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时态和语态的概念时态是谓语动词所表示的动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式语态是指主语与谓语动词之间的关系，分为主谓关系（主动）和动宾关系（被动）在被动语态中，句子的主语是动作的承受者以work为例谓语动词在不同时态下的形式（主动语态）一般时进行时完成时完成进行时时现在am/is/areworking have/hasworkedworkworks have/hasbeenworking过去worked was/wereworking hadworkedhadbeenworking将来willwork willbeworkingwillhaveworked willhavebeenworking过去将来wouldwork wouldbeworkingwouldhaveworked wouldhavebeenworking以work为例谓语动词在不同时态下的形式（被动语态）一般时进行时完成时完成进行时时Gx现在am/is/areworked have/hasbeenworked\am/is/arebeingworked过去was/wereworked hadbeenworked\was/werebeingworked将来willbeworked\willhavebeenworked\过去将来wouldbeworked\wouldhavebeenworked\一.一般时
1.一般现在时（do/does）⑴表示经常性的、规律性、习惯性的动作或行为常与ften,usually,everyday等时间状语连用Hegoestoschoolatsixeveryday.Heusuallyspendssummerinthemountains.⑵表示现在所处的状态，一般性的事实，或普遍真理MyparentsliveinavillageneartheSwissborder.EnglandandFranceareseparatedbytheEnglishChannel.Theearthmovesaroundthesun.⑶代替将来时主将从现
①由when,before,after,assoonas,once,until等引导的时间状语从句和由if,unless等引导的条件状语从句中,川现在时表将来
②表示按计划、时间表要发生的动作，主语通常是事物，且句中常带有时间状语WhenIgraduate,TIIgotothecountryside.Ifhecomethisafternoon,weIIhaveameeting.Thetrainleaveatnineinthemorning.
2.一般过去时did⑴某个特定时间发生且已完成的动作；HesawMr.Wangyesterday.2存在或持续了一段时间的某种状态；RomanEmpireexistedforcenturies.⑶经常发生，或多次反复，或一连串的动作或行为Shesleptverybadlywhenevershestayedwithhergrandparents.⑷代替一般现在时
①谈论过去，主句用过去时，为配合时态一致，即便所说情况现在依然存在，从句也用过去时IfoundthatHarbinwasaverybeautifulcity.
②虚拟语,l结构中，过去时表现在Iwishyoulivedclosertous.⑸对己去世的人的情况描述Edisonwasagreatinventor.
3.一般将来时willdo/其它形式⑴表预测”，即根据分析判断认为某事肯定会发生，或某人肯定会做某事Theweatherwillprobablybegoodtomorrow.⑵表意愿和决心，指个人的意愿,所作的承诺或强调所下的决心Iwillgoandgetyousomefoodtoeat.⑶表示“必然的趋势或结果，与安排或意愿无关Iwillbe16yearsoldnextmonth.⑷其它形式am/is/aregoingtodoam/is/aretodoam/is/areabouttodo一般现在时L现在进行时
4.过去完成时woulddo/其它形式表示从过去的某时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态常用于宾语从句Hesaidhewouldcallmeatsix.二.进行时
1.现在进行时am/is/aredoing⑴表示说话时正在进行中的动作，或目前正在不断变化的情况
①Pleasedontmakesomuchnoise.Iamworking.
②Morepeoplearemovingtothecities,sothecitiesaregettinglarger⑵表示某个特定时间段内正在进行或反复进行的事情，常与these/thosedays,this/thatweek等时间状语连用
①Wearemakingmodelplanesthesedays.
②Imhearingalotofgoodnewsaboutyou.⑶表示赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪，常与always,continually,constantly,forever,allthetime等连用Sheisalwayscomplaining.
2.过去进行时was/weredoing1表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正在进行的动作
①Iwashavingameetingat9:00yesterday.
②In2011hewasstudyinginauniversity.⑵常和一般过去时一起使用，描述一个动作进行过程中另一个动作发生
①HewasreadinganovelwhenIcamein.
②Whenthetelephonerang,IwatchTV.3也能与always,constantly,continually,forever等连用表达某种感情色彩Mybrotherwasalwayslosinghiskeys.
3.将来进行时will/shallbedoing⑴表示将来某个特定时间要进行的动作Whatwillyoubedoingthistimetomorrow⑵表示早已安排将来要做的或预订会发生的事，往往指难以改变Hewillbestayingwithusagainnextyear.★下列动词不用于进行时间感觉类look,smell,feel,taste,see,hear情感类like,love,prefer,admire,hate,fear,adore心态类wish,hope,want,need,believe,understand,forget,agree,know状态类appear,lie位于，remain,belongto,have
三、完成时
1.现在完成时1表示一个动作开始于过去，持续到现在常与for和since,sofar,uptonow,inthepast/lastfewdays/years,recently等连用
①Inthepastfewyears,greatchangestakeplace.
②Hewrite8bookssofar.2表示动作在说话之前已完成，但对现在有影响句中常没有具体的时间状语Ihavelostmywallet.3在“代/丁川51$+山2+序数词/最高级/only+名词”之后的从句中谓语动词常用现在完成时
①ItisthebestfilmthatIsee
②ItisthefirsttimethatIgotoBeijing
③Itistheonlybookthathewrite1一件事情发生在过去，而另外一件事情先于它发生即表“过去的过去”，那么发生在前的动作要用过去完成时
①ShelearnsomeEnglishbeforeshecametotheinstitute.
②Hesaidthathebeabroadfor3years.2表示从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作，常用的时间状语有:by/until/before/bytheendof+表过去的某一时间
①BythenhelearnEnglishfor3years.
②Untilthenheknownothingaboutityet.3Bytheendoflastyear,theytreatover10,000patients.3特殊句型
①Hardly/Scarcely/Barely+过去完成时倒装+when+句子过去时Nosooner+过去完成时倒装+than+句子过去时Hardlywearrivedwhenshestartedcomplaining.
②Itwas/hadbeen+一段时间+since从句过去完成时Itwastenyearssincewehavesuchawonderfultime.3ltwas序数词timethat从句从句谓语用过去完成时ItwasthefirsttimethatIseesobeautifulgirl.表示将来某时刻前某动作已完成，或预计将己完成.常用时间状语为“by+将来的某个时间”Bythetimeofnextweek,theywillreachthedestination.四.完成进行时现在完成进行时动作发生在过去，持续到现在且现在还在进行HehasbeenlearningEnglishfor6years.时态专练
1.-Lets discussthe questionraised lastnight,shall we—There isno hurryfbr that.Besides,I havea meeting.
2.Tony isa lawyernow,but heservein adelivery companyfor sixyears.
3.Teachers shouldbear inmind thateach student/s improvementmonitorclosely.
4.The tourismof Linyiseerapid growthover thelast decade.Now itsthe secondmost visitedcity inShandongProvince.
5.Look!The strangeman Isaw yesterdaywalkaround myhouse again.Should Icall thepolice
6.Leave mealone.Iwrite anarticle allthe afternoonand haventfinished yet.
7.1neednt havebeen inthat hurry.The flightto Chongqingcancel取消due tothe fbggyweather.
8.Some timelyhelpoffersince theorganization wasbuilt.
9.By thetime youcome toour collegeagain,a newbuildingbuild.
10.If citynoiseskeep fromincreasing,peoplehave toshout tobe heardeven atdinner.ll.The bookhas beentranslated intothirty languagessince itcomeon themarket in
1973.
1.11walked slowlythrough themarket,where peoplesell allkinds offruits andvegetables.
13.When Igot onthe bus,I realizedthat Ileavemy walletat home.
14.His firstnovelreceive goodreviews sinceit cameout lastmonth.
15.In thenear future,more advancesin therobot technologyachieveby scientists.
16.Planning sofar aheadmakeno sense—so manythings willhave changedby nextyear.
17.If theirmarketing planssucceed,theyincrease theirsales by20percent.
18.Heplay footballregularly formany yearswhen hewas young.
19.They madeup theirmind thattheybuy anew houseonce Larrychanged jobs.
20.ThiswasthefirsttimeIexperiencesandstormsandIdonteverwanttobeinoneagain.
1.11saytohimwithacheerfulsmile»”Gotoexerciseandyoufeelbetter/
22.Thefamilyaswellastheirdogtrapontheroofbythefloodyesterday.
23.Thesportsmeetingholdinourschoolnow.
24.Thedaythathehadlookedforwardtocomeatlast.
25.Afterschoolwewenttothereadingroomtodosomereading,onlytobetoldthatitdecorate.
26.Sofar,everymeanstrytoimprovemyEnglishbutinvain.
27.Look!TheforeignguestsshowaroundthefactorybyMr.Zhang.
28.Nosoonerthemodelstartupthecatwalkthanthespotlightshonedownonher.
29.1wassenttotheworksitelastmonthtoseehowthedevelopmentplancarryoutinthepasttwoyears.3O.Seetheclouds!Itrain!
1.1ltisthefirsttimethatthetechniqueusetodocumenthowthebrainprocessesgrammarandproduceswords.
32.Hardlyhadhearrivedhomewhenhiswifebegintocomplain.
33.Afreshlybakedcakenotcuteasily.
34.Lookatthetimetable.Hurryup!FlightMU315takeoffat18:
30.
35.Thesunshinebrightlywhenweclimbedtothetopofthehill.。
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