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年高考英语定语从句考点知识精讲2023
一、“介词+关系代词+不定式”的用法
1、用法实例“介词+关系代词+不定式”的表现形式通常为in which to dosth.with which to dosth.on which to dosth等,其中的介词视具体语境的搭配而定如She musthave timein which to growcalm,她需要有时间冷静下来She had no timeleft in which topack herthings,她没有时间收拾行李了He hadonly thelong nights in whichto study.他只有漫漫长夜可用来学习Allow meone minute in whichto change my costumes.给我一点时间来卸装Now he hadnopretext onwhichtoprolong hisstay.现在他已没有继续留下去借口He hada coupleof revolverswith whichto defend himself.他只有一两把手枪用来自卫She hadsome moneyin thebank,with whichto help her mother.她银行里有些钱用来帮助她的母亲The boywants anotherfifty centswith whichto buysome icecream.这男孩还要五角钱去买冰淇淋
2、结构分析在阅读中我们经常可以见到以上这样的“介词+关系代词+不定式”形式,许多读者不明白它是什么结构,其实它就是一种紧缩了的定语从句在正式文体中,当引导定语从句的关系代词用作介词的宾语时,有时可用“介词+关系代词+不定式”这样的结构来简化定语从句比较She musthave timein whichshe cangrow又冷静下来时的时间Allow meone minutein whichI canchange my clothes.二Allow meone minutein whichto changemyclothes给我——点时间换衣服She hadsome moneyin thebank,with whichshe couldhelp hermother.=She hadsome moneyin thebank with whichtohelphermother.她银行里有些钱用来帮助她的母亲
3、补充说明对于“介词+关系代词+不定式”结构,若语义清楚,且结构恰当,有时可进一步省酪其中的关系代词,而只保留介词和不定式注意,此时介词要移至不定式之后,且当先行词为表时间的名词时,该介词通常省略如She musthave timeto growcalm in她必须又冷静下来时的Allow meoneminutetochangemyclothesin.给我一点时间换衣服He wasmiserable unlesshehadneighbors toquarrel with.他要是没有邻居吵架就难受
二、that与which的用法区别两者都可指物,常可互换其区别主要在于
1、引导非限制性定语从句时,通常要用which Thecurrent,which isvery rapid,makes theriver dangerous.水流湍急,使这条河很危险He hasto workon Sundays,which hedoesn tlike.他得在星期天工作,他是不喜欢这样的The Londonteam,which playedso welllast season,has donebadlythis season.伦敦队上一个季度打得很好,这个季度却打得很差
2、直接放在介词后作宾语时,通常要用which Shemay belate,inwhichcase weought towait forher.她可能晚到,那样我们就要等等她The documentsfor whichthey weresearching havebeen recovered.他们找寻的文件已找到了This morningsome portwine came,for whichI haveto thankyou.今天早上送来一些波尔图葡萄酒,为此我得向你道谢注有时“介词+which”引导的定语从句可以转换成“介词+which+不定式”结构He hadonly thelong nightsinwhichhe couldstudy.=He hadonlythe longnightsinwhichtostudy,他只有漫漫长夜可用来学习He hada coupleof revolverswith whichhe coulddefendhimself.=He hada coupleof revolverswithwhichto defendhimself.他只有一两把手枪用来自卫
3、当先行词是下列不定代词或被它们修饰时much,little,none,all,few,every thing,any thing,no thing等时,通常用that All that shelacked wastraining.她缺的只是训练Have youeverything thatyou need你需要的东西都有了吗?The sleepingmans subconsciousmind retainedeverything thatwassaid aroundhim.这位酣睡的人头脑的下意识能记住他周围的人说的话She wouldnever doanything thatwas notapproved ofby herparents.她父母不赞同的事她绝不会做
4、当先行词有the very,the only,the same等修饰时,通常用that Thisis the only examplethat Iknow.我知道的例子只有这一个Those arethe verywords thathe used.那是他的原话
5、当先行词有形容词最高级或序数词(包括last,next等)等修饰时,通常用that Thisis thebest dictionarythat Iveever used.这是我用过的最好的词典The firstthing thatyou shoulddo isto workout aplan.你应该做的第一件事是订个计划
6、当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时,通常用that Chinais not the country(that)it was,中国已不是过去的中国了
7、当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时,通常用that Theytalked aboutthe personsand things that mostimpressed them.他们谈论了使他们印象最深的人和事
8、当要避免重复时Which isthe coursethat weare totake我们选择哪门课程?
三、that与who的用法区别
1、两者均可指人,有时可互换(包括当先行词为all,anyone,someone等,同时也包括先行词受the only等的修饰时)Allthat[who]heard himwere delighted,所有听了他讲话的人都很高兴He istheonlyone amongus that[who]knows Russian.他是我们中间唯一懂俄语的人Anyone who[that]is oversixteen isallowed in.任何超过十六岁的人都允许进去It isimpolite toturn yourback onsomeone who[that]is speakingtoyou.人家跟你说话,你把背朝人是不礼貌的
2、但是在下列情况,通常要用that
①当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时I madea speechon themen andthingsthatI hadseen abroad.我就我在国外所见到的人和事做了报告
②当先行词是who时(为避免重复)Who wasit thatwon theWorld Cupin1982谁赢得了1982年的世界杯?
③当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(可省略)Tom isnottheboy(that)he was.汤姆这孩子已不是以前那个样子了/
3、但是在下列情况,通常要用who当先行词为those且指人时,英语习惯上要用who来引导定语从句如Those whodo notwish togo neednot go.不愿去的人不需要去Those whocouldnt walkwere carriedon stretchers.那些不能走的人都用担架抬着It issaid thatthose whoeat themost arethe leasthealthy.据说吃得最多的人身体最差Only those who hadbooked inadvance wereallowed in.只有那些预先订票的人可以进去The planwas supportedby thosewho wishedto listento moregoodEnglish.这计划受到想多听好英语的人的支持Let usspend afew momentsin silenceso that/in orderthat werememberthosewhodied topreserve ourfreedom.让我们默哀片刻,以缅怀那些为维护我们的自由而牺牲了的人们注偶尔也可见到在who之后用that引导定语从句的用例,但相当少见如The dangeris thatpeople whopay theirbills ontime willbe lumpedinwith thosethat dont.危险的是那些及时付账的人将会同那些不及时付账的人混在一起。