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医学研究生内科复试专业英语Gastric mucosa胃粘膜gastricpits胃小凹reflux esophagitis反流性食管炎Gastroesophageal RefluxDiseaseGERD,胃食管反流病Barretts esophagusBarrett食管Helicopbacter pylori幽门螺杆菌lower esophagealsphincter食管下括约肌upper gastrointestinalhemorrhage上消化道出血Chronic atrophicgastritis慢性萎缩性胃炎Chronicsuperficial gastritis慢性浅表性胃炎intestinalmetaplasia肠化pangastritis全胃炎Cancer ofheEsophagus,食道癌Hiatal Hernia,食管裂孔疝Peptic UlcerDisease PUD,消化性溃疡病parietal cell壁细胞proton pump质子泵kissing ulcer对吻溃疡acutestressulcer急性应激性溃疡Gastrointestinalmucosa-associatedlymphoidtissuelymphoma胃粘膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤endoscopic retrogradecholangiopancreatography,ERCP内镜逆行胰胆管造影Cholelithiasis/Cholecystitis,胆石症/胆囊炎AcutePancreatitis,急性胰腺炎carcinomaofthePancreatitis胰腺癌primary carcinomaoftheLier,原发性肝癌Hepaticencephalopathy肝性脑病hepaticcoma肝昏迷Appendicitis,阑尾炎inflammatoryboweldisease炎症性肠病Regional EnteritisCrohns Disease,局灶性肠炎克隆氏病Ulceratie Colitis,溃疡性结肠炎Intestinal Obstruction,肠梗阻Dierticular Disease,肠憩室疾病colorectal cancer大肠癌carcinoid oflarge intestine大肠类癌colorectal lymphoma大肠恶性淋巴瘤melanosis coli大肠黑变病Polyposis息肉病family polyposiscoli家族性结肠息肉病Functional gastrointestinaldisorder功能性胃肠病functional dyspepsia功能性消化不良irritable bowelsyndrome肠易激综合征chronic diarrhea慢性腹泻alcoholic lierdisease酒精性肝病autoimmunehepatitis自身免疫性肝炎cirrhosis oflicr肝硬化Peritonitis,腹膜炎Hemorrhoids,痔疮Hemiad,疝Medical Terminology医学术语学yi xueshuyu xueIntroductionto theFirstEdition ofMedical TerminologyThis isto serveas anintroduction tomedical terminologythat iscommonly in use bythe Englishspeakinginternational medicalcommunity.This bookis puttogether with the Chineselanguage speakerin mindbutmay beused byEnglish languagespeakers whowish to familiarize themselveswith Chinesemedicalterminology.It isnot intendedas areplacement forthe arduousstudy of the Greekand Latinlanguages,which arethe basisof themajority ofhe words,used bythe Englishspeaking medicalcommunity,butrather asa beginningin learningthe myriadof wordsand termsin useby hemodern medicalcommunity.Learning theterms presentedin thisbook willenable thestudent tounderstand mostof the words andexpressionsincurrentuse,andarmedwiththeknowledgeoftheconstructionofhowGreekandLatinwordsare createdshould enablethe reader,to beable toobtain acomprehension ofany newmedical vocabularyterms.Chinesehas beenadded tofacilitateabetterunderstanding fortheintendedChinesereader.Inthefirstpartofthebookthereaderisintroducedtotheconstructionofmedicalterms.Subsequentchaptershen delveinto thevarious medicalfields,which useterms specificto theirdisciplines.Abbreviations andtermsnot ofGreek orLatin originare introducedtofamiliarizethe readerwith additionalidiosyncrasies inEnglishMedicalTerminology.Howto UnderstandMedical termsand ExpressionsThefoundation formedical termsin the English languagehas itroots in the languagesof Latinand Greek.Knowledge of these languageswill givea Chinese Medical Professionala muchbetter understandingof anunfamiliarword andor expression.Conversely,the MedicalProfessional whomhas English,as theirprimarylanguage will benefit fromseeing theconstruction ofthe ChineseMedicalTerminologyin theirstudiesoftheChineselanguage.FamiliarizeyourselfwiththeLatin,GreekandFrenchworksinthisBookandyouwillbeabletounderstandthe vastmajority ofmedical termsinuseintheEnglish language.When youencounter aword youhavenever seenbefore youwillbeable tounderstand itsmeaning by“dissecting”ihe wordand knowingitscomponents andhow theyarc usedin otherwords.English beinga dynamiclanguage willcontinue toincorporatemore newmedical termsand replaceolder ones,you needto prepareyourself byknowing thematerialcontained withinthismanual.Medical terminologywordsand wordsofimportanceareinBoldscript.Sometimesadefinitionisgivenforthewordandthiswillbeinparentheses.Chineseisaddedtothosewords,whicharcwritteninboldscript,tohelpthereaderunderstandtherelationshipbetweentheEnglishTerminologyandtheChineseTerminology.Pinyin iswrittenin BlueItalicArial scriptwithinparenthesis.An Exampleofthisformat isasfollows:Cardiology thestudyoftheheart心脏病学xinzang bing xueObserve howin ChinesethewordMyocarditis inflamedmuscle layerof heart心肌炎xin jiyan hasastructure,which isnot toodissimilar totheEnglishwith心,xin meaningheart,肌ji meaningmuscleand炎yan meaninginflammation.Using hisword dissectiontechnique thenon-Chinese speakercanfamiliarize themselveswiththe ChineseMedicalrIcrminology.Here isanother exampleto illistratehownicely theChineseconstruct medicalwords.The Chineseword forbig is大da andIntestine is踢chang.Andfromthepreviousexample炎yanisunderstoodtomeaninflammation.Sowhenyoustarttoputthemtogether inwanting tosay largeintestine youhave大月易da changand forcolitis whichis aninflammationofthelarge intestineitis simply大肠炎da changyan.Generally therearc threebasicparts toEnglishmedical terms:WordRoot词根ci genThisisthecentralmeaningofthetermandisusuallyinthemiddleofthemedicalterm.Prefix前缀qian zhuiSeenat thethebeginningoftheterm ithelpsto identifythecentral meaning.Suffix后缀hou zhuiAlways atthe endoftheterm,the suffixmodifies thecentral meaningas towhat orwhois interactingwith itorwhat ishappening toit.Here isan exampleofhowtotake apartaword tounderstand theterm:Myocarditis心肌炎xinji yanPrefixWord RootSuffixmyo=muscle肌ji card=heart心xinitis=inflammation炎yanMyoasthePrefixhelpstoidentifytheWordRootcard,anditismodifyingtheWordRootbyimplicatinganinflammationprocessthatisoccurring.Ergo,wecannowunderstandthatMyocarditisisaninflammationoftheheart muscle.Prefix change:Myocarditis inflamedmusclelayer ofheart心肌炎xinji yanPericarditisinflamedouter layer ofheart心包炎xin baoyanEndocarditisinflamed innerlayerofheart心内膜炎xin ncimo yanSuffixchange:Cardiologist aphysicianspecializing inthe heart心脏病专家xin zangbingzhuanjiaCardiomyopathydamage toheart musclelayer心JUl症xin jinzheng Cardiomcgalyenlargement ofthe heart心脏扩大症xinzang kuodazhengrIhcbasicsillustrated abovearcjustto introducethepartsofmedicalterms anddemonstrate示范shifanhow movinghe partsoftheword aroundmodifies thecentral meaningwithout changingthe WordRootcardio心xin.WhenthePrefixand Suffixchanges itcanalterthemeaning ofatermwithoutchanging itscentralmeaningbykeepingtheWord Rootthesame.Now letus takethe WordRoottherm发热fa rewhich meansheat,and seehow itis usedto make words.Hypo isthe Prefixand meansless,so Hypothermia体温降低li wenjiuan dican meanless heat.AndanotherPrefix addedtotherm isMeterwhichmeans tomeasure,consequentlyaThermometer温度计wendu ji,体温计ti wenji isa somethingused tomeasuring heat.Here bothforms oftheChineseword forThermometerare listedas theChineselanguage distinguishbetween athermometer usedfor measuringtheairtemperature度计wen dujiand anotherforbodytemperature体温计ti wenji.Thefollowing arefrequently usedword beginningsprefixesand wordendings suffixesusedtomakeupmanymedicalterms.Ifyouknowthem,youwillknowthemajorityofsimplemedicalterms.Notethatsomeorganshavemorethanonewordroot.Forexample,letuslookathewordBreast乳房rufangwhichcanbewrittenasmasto-ormammo-.Typically,oneisderived fromtheGreekandonefromLatin.Youneed toknowbothrootsbecauseyoumayseeeitherofthemused.Anx-rayofthebreastiscalledaMammogram乳房X线照片rufangXxianzhaopianandisusedtohelpdetectMastocarcinomabreastcancer乳癌andif thesurgeon mustremove thebreastthen thatprocedure istermed aMastectomy乳房切除术lu fangqiechu shu.Rememberthe partsthat makeupmedical terminologyare prefixes,word rootsand suffixes.The mosttypicalsequenceis prefix,word root,and suffixwith thewordroot beingcentral butthisis notalwaysthecase.In thismanualyou willseeahypheninfront ofasuffixtoindicateitisadded totheend ofaword,letus taketheexampleof-itis inflammation炎yan or-oma tumor瘤Liu.Prefixes andword rootsarcshown asfreestanding word parts.Aslash andavowel,such asseen intheexampleofLeuk/owhite arecalledcombining formswhich makeiteasier toattach tootherwordparts,and,make thewordeasier topronounce.AlargerlistingofRootWords,PrefixesandSuffixesaregiveninAppendixBandisincludedinthisbooktohelp thereaderin furtherdissecting wordsand understandingthem.CommonPrefixesa/an=without,noneAnemia贫血pin xueHyper=more thennormal Hypertension高血压gaoxue yaHyperthermia过高出R guogao reHypo=less thennormal Hypotension血压过低Xue yaguo gaoHypothermia降低体温jian detiwenNormo=Normal Normotensive正常血压的zhen chanxue yadeBrady=slow Bradycardia心搏徐缓xinboxuhuanTachy=fast Tachycardia心动过速xindongguo sumicro=smallMicrostomiaabnormally smallmouth小口的xiao kodemacro=largeMacrostomiaabnormallylarge mouth颊横裂jiaheng liemega/-megaly=enlarged Megacolonabnormally largecolon巨结肠ju jeichangPrefixesShowing LocationEndo=within Endoscopy内窥镜检查法Nei KuiJing JianChaFaPeri=around Perianalaround theanus肛门周围的Gang MenZhou WeiDeCircuin=around Circumcisetocut around环切术Huan QieShuRetro=behind Retrosternalbehind thebreastbone胸骨后的Xiong GuHou DeEpi=upon,ontopEpidermis outermostlayer ofskin表皮Biao PiTrans=through Transurethralthrough theurinaryduct经尿道的Jing NiaoDao DeIntra=withinIntravenousinsidetheveins,e.g.IVfluids静脉内的JingMaiNeiDeSub=belowSubclavianbelowtheclavicle orcollarbone锁骨卜的Suo GuXia DePrefixesShowingColorLeuk/o=whileLeukemiaOverabundance ofwhitebloodcells白血病Bai xuebingxanth/o=yellowXanthomaYellow tumor黄瘤Huang liucyan/o=blueCyanosis Bluenessduetocold orno02inblood苍白病Cang baibing melan/o=blackMelanomaBlack tumoroftheskin黑素南Hei suliuCommonWord RootsStomato=MouthStomatitis LI腔炎kou qiangyanDento=Teeth Dentist牙科医生Ya keishengGlosso/Linguo=Tongue舌头she touGlossitis舌炎Sheyan,Lingual nerve舌神经Sheshen jingGingivo=Gums齿龈Chi yinGingivitis齿龈炎Chi yinyanEncephalo=Brain脑nao Encephalitis脑炎Nao yanGastro=Stomach胃WeiGastritis胃炎WeiyanEntero=Intestine踢Chang Gastroenteritis肠胃炎Chang weiyanColo=Large intestine大踢Colitis大肠炎Dachang yanMegacolon巨结肠ju jiechangProcto=Anus肛门Gang menProctitis宜肠炎Zhi changyan,Proctology直肠病学Zhi changbingxueHepato=Liver肝脏Gan zangHepatitis肝脏炎Gan zangyan,Hepatomegaly肝肿大Gan zhongdaNephro/Rcnc=Kidney幽ShenNephrosis肾变病Shen bianbing,肾病Shen bing,Renal artery肾脏的动脉Shen zangdedongmai,orchido=Testis睾丸Gao wanOrchiditis睾丸炎Gao wanyanOrchidectomy睾丸切除术Gao wanqiechu shuDermo=Skin皮肤pi fuDermatitis皮炎pi yanMasto/Mammo=Breast乳房ru fangMastectomy乳房切除术ru fangqiechushuMammography乳房X线照相术ru fangXxian zhaoxiangshuostco=Bones骨骼gu gcOsteoporosis骨质疏松症gu zhishusongzhengCardio=Heart心脏xin zangElectrocardiogramECG心电图xindian tuRhino=Nose鼻子bi ziRhinitis鼻炎biyan,鼻粘膜炎bi nianmoyanPhlebo/Veno=Veins静脉jinmai Phlebitis静脉炎,jingmai yanPhlebotomy刺骼,放血fang xuePhlebosclerosis声争月底硬化jing maiying huaPncuino/Puhno=Lung肺fei Pneumonitis局限性肺炎ju xianxing feiyanPulmonologist肺科医生fei keyi shengHenio/Emia=Blood血xueAnemia贫ifll,贫血症pin xue,pin xuezhengHematologist血液学家xueye xuejiaCommonSuffixes-itis=Inflammation炎症yan zhengTonsillitis扁桃腺炎bian taoxianyanAppendicitis阑尾炎lan weiyan,盲肠炎mang changyan-osis=Abnormal反常的fan changde Cyanosis苍白病Cang baibing-ectomy=to removeAppendectomy阑尾切除术lan wciqicchu shuTonsillectomy扁桃腺切除术bian taoxian qiechushu-otomy=tocut intoTracheotomycut intowindpipe气管qi guan气管切开术qi guanqiekai shu-ostomy=to makeamouthColostomy结肠造屡术jiechang zhaoloushu-scopy/-scopic=to lookColonoscopy结肠镜检杳jie changjingjian cha-graphy=recording animage Mammography乳房X线照相术ru fangxzhaoxiang shu-gram=image Mammogram乳房X线照片ru fanfX xianzhaopianX-ray X光照片Xguangzhao pianAppendixATypes ofPhysicians and otherMedical ProfessionalsAppendixB Prefixes,CommonRootwords andSuffixesAppendix CCommonMedical AbreviationsAppendixDMedical Termslisted alphabeticallyAbouttheAuthorsAppendix ANamesof TypesofPhysiciansandotherMedical ProfessionalsCardiologist心脏病学家xinzang bingxuejiaCardiovascularSurgeon心血管外科医生xin xueguanwai ke yi sheng心脏血管医师xinzang xueguanyi shiDentist牙科医生Ya kctishengEpidemiologist流行病学家liu xingbingxue jia流行病专家liou xingbingzhuan jia流行病医师liuxingbing yi shengGastroenterologist肠胃病学家chang weibingxuejiaGynecologist妇科医生fu keyi shengHematologist血液学家xueye xuejiaInternist内科医生nei keyisheng实习医生shi xiyishengNephrologist肾病专家shen bingzhuanjiaNeurologist神经科专门医师shen jingkezhuanmen yishiNeurosurgeon神经外科医生shen jingwai keyishengObstetrician产科医师chang keyi shiOncologist肿痛科医师zhongliu keyishiOrderly勤务兵qin wubingOrthopedist整形外科医师zheng xingwai keyishiOsteopathicPhysician整骨医生zheng guyi shengPathologist病理学家bing lixuejiaPlasticSurgeon可塑的外科医生kesu dewaikeyisheng整形外科医生xheng xingwaikeyi shengProctologist直肠病学家zhi changbingxuejiaPsychiatrist精神病学家jing shenbingxue jiaPublicHealthPhysician公众的健康内科医牛.gong zhongdejiankang yisheng公共卫生医生gonggong weisheng yisheng Pulmonologist肺科医生fei keyisheng Researcher调查者diao chazhe学术研究员xueshu yanjiu yuanRheumatologist风湿病学家feng shibing xuejiaSurgeon外科医师waikeyishiUrologist泌尿科医师mi niaokeyi shiPhysicianAssistant医生助手yishengzhu shouMidwife助产士zhu chanshi*接生婆jiesheng poNurse护士hu shiOrdery勤务兵qin wubingCandystripervolunteer糖尿病专家tangniaobingzhuanjia调查者diaochayuan凝结型ningjiexing。