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考点概要写作之各类体裁实战技巧(下)22近年真题考点分布题型概要写作上海秋考说明文科学家们已经在猴子和鸟类身上发现了语言和智力的迹象2020上海春考说明文由于研究和发展的复杂性,全球科学和技术方面的合作是可取的2020上海秋考议论文不要成为最新电子设备的第一个用户2019说明文介绍蜜蜂正以惊人的速度消失,这可能和运输、农作物使用杀虫剂以上海春考2019及环境有关议论文年轻人如何吸引他们未来的雇主上海秋考2018上海春考说明文科学家们认为人类生来就有笑的能力及笑的原因2018【思维导图】【知识梳理】记叙文、说明文、议论文、研究报告类概要写作技巧记叙文(语篇模式)what/who/when/where/why/how议论文()(语篇模式)|opinion/idea+argument supportingideas/reasons说明文()(phenomenon/problem+reason+solution causeand effect,introduction of an objecthow it is made,)(语篇模式)how itis used,how it may change,what makesit newor significant新闻报道类a focuson thefirst paragraphand thefirst andlast sentences of theother paragraphs研究报告类purpose ofresearch/experimental subject/process ofresearch/result ofresearch/research significance/application
一、概要写作的基本原则用尽可能少的词汇集中展现原材料的主要思想和观点概要是简写或再现其他人的观点、思想,是再现()无须加评论,要客观呈现原文的思想representation
二、概要写作的特点完整用自己的语言简要概括原文的主要思想和观点简要去掉不必要的细节,如例子,解释等其他信息(通常是原文的四分之一或五分之一)连贯概要不是关键词句的堆积,而应该是一个逻辑性强、意义连贯的段落客观性要忠实于原文,不要在概要中加入自己的想法或观点
三、概要写作的基本结构文章体裁主题句拓展句概要形式记叙文故事的写作目的/主主题句+若干拓展故事大意,突出冲突题(1句)句;以及故事背后的深意(句)2-3新闻/研究发现的概研究报告类新闻报道类研究过程及最后结果要(句)1(句)2-3主题句+若干拓展句+总结说明文说明的观点/对象/解释/分述(句)2-3现象(句)1议论文文章论点(句)论据(句)12-3
四、概要写作考查的能力阅读理解的能力看懂文章结构,根据短文的结构总结出作者所表达的每个层次的观点;意义删选的能力会区分事实与观点、重要和次要、普遍与特殊、相关与不相关、原因和结果等逻辑关系;释义能力根据同义或近义原则用英文解释英文,用自己的语言解释比较复杂的语言文字,不能照抄原文;逻辑组织能力将总结和释义好的几个相对独立的句子进行有效衔接以使行文连贯
五、解题步骤.确定文章体裁,并找出文章的1main points;.用自己的语言()把文章的表达出来;2paraphrase main points注意段落的逻辑性和连贯性;
3.summary检查是否有自己的观点,若有需删除;
4.检查单词拼写、语法等
5.【要点梳理】>要点一记叙文概要写作技巧实例分析阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇词左右的内容概要60Yesterday Mattwas sick.I pickedup Archiefrom thesitter andEloise fromschool anddecided torun toTarget fbrafew things.I hadhoped to be in and outquickly.I founda linewith justone person ahead of me and began organizingmy itemson theconveyor.After placingmyitems,1looked up to seethat theperson aheadofmewas anelderly woman.She waspaying fbr her itemswith changeandwanted topurchase eachseparately.I wasfrustrated withthis womanand theinconvenience she had placedon me.But thenI watchedthe youngemployee withthis woman.I watchedhim helpher counther change,ever sosoftlytaking itfrom hershaking hands.When sheasked ifshehadenough tobuy areusable bag,he toldher shedid andwent twolinesover toget onefbrherand thenrepackaged heritems.Never oncewas thisemployee angry.He wasnothing butpatientand kind.As Iwas watchinghim,I sawthat Eloisewas too.She wasstanding nextto thewoman,watching the employee countthechange.I realizedI hadntbeen inconveniencedat all.That mydaughter wasinstead witnessingkindness andpatienceand beingtaught thisvaluable lessonby acomplete stranger.When thewoman was finished,theemployeebegan ringingup myitems andthanked mefor mypatience.I thenthankedhim forteaching uspatience andkindness byhis treatmentof thatelderly woman.When hewasfinished,I pushedmycart throughthe storetrying to find themanager.I wantedher toknow of the employeeskindness andpatience andhowmuch itmeant tome.After trackingher downand sharingthe storywith her,we leftTarget witha cartfull ofconsumableitems,but whatis more,a heartfull ofgratitude fbrsuch aninvaluable lesson.If youare everin theGlendale Target,give Ishmaela smileand anod.The worldcould usemore peoplelike him.>要点二说明文概要写作技巧实例分析阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇词左右的内容概耍60Its areally goodidea to visit collegesbefore you apply because their websitescan allstart tolook andsound thesame.Nothing willgive youthe senseof whatit willactually belike tolive on a collegecampus likevisiting andseeing foryourselfthe dorms,classrooms andathletic equipmentand,of course,the students.It seemsa littlecrazy oncesenior yearhitstofindthe timeto visitcollege campuses,and it can alsobe priceyif the schools youare applyingto happento bemorethan acar rideaway.But keepin mindthat youare makinga decisionabout thenext fouryears ofyour life,and doall theresearchyou canto makesure youare makingthe rightone.Theres noexcuse nottovisit theschoolsin yourlocal area.In fact,a lotof collegeapplications evenask if you havevisitedcampus,and obviously,if you live acrossthe countrythat wontbe asmuch ofa possibility,but ifyoulivenearby,gocheck itout!If campus visits arentgoing tohappen beforeyouapply,at thevery leastyou shouldfind sometime betweenapplyingand gettingyour acceptanceletters tovisittheschools youdlike toattend.It cansave youa lotof heartacheifyourule outnowthe things that youdont likeabout certaincampuses,thingsthat you wouldntknow unlessyou actuallyvisit.Now,if timeand moneyare makingit impossible,then checkout theonline college fairs atCollegeWeekLive.Its a(顾问),chance tochat onlinewith admissionsofficers,students,and collegecounselors andit wontcost youa penny!Youcan registerfbr itsonline collegefair atcollegeweeklive.com.While visitingan onlinecollegefaircant takethe placeof anactualcampusvisit,itcan be avery usefultool thatalong withall yourother researchwill helpyou makean informeddecisionabout whichcolleges oruniversities youdlike toattend.>要点三议论文概要写作技巧实例分析阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇词左右的内容概要60Parents everywherepraise theirkids.Jenn Berman,author ofThe Ato ZGuide toRaising Happyand ConfidentKids,says,Weve goneto the opposite extremeofafew decadesago whenparents tendedtobemore strict.By givingkids a lotof praise,parents thinkthey9re buildingtheir childrensconfidence,when,in fact,itmaybe justtheopposite.Too muchpraisecan backfireand,when giveninaway thafsinsincere,make kidsafraid totry newthings ortake arisk forfear ofnotbeing ableto stayon topwhere theirparents,praise has put them.Still,dont gotoo farin theother direction.Not givingenough praisecanbejust asdamaging asgiving toomuch.Kidswill feellike theyrenot goodenough orthatyoudont careand,as aresult,may seeno pointin tryinghard fortheiraccomplishments.So whatis theright amountof praiseExperts saythat thequality ofpraise ismore importantthan thequantity.If praiseissincere andfocused onthe effortnot theoutcome,you cangive itas oftenas your child doessomething thatdeserves averbalreward.6€We shouldespecially recognizeour childrensefforts topush themselvesand workhard toachieve agoal JsaysDonahue,author ofParenting WithoutFear:Letting Goof Worryand Focusingon WhatReally Matters.One thingtoremember is that itsthe processnot theend productthat matters.”Your sonmay notbe the best basketballplayer onhis team.But ifhes outthere everyday andplaying hard,you shouldpraisehis effortregardless ofwhether histeam winsor loses.Praising theeffort andnot theoutcome canalso meanrecognizingyour childwhen shehas workedhard toclean theyard,cook dinner,or finisha bookreport.But whateveritis,(相称的)praise shouldbe givenonacase-by-case basis andbeproportionate tothe amountof effortyourchildhasputintoit.>要点四研究报告类概要写作技巧实例分析Would aperson bomblind,who haslearned todistinguish objectsby touch,be ableto recognizethem purelyby sightifhe regainedthe abilityto seeThe question,known asMolyneuxs problem,is aboutwhether thehuman mindhas a(天生的)built-in conceptof shapesthat isso innatethat sucha blindperson couldimmediately recognizean objectwithrestored vision.The alternativeisthat the conceptsof shapesare notinnate buthave tobe learnedby exploringan objectthrough sight,touch andother senses.After theirattempt totest itin blindchildren failed,Lars Chittkaof QueenMary Universityof Londonand hiscolleagueshave takenanother attemptat findingan answer,this timeusing anotherspecies.To testwhether bumblebeescanform aninternal representationof objects,they firsttrained theinsects todistinguish globesfrom cubesusing asugar reward.The beeswere trainedin the light,where theycould seebut nottouch the objects.Then theywere testedin the dark,wherethey couldtouch butnot seethe globesor cubes.The researchersfound thatthe bumblebeesspent moretime incontact withthe shape they had beentrained toassociate withthe sugarreward,even thoughthey hadto relyon touchrather thansight todistinguishtheobjects.The researchersalso didthe reversetest withuntrained bumblebees,first teaching them withrewards inthedarkandthen testingthem inthelight.Again,the beeswere ableto recognizetheshapeassociated withthe sugarreward,though theyhadto relyon sightrather thantouch inthe test.In short,bees havesolved Molyneux*s problembecausethefact suggeststhatthey canpicture objectfeatures andaccess themthroughsightor touch.However,some expertsexpress theirwarnings.Jonathan Birch,a philosopherof science,cautions thatthe beesmay(触觉的)have hadprior experienceassociating visualand tactileinformation aboutstraight edgesand curvedsurfaces inthecontext of their nests,so itis notpossible toeliminate thepossibility thatsome ofthe cross-sensory conceptis learnedratherthan innate.年春考2019()Directions:Read thefollowing passage.Summarize themain ideaand themainpointsofthe passagein nomore than60words.Use yourown wordsas faras possible.Where arethe beespollinate(给.••授花粉)Bees areessential tothe productionof foodwe eat.Bees makehoney,but theyalso largeareasof crops,such asstrawberries,apples andonions.About athird ofthe foodwe eatisaresult ofpollination ofthe bees.Unfortunately,bees havebeen disappearingat analarming rate.()In2006,beekeepers startedreporting aboutsomething calledColony CollapseDisaster CCD.The mainsign ofhive(蜂巢).CCD isthe loss of adulthoney beesfrom aIn Octoberof2006,some beekeepersreported thattheyhadlostbetween30and90percent of their hives.pesticidesThere weremany theoriesofthedisappearance ofthe bees.But themost convincingone hasto dowith(杀虫剂)and lifestylesof bees today.Nowadays,beekeepers getmost oftheir incomenot fromproducing honeybut fromrentingbeestopollinate plants.This meansthatthelife ofthe typicalbee nowconsists of traveling allaround thecountry topollinatecrops asthe seasonschange.That meansa lotoftravelingon trucks,which is very stressfulto bees.It isnot unusualforupto30%ofthehive todie duringtransport dueto stress.In addition,bees thatspend mostoftheirtime lockedup ontrucksare notexposed towhat usuallylive on.Instead,they liveonasweet liquidfrom corn,usually pollutedwithpesticides.No oneknows forsure whatcauses beesto disappear,but losingbees isvery costlyfbr theeconomy.Bee pollinationservicesare worthover$8billion ayear.With nobees,pollination willhave tobe doneby hand,which wouldaffect thequalityof foodand increasefood prices.We heara lotabout bigenvironmental disastersalmost everyday.But oneof thebiggestmay justbe thelossofthat tinyflying insect.年上海高三专题练2022Parents alwayswant thebest fbrtheir childrenand givingthem;thebesteducation isalways ontop ofthe list.But ifyouthink educationis allthey need,maybe youshould thinktwice.Sure,you learnalotof thingsin school,but thereareimportant lessonsand skillsyou willneed inlife thatone canonly learnat home.Therefore,teachingthechildren todohousehold choresisveryhelpful intheir growth.Most familiesnowadays hirehousemaids todo thechores,so childrendontget toexperience doingit anymore.But studiesargue thatits stillnecessary tolet。