1931我们致力于所有的技术,无非都是为了我们本身和我们的未来……心中所挂念的是为了创造人类的福祉,而不是制造灾祸在我们以图表和方程式表现时,总要时时秉持这种信念爰因斯坦,于加州理工学院,1931序INTRODUCTIONIf itdisagrees withexperiment itis wrong.与实验不一致就是错的The fateof specialistsin anyone areaof scienceis tofocus more andmore narrowlyon theirspecial topic,learning moreand moreaboutless and less,until eventuallythey endup knowingeverything aboutnothing.不管在哪个科学领域,专家的命运总是如此在自己专业的主题上,研究焦点愈来愈集中、愈来愈狭窄,于是渐渐对愈来愈少的事情知道得愈来愈多,终于,达到七窍通了六窍的境界It wasin orderto avoidsuch afate that,many yearsago,I chosetobecome awriter aboutscience,rather thana scientificresearcher.Theopportunity thisgave meto questionreal scientistsabout theirwork,and toreport myfindings ina seriesof booksand articles,enabledme tolearn lessandlessabout moreand more,although asyet Ihavenot quitereached thestage ofknowing nothingabouteverything.After thirtyyears ofthis,and manybooks focusingonspecific aspectsof science,it seemeda goodidea towrite ageneralbook,giving abroad overviewof science,while I am stillat thestageof knowinga littlebit aboutmost thingsscientific.为了避免走上这种路,从许多年前起,我自己就选择要成为一位科学写作者,而不是科学研究者这样我就有机会多多请教真正的科学家他们在做些什么,再把我发现到的东西写成一系列的文章与书,使我能够对愈来愈多的事情都约略有些了解,即便只是达到七窍通了两三窍的境界而已经过了三十年,也写了很多针对某些科学特殊领域的书之后,对于大多数的科学学问,我仍然处于几乎一窍不通的阶段我想到,也许写一本更一般性的书,对科学做个更宏观的描述,是个不错的好点子,那我不是很快就能涉猎到更宽广的科学领域了吗?Usually,when I write abook thetarget audienceis myself-Iwritethebook about,say,quantum physics,or evolution,that Iwishsomebody elsehad writtenfor meso thatI wouldnot havehad togoto thetrouble offinding thingsout for myself.This timeIamwritingfor everybodyelse,inthehope that there willbe somethinghere foralmosteveryone toenjoy.If youknow alittle quantumphysics orevena lot,you mayfind heresomething youdidnt know aboutevolution;if youknowaboutevolution,you mayfind somethingnewto youabout theBig Bang,and soon.通常我写一本书时,都是以自己为目标读者譬如说,我在写量子物理学或者是进化论时,总是希望那是别人已经替我写了的书,写得让我在阅读时不会遇到麻烦,轻易就能看懂而这次我写这本书,则是把每一个人都当成目标读者,希望大家都能乐在其中,有所收获即使你已经了解一点点量子物理,或甚至懂很多了,也会在这儿发现一些你并不知道的进化论;即使你晓得进化论,也可以从这本书获得大爆炸的新知;等等So,although Iam awareof theghost ofIsaac Asimovlooking overmyshoulder Ihope withapproval atsuch awide-ranging project,1this isnot JohnGribbins GuidetoScience,but aguide foralmosteveryone else.A guidenot somuch forfans of science and thecognoscenti butmoreaguide forthe perplexed-anyone whoisvaguely awarethat scienceis important,and mighteven beinteresting,but isusually scaredoff bythe technicaldetail.所以,虽然我了解阿西莫夫的鬼魂一直在注意着我进行这项包罗广泛的计划这本书理当是艾大师应该完成的著作,我希望已获得他的允许,越俎代庖,但这本书毕竟不是《葛瑞宾的科学须知》,而是给所有国民、不分男女老少的科学须知这本科学须知不专是给喜好科学的人或行家看门道,更是给那些为科学所惑的人,不管是对科学的重要性茫然不知的人,或是对科学可能有兴趣、但通常畏惧于技术细节的人,大家一起来看热闹You wontfind suchtechnicalities herethey haveall beenremovedby myco-author,who haskept mywilder scientificextravagances incheckand hasensured thatwhat remainsis intelligibleto alay-person.What youwill findis onepersons viewof howsciencestands at the endof thetwentieth century,and howthe differentpiecesfit togetherto producea coherent,broad pictureof theUniverseand everythingit contains.你在这里不会发现太专门的东西;那些都已经被共同作者玛丽・葛瑞宾给删掉了,她让这本书的科学部分不至毫无节制,并确保留下来的内容外行人也容易懂你在这里将读到的是葛某人在二十世纪末对科学的看法,以及把不同的发现拼凑在一起后,对宇宙及其包含的万物产生广大且一致的图像The factthatthepieces dofit together in thisway issomething youmightmiss fromfocusing tooclosely onone aspectofscience,suchas theBig Bangor evolution,but itis anextremely importantfeatureof science.Both evolutionand theBig Bangand allthe restarebased onthe sameprinciples,and youcant pickand choosewhichbits of the scientificstory youare goingto accept.你可能会因太专注于某一个科学领域,例如大爆炸或进化论,而忽略了这种方式可以拼凑出来的事物,但那却是科学极端重要的内容进化论及大爆炸以及所有其他的领域都根据相同的原理,你不能够只挑选或选择你能接受的科学情节I oftenreceive communicationsfrom peoplewho,for onereason oranother,cannot acceptthe specialtheory of relativity,which tellsusthat movingclocks runslow andmoving rulersshrink.Sometimesthese peoplestruggle desperatelyto finda wayaround this,whilestill acceptingeverything elsein science.But youcannot.The specialtheory ofrelativitydoes notstand inisolation,as atheory aboutmovingclocks andrulers,but comesinto ourunderstanding of,forexample,the waymass isconverted intoenergy tokeep the Sunshining,and howelectrons behaveinside atoms.If youthrew awaythebits ofthe theorythat seemto refutecommon sense,you wouldbeleft withno explanationof whytheSunis shiningor oftheperiodic tableoftheelements.And thisis justone example.我经常收到别人给我的意见,举出他不能接受狭义相对论的各种理由,相对论告诉我们移动中的钟走得较慢、移动中的尺会缩短这些人仍想相信科学的其他部分,有时候拚命挣扎着想要回避狭义相对论但这是不可能的狭义相对论并不是孤立存在的,有关移动中的钟与尺的理论也是如此,这些都是从我们对其他事物的了解而来的,例如,质量转变成能量来维持太阳的发光,以及电子在原子内的行为如果你抛开一些好像违背常理的理论,那你也将无法用剩下来的理论解释为什么太阳会发光或者元素周期表的道理这只是一个例子而已As Ihope thisbook willmake clear,everything fitstogetherinthemodern scientificworld view.This scientificworld viewis thegreatestachievement ofthe humanintellect,andthepower ofthatachievement standsout moredearly froma lookatthebroad picturethanit doesfrom tooclose attentionto anyone detail.我希望这本书能够说得很清楚,以符合今日科学世界的观点来拼凑每件事情这些科学世界的观点是人类智慧的伟大成就,从宏观的图像看待这些成就,要比近观那些枝微末节,更能感受这些成就的力量There aretwo remarkable,interconnected featuresofthe scientificworld viewthat areoften overlooked,but arewell worthpointing out.The wholething hastaken onlyabout fourhundred yearsto developstartingfrom thetime ofGalileo,which seemsas gooda momentasany fromwhich todate thebeginning ofmodern scientificenquiry.And itcan allbe understoodby asingle humanmind.对科学世界的见解有两个值得注意且相关的特点,但常常被忽略,我在这里要予以点出整个科学的发展差不多也只有四百年(从伽利略的时代算起,此阶段好像比较合适做为现代科学的启元),而且都可以被人类的思考所了解Maybe wecannot allunderstand everybit ofthescientificworld view;but quitea fewindividual humanbeings can,even thoughpeoplehave suchlimited lifespans.And althoughit maytake agenius tocomeup withan idealike thetheoryofevolution bynatural selection,once thatidea isformulated itcan beexplained topeople ofaverageintelligence--often provokingthe initialresponse,How obvious;1how stupidof menot tohave workedthat outformyself.This was,for example,pretty muchThomas HenryHuxleys reactionwhen hefirstread CharlesDarwins Originof Species.As AlbertEinstein saidin1936,The eternalmystery ofthe worldis itscomprehensibility.,也许我们不能够通晓科学世界观点的每一细节,但有不少人却可以,即使人的寿命是有限的虽然如天择演化论的观念需要天纵奇才者方能想得出来,一旦这种观念形成之后,科学家就可以对一般人说明了不过,在开头时往往会引起以下的反应”这多么显而易见!我怎么这么愚蠢,竟没有发现!例如,赫胥黎第一次读达尔文的《物种原始》[即《物种起源》——编注]时,就有这样的反应如同爰因斯坦在年所说的〃这个世界的永久奥秘是它的1936理解能力〃。