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英语中各个时态的标志和时态间的区别一)一般现在时(do/does,am/is/are,情态动词)a.一般现在时表示的是客观事实或平时反复做的事情通常有频率副词always,usually,often,sometimes,seldom,once aweek,every day等如The earthgoes aroundthe sun.Japan lieseast ofChina.He isnever latefbr school.He oftengets upat sixevery day.Cats canclimb trees.I hearthey havemoved intoa newhouse.He writesto hisfather oncea year.b.一般现在时还可以表示、安排好的,或即将发生的事,通常使用瞬间动词come,start,begin,return,leave等如My planeleaves at6:00a.m..Is thereany meetingtodayThe gamestarts at8:
00.
(二)现在进行时(am/is/aredoing)a.现在进行时表示现在或最近正在做的事情,后面一般接延续性的动词,都表示动作没有进行完如Look!The boyis dancing.He iswatching afootball game.What areyou doingnowThey arepreparing forthe examrecently.b.还常与always,usually,constantly,forever,continually等词连用表示一种语气,“总是,老是…”,如He isalways workinglate.Why areyou alwaysmaking thiskind ofmistakeHe iscontinually gettinginto troublewith thepolice.c.后面接暂转动词时表示正在反复的动作,或表示将来时(一般只有go,come,leave和have)如The monkeysare jumping.They arehitting thetree.表》若来We are going swimmingthis afternoon.They areleaving here.They arehaving anEnglish classtomorrow.试比较He isdoing his homework untilhis parentscome totake himhome.He willdo hishomework untilhis parentscome totake himhome.注表示知觉、感觉、看法、认识、情感或愿望的动词和大部分暂转动词不能用现在进行时如:see,hear,smell,taste,feel,like,hate,dislike,want,love,hate,want,know,forget,remember,understand,believe,suppose,mean,wish,hope,need,believe,refuse,suppose,have,fit,seem,fear,own等
(三)现在完成时a.现在完成时中用瞬间动词表示说话时已经完成的动作,而且这个动作对现在还有影响,句中的时间副词主要有already,yet,now,by thistime,by now;用延续动词表示过去已经开始持续到现在而且还有可能继续持续下去的动作,句中的时间副词主要有this week,in thepast/last/recent fewyears,since...,for...o如He hasalready finishedhishomework.He hasntarrived hereyet.They have been herefbr tenyears.He haswaited heresince he came.*与一般过去时比较,看下面一段对话A:Have youseen mybook I think I have lostit.B:Yes,Isee iton yourtable justnow.But itnotbe thereanylonger.Where andwhen youloseitA:IthinkIlose it yesterday.B:youfind itA:.Yes./No.have finished/stopped/ended一have beenoverhave started/begun一have beenonhave joined—have beenin/a memberofhave tumed/become/got一have beenhaveleft一have been away fromhavearrived/reached/got to一have beenhavedied一have beendeadb.现在完成时中的瞬间动词与延续动词的相互转化:have married/got married to sb.一have beenmarriedtosb.四一般将来时will/shall do,am/is/aregoing to do,am/is/are doing,am/is/are about to doa.一般将来时表示将要发生或打算做的事情,如He willcome backin twodays.When willhe givethe bookback tomeIts goingto rain.We aregoingtohold asports meetingnext week.They areleaving forNew York.He isabouttoleave.
(五)一般过去时(did,was/were,情态动词过去式)a.一般过去时表示在过去的某个时间发生的具体事情,一般都要有表示过去的时间状语,如He went to schoolby bikeyesterday.We hada goodtime last night.He couldcount to1000when hewas three.He wasa teacherbefore.注意:在直接引语转换成间接引语时时间状语的变化:—He saidhe didit the day before.如:He said,I didityesterday.—that daytodayyesterday一the/a/one daybeforethe daybefore yesterday一2days beforelastweek—the weekbefore2weeks ago一2week beforetomorrow一the nextday/thedayafter或one/a daylaterthe dayafter tomorrow—2days after/laterin aweek/next week一the nextweekin2weeks一2weeks after/later六过去进行时was/weredoinga.过去进行时表示在过去的某个具体时间里正在发生的事情,如He wasreading newspaperat sevenyesterday evening.The Smithsare watchingTV atnine lastnight.When he got home,his motherwas cooking.b.或过去的某段时间里持续发生的事情,如I wasstudying Englishin Londonfrom1990to
1992.He waswashing thedishes fromseven oclockto seventhirty.
(七)过去完成时a.表示在过去的一个动作之前就已经完成的动作,即过去之过去注意与现在完成时不同的是过去完成时必须要有具体的时间状语如The trainhad leftbefore shegot to the station.They hadlearnt2000words by the end of lastmonth.He hadbeenadoctor for3years beforehecamehere.He gotback the book that he hadleft in the classroom.No soonerhad hegot to the cinemathan the film began.Hardly hadhegottothecinema whenthefilmbegan.注意如果两个或几个动作连续发生且衔接紧密时用一连串的一般过去式即可如He lockedthe doorand wentaway.Mr.Smith wenttothemarket,bought someflowers andwenttosee hisfriends.He senta telegraphhome beforehe leftParis.
(八)过去将来时(would/should,was/were goingto do,was/weredoing)a.过去将来时表示在过去某时就打算做的事情,或相对于过去将要发生的事情如They weregoing swimmingwhen Imet them.He saidhe wouldgo toNew York.Yesterday hesaid itwas goingto rain,but itdidnt.
(九)复合时态高中阶段所学到的复合时态主要有完成进行时,将来完成时和将来进行时A.完成进行时表示到目前为止一直在做某事过去完成进行时还可以表示刚刚结束的进行动作如He hasbeen paintingthe housethe wholemorning.They havebeen promisingus torise oursalary theseyears.They hadbeen doingtheir homeworkfor3hours beforeI came.I askedhim whathe hadjust beendoingHe hadjust beensleeping beforeI gotthere.B.将来完成时表示,到将来某时即将结束的动作如We willhave learnt3000English wordsbytheendofnext term.They willhave finishedit by12:00tomorrow.c.将来进行时表示将来某时正在进行的动作如We willbe sleepingat thistime tomorrow.She willbe waitingthere at8a.m.if youask herto.区别
一、现在进行时与一般现在时的区别1现在进行时强调目前正在进行的动作,而一般现在时强调经常性或习惯性的动作如Fm readinga storynow.我在看一个故事目前正在干的事情I readstories inmy sparetime.我有空时看故事经常性的行为2现在进行时强调现阶段一直在进行的动作,而一般现在时只表示动作的重复,而不表示动作的持续如What areyou doingthese days这几天你在干什么?They arelearning Englishinthesummer holiday.他彳门暑彳段在学英语They readEnglish everyday,他们每天读英语They playvolleyball everySunday.他们每周星期天都打排球3表示短促动作的动词如jump,knock,beat,pick,skip等的进行时,表示动作的重复如The girlsare jumpingover there.女孩子们在那边跳His heartis beatingfast.他的心脏跳得很快4某些表示希望或想法的动词如hope,wonder,want等的进行时可以表示委婉客气如:Fm wonderingwhether youcan helpus now.我不矢口道你现在能否帮我们——下Im hopingthat youwill succeed.希望你能成功
二、过去进行时与一般过去时的区别1过去进行时强调动作在过去某时刻正在进行或持续,而一般过去时表示动作的完成如He waswriting his composition lastnight.他昨晚在写作文不一定写完He wrotehiscompositionlastnight.他昨晚写了一篇作文已经写完2表示过去的状态、感觉及心理活动的静态动词如be,like,love,hate,fear,own,hear,see,know,want,notice可用于一般过去时,但通常不用于进行时如I hatedit whena manspoke withhis mouthfull offood.我讨厌人们说话时口里含着食物3一般过去时与always,constantly,forever,continually等连用,表示过去经常性、习惯性的动作;而过去进行时与always,constantly,forever,continually等连用,表示动作的重复,常带有感情色彩如He alwaysgot upat six.他过去总是6点起床He wasalways thinking of hiswork.他总是一心想着工作4有时过去进行时可以用来替换一般过去时,但一般过去时表示主语的行为是经过认真考虑的;而过去进行时表示一种较随便或没有进行仔细考虑的行为如I thoughtthathewould agreewith us.我认为他会同意我们的观点I wasthinkingofpersuading himto followmy advice.我想要说服他接受我们的建议
三、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别现在完成时强调动作的结果对现在的影响,属于现在时的范畴:一般过去时强调动作所发生的时间,属于过去时的范畴因此,过去时需跟过去时间连用或有表过去时间的上下文连用,而现在完成时不能与过去时间连用如I read thebooktwo weeksago.我两周前读了这本书I havereadthebook fortwo weeks.这本书我读了两周了
四、现在完成时与现在进行时现在完成时强调动作持续到现在,并且还有可能持续下去,或动作刚结束;而现在进行时只强调目前的状态如They havetalked forabout twohours.他们谈了大约两个小时(强调动作的持续)They aretalking.他们在谈话(强调目前的状态)
五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
(1)过去完成时表示以过去某时间为起点以前所发生的动作或存在的状态,即过去完成时强调“过去的过去“,而一般过去时只表示以现在时间为起点以前所发生的事情或存在的状态如He studied there two years ago.他在那儿学习了两年(离现在两年)He saidhe hadstudiedtheretwo yearsago.他说他在那儿学习了两年(离他说话时两年)
(2)表示过去某个时间以前所连续发生的两个或两个以上的动作时,一般用and,then,but按照动作的先后顺序连接,此时通常用一般过去时而不用过去完成时如He saidhe wentthe shopand boughtsome food.他说他去商店买了一些食品
六、现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别
(1)现在完成时强调动作的完成,而现在完成进行时强调动作的延续因此,表示动作的完成,只能用现在完成时,而不能用现在完成进行时如He haschanged hisidea.他改变了想法2在表示动作的延续时,虽然既可用现在完成时,也可用现在完成进行时,但现在完成进行时强调动作的进行因此在需要明确表示动作还要持续下去时,应用现在完成进行时如We havebeen studyinghere fortwoyears.我们在这儿已经学习两年了3有些延续性动词如keep,learn,live,stay,study,work等,用于现在完成时或现在完成进行时的区别不大如Ihavelived herefor manyyears.=1havebeenliving herefor manyyears.我在这儿住了多年了。