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判断题T1As aphenomenon,intercultural communicationhas existedfor thousandsof years.However,asa discipline,its historyis only about fiftyyears.作为一种现象,跨文化流传已经存在了数千年但是,作为一门学科,它的历史只有大概五十年F2Intercultural Communication as adiscipline firststarted inEurope.跨文化交际是欧洲第一门学科F3Culture is a staticentity静态的实体while communication is adynamic process.文化是一个静态的实体而交流是一个动向的过程T4Culture canbe seen as shared knowledge,what peopleneed toknow inorder toact appropriatelyin agiven商定的特定的culture.文化能够被看作是一种共享的知识,人们需要知道的是在一个特定的文化中饰演合适的行为T5Although culturalstereotype hasits limitationsover-generalization,it stillcontributes toa persons culturalcognition.认识、认知文化刻板印象虽有其限制性,但仍有助于人的文化认知T6In intercultural communication,we shouldseparate ones individualcharacter fromcultural generalization.在跨文化交际中,我们要把自己的个性和文化的泛化分开T7Cultural mistakesare moreserious thanlinguistic mistakes.The linguisticmistake meansthat someoneis notfullyexpressing hisor heridea whilecultural mistakescan leadto seriousmisunderstanding andeven ill-feeling betweenindividuals.文化错误比语言错误更严重语言错误意味着有人不可以充足表达自己的想法,而文化上的错误会致使严重的误会,甚至个人之间的不适感F8All peopleof the same nationalitywill havethe sameculture.全部同一民族的人都会有同样的文T9Although twocultures mayshare the same ideas,their meaningand significancemay notbe thesame.固然两国文化有着同样的想法,但它们的意义和意义可能不同样F10Seating arrangementsreflect culture.Chinese peopletend totalkwith thoseopposite themrather thanthose seatedor standingbeside them.座位安排表现文化中国人偏向于和他们说话,而不是坐在他们旁边的人VI ComprehensionCheckFl.Gender is the culturalmeaning of“性se别x是性”的文化内涵F
2.Sex andgender aresynonymous.同义的性别和性别是同义词T
3.A ladymight befeminine,masculine or a combinationof both.一位女士可能是女性,男性或二者的联合T
4.Women aregenerally comfortablewith buildingclose relationshipsand confidingto others,while mostmen arereservedabout involvementand disclosure.女性一般舒坦与建筑亲近关系和相信他人,而大多半人都保存对参加和表露F
5.Most menuse communicationto createconnection orequality betweenpeople.大多半用交流来成立联系或同等的人F
6.Women usuallyuse communicationto establishstatus andpower.女性往常使用交流来确定地位和权益T
7.In feminineculture,communication isa way一probably theprimary way一to expressand expandcloseness.在女性文化中,流传是表达和扩大亲近关系的主要门路T
8.Masculine socializationstresses doingthings andregards action as primaryways tocreate andexpress closeness.男性社会化重申做事情,把行动视为创建和表达亲近的主要方式T
9.The firstand lastprincipal foreffective cross-gender communication is suspendingjudgment.有效的跨性别流传的第一个和最后一个主假如中断判断T
10.It isdifficult butpossible toseek translationcues thatwill facilitateour communication.这是困难的,但可能追求翻译线索,将有益于我们的交流Tl.The mostcommon problemsin cross-cultural negotiationsconcern1rules forconducting business,2the selectionofnegotiators,and3methods ofdecision-making.最常有的问题,在跨文化谈判的关注1的规则,进行业务,2的选择,谈判,和3决议方法T
2.The Japanesebelieve thatsocializing isintegral to the negotiationprocess whilethe Americansdo notthinkso.日自己以为,交际是谈判过程中不行或缺的一部分,而美国人却不这么认为F
3.American negotiationteam membersare usuallyselected on the basisof theirsocial andprofessional status.美国谈判团队成员往常在他们的社会和职业地位的基础上F
4.Like Japaneseand Chinesenegotiators,a detailedwritten agreementis notcentral to the negotiationprocess intheMiddle East,Mexico andFrance.与日本和中国的谈判人员同样,在中东、墨西哥和法国的谈判进度中,有一个详尽的书面协议是不同样的T
5.The Britishemploy anegotiating stylesimilar to that ofAmericans,but moresilence isutilized and they arelessegalitarian.英国人采纳了近似于美国人的谈判风格,但更多的是利用缄默,他们也不太同等T
6.Germans preferclear,firm,and assertireexpression whilethe Japaneseencourage convert,fragmented expression.德国人喜爱明确的,坚定的,和assertire表达而日本鼓舞变换、碎片化的表达T
7.Mexican negotiatorsprefer thedeductive approach.More emphasisis placedon contemplationand intuition.墨西哥谈判者更喜爱演绎的方法更重申的是深思和直觉F
8.The Braziliansdo notopenly disagreeduring formalnegotiations;they wouldconsider thisinsulting andembarrassing.在正式谈判中,巴西人不会公然地不赞同,他们会考虑这类欺侮和难堪T
9.Creating acomfortable climateand spendingtime onthe exploratoryphase ofnegotiations arecrucial inMiddle EastandBrazil.创建一个舒坦的天气和花销时间在谈判的探究阶段是至关重要的中东和巴西F
10.Women arefrequent participantsonaJapanese negotiationteam.女性常常参加一个日本谈判小组名词解说1economic globalization(经济全世界化)the integrationof nationaleconomies into the internationaleconomy throughtrade,foreign directinvestment,capital flows,migration,andthespread oftechnology.2barter system(物物互换)exchange withoutmoney-Farming communitiestraded theirsurplus producein exchangefor productsand serviceswithout themedium ofmoney.-Human societyhas alwaystraded goodsacross greatdistances.3global village(地球村)the world form one community-All the different partsof theworldformonecommunitylinked togetherby electroniccommunications,especially theInternet.4melting pot(大熔炉)a socio-cultural assimilationof peopleof differentbackgrounds andnationalities.5culture(文化)can beenseenassharedknowledge,what peopleneed toknow inorder toact appropriatelyin agivenculture.6cultural diversity(文化交融)refers to the mixof peoplefrom variousbackgrounds in the laborforce with a fullmixof culturesand sub-cultures to which membersbelong.
7.Communication(交际):mean to share withor tomake common,as ingiving toanother apart orshare of your thoughts,hopes,and knowledge.8interculturalcommunication(跨文化交际)communication betweenpeople whosecultural backgroundsand distinct(不同)enough toalter(改变)their communicaion1Pragmatics(语用学):the studyof theeffect thatlanguage hason humanperceptions andbehavior.2Semantics(语义学)a systemthat associateswords tomeaning.It is the studyof themeaning ofwords.3Denotation(弓I申含义)the literalmeaning ordefinition of a wordtheexplicit,particular,definedmeaning.1Chronemics(口寸间学)The studyof howpeople perceiveand usetime.
(1)Polychromic Time:paying attention to and doing onlyone thing at atime.
(2)Polychronic Time(多元时间看法)being involvedwith manythings atonce.2Proxemics(空间学)Refers to the perceptionand useof space.3Kinetics(身势学):the studyof bodylanguage.身势学4Paralanguage(副语言)Involving soundsbut notword andlying betweenverbal andnonverbal communication.1A planetaryculture(行星文化):integrates Easternmysticism withWestern scienceand rationalism(理性主义).2Intercultural person(跨文化的人):represents someonewhose cognitive(认矢口的),affective,and behavioral(行为的)characteristics areopen togrowth beyondthe psychologicalparameters(心理界限)of hisor herown culture.High-context cultures(委宛的文化)assign meaning to manyof thestimuli surroundingan explicitmessage.In high-contextcultures,verbal messageshave littlemeaning without the surroundingcontext,which includesthe overallrelationship betweenall the peopleengaged incommunication.Low-context cultures(夕卜向型的文化)exclude manyof thosestimuli andfocus moreintensely onthe objectivecommunicationevent,whether itbe aword,a sentence,oraphysical gesture.In low-context cultures,the messageitself meanseverything.I,zculture(个体主义)
1.Freedom tocontrol theirwon destiny
2.Self-reliance tostand ontheir ownfeet
3.Privacy tomind theirown business
4.Family tiestend to be relativelyunimportant z,Wez/culture(集体主义)
1.Harmony tostrive for the commongood
2.Competition isnot encouraged
3.Limit rightsto property
4.Filial piety(孝敬)Power distance(权益差距)describes thedistribution(散布)of influencewithin theculture,the extentto which theless powerfulmembers oforganizations andinstitutions acceptand expectthat poweris distributedunequally.Culturesare classifiedonacontinuum(持续体)of highto lowdistance,that ishierarchy(等级主义)v.s.egalitarian(同等主义)Mascul inecultures(冈U性文化):These culturesplace highvalues onmaculine traitsand stressassertiveness,competitionand materialsuccess.Feminine cultures(柔性文化)These culturesplace highvalues onfeminne traitsand stressquality oflife,interpersonalrelationships andconcern for the weak.
1.Enculturation(文化习得):alltheactivities oflearning ones cultureare calledenculturation
9.Acculturation(文化适应):the processwhich adoptsthe changesbrought aboutby anotherculture anddevelops anincreasedsimilarity betweenthe twocultures.
10.Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):the beliefthat yourown culturalbackground issuperior.
11.Communication:mean toshare withor tomake common,as ingiving toanother apart orshare ofyour thoughts,hopes,and knowledge.
12.Source交际邀请The sourceis the person with an ideahe orshe desiresto communicate.
13.Encoding编码Unfortunately or perhaps fortunately,humans arenot abletosharethoughts directly.Your communicationisin theform of a symbolrepresenting theidea youdesire tocommunicate.Encoding is the process of puttingan idea intoa symbol.
1.Message编码信息The termmessage identifies the encodedthought.Encoding isthe process,the verb;the messageis theresultingobject.
2.Channel交际渠道The termchannel isused technicallyto refertothe means bywhich theencoded messageis transmitted.The channelor medium,then,may beprint,electronic,orthelight andsound wavesof theface-to-face communication.
3.Noise扰舌L Theterm noisetechnically refers to anythingthat distortsthe messagethe sourceencodes.
4.Receiver交际接受The receiveristhe person who attends tothe message.
1.Decoding解码Decoding isthe oppositeprocessofencoding andjust asmuch anactive process.The receiveris activelyinvolvedin the communication processby assigning meaningtothe symbols received.
2.Receiver response接受反响The receiveristheperson whoattends tothe message.Receiver responserefers toanythingthe receiver does afterhaving attendedto anddecoded themessage.
3.Feedback反应Feedback referstothatportion of the receiver response ofwhich thesource hasknowledge and to whichthesource attendsand assignsmeaning.
1.Context场景The finalcomponent of communicationiscontext.Generally,context canbe definedas theenvironment inwhich the communicationtakes placeand whichhelps definethecommunication.
16.Connotation(内涵)the suggestivemeaning ofa wordal1the values,judgment,and beliefsimp liedby aword thehistoricaland associativeaccretion ofthe unspokensignificance behindthe literalmeaning.
17.Taboo禁忌语referstosome objects,words oractions that are avoidedby aparticular groupof people,or incertainculture forreligious orsocial reasons.
18.Euphemism委宛语Means theact ofsubstituting amild,indirect,or vagueterm forone consideredharsh,blunt,oroffensive.Strike whilethe ironis hot一鼓作气More haste,less speed.欲速不达To passfish eyesfor pearls滥竽充数as stubbornas amule举得像头牛dumb bell笨蛋to fishin theair水底捞月to drinklike afish豪饮as dryas sawdust味同嚼蜡to be at theend ofones roill pe穷水尽landscape engineer园林工人tonsorial artist剪发师sanitation engineer洁净工shoe rebuilder补鞋匠soft inthe head发狂的reckless disregardfor truth说谎to takethings withoutpermission盗窃industrial climate劳资关系紧张justice haslong arms天网恢恢,疏而不漏fat office肥缺diamond cutdiamond棋逢敌手goldensaying金玉良言You willcross thebridge whenyou getto it船到桥头自然直better bethe headofadog thanthe tailofalion宁为鸡头,勿为牛后tread uponeggs如履薄冰简答题9components ofcommunication(交际的十大体素)©source(根源)thepersonwho desiresto©encoding(编码)the processof puttingon ideainto asymbol©message(信息)identifiestheencoding thought©channel(渠道)themeansof transmission(流传门路)©noise(4二舌L):anything distortsthe messages©receiver(接受者)thepersonwhoattends tothemessage©decoding(解码)assigningmeaningtothesymbolsreceived©receiverresponse(接受者反响)anything thereceiverdoes©feedback(反应)the portionwhichthesource hasknowledgeand towhichthesource attendsand assignsmeaning⑩context(场景)help define(使明确)thecommunication
1.Discuss thefour trendsthat makeour worldmore interdependent.©convenient transportationsystems(便利的交通系统)
②inno vativecommunication systems(改革通信技术)
③economicglobailzation(经济全世界化)
④widespread migrations(宽泛的移)民
2.What arethe threeingredients(构成)of culture©artifacts(the materialand spiritualproducts peopleproduce)
②behavior(what they do)
③concepts(共有看法)(whatthey think)
3.How tounderstand culturalicebergjust as an iceberg,culture hassome aspectsthat areobservable andothers thatcan onlybe suspectedan imagined.Alsolike aniceberg,nine-tenth of culture isbelow thesurface
4.What arethe characteristic(特色)ofculture(Dshared©learned(enculuration文化习得learning one,s culture)©dynamic(动向的)(accultration文化适应adoptsthe changesbrought aboutby anotherculture)©ethnocentric(ethnocentrism文化中心主义own culturalbackground issuperior)
5.What arethe characteristicofcommunication
①dynamic(动向性);
②irreversible(不行逆转的)
③symbolic(符号的)
④systematic(系统性)
⑤transactional(互动性)
⑥contextual(语)境
1.How isChinese addressingdifferent fromAmerican addressing
①In Chinesethe surnamecomes firstand isfollowed by the givenname;in Englishthis orderis reversed.
②In Chinaseniority(资历)is paidrespects to.Nowadays,many English-speaking peopletend toaddress othersby theirgiven names,even whenmeeting forthe firsttime.(About addressingby relationship)Chinese oftenexten kinshipterms topeople notrelated byblood ormarriage.Americans tendto usejust thefirst nameand leaveouttheterm ofrelationship.Chinese usea personstitle、office、or professionto indicate(表示)the personsinfluential(有势力的)status.In English,onlyafew occupationsor titlescould be used,such asdoctor,governor,mayor,professor,nurse andcaptain.(p24)
1.What arethe differentfeatures ofM-Time andP-timeM-Time thinktime is perceived asa linearstrucure.以为时间是线性的F10Ones actionsare totallyindependent ofhisor herculture.个人的行为完整独立于他或她的文化II ComprehensionCheckT
1、All culturesrequire andvalue politeness,but theways inwhich politenessis achievedmay varysignificantly.全部的文化都需要和价值的礼貌,但礼貌的方式可能会有所不同T_
2、Don ttake offence-getting theform ofaddress”wrongn israrely intendedtobenosfifvee.不要拿“错误”的形式来攻击,这是很难得的攻击T_
3、Addressing formslike“Miss Mary”,“Brown“bythe Chinese maybeaform ofcultural compromise.解决形式如“玛丽小姐”,“棕色”由中国可能是一种文化妥协的形式T_
4.Ranks inthe armedforces likeCaptain,Colonel canbeusedas titles.上校,上校,上校,能够用作头衔F_
5.Westerners canunderstand whatUncle policemanor P.L.A.Uncle means.西方人能够理解警察叔叔和解放军叔叔的手段F
6.We canaddress JasonDouglas,who isa lawyer,as LawyerDouglas.我们能够解决杰森道格拉斯,他是个律师,律师道格拉斯F
7.Chinese hospitalitytoward thewesterners isalways greatlyappreciated.中国人对西方人的热忱好客是特别欣赏的F_
8.The Chinese way of showing concernis usuallyappreciated bythe Westerners.西方人对耳口国人的关注常常遇到西方人的欣赏F_
9.“Thank youfor coming!”isatypical erexspsionused byWestern hostswhen the guests justarrived.感谢你的到来!“当客人刚到的时候,这是西方主人使用的一种典型的表达形式T_
10.“Im sorryto havewasted yourtimeor Im sorryto havetaken upso muchofyourtime”usually appropriateforthebusiness visit.我很对不起浪费了你的时间或许“我很对不起占用了你这么P-Time isless rigid(亥!|板)and clock-bound,more flexibleand morehuman-centered.
3.What arethedifferentfeature ofm-time andp-time P97M:Do one thingata timeTaketime commitmentsseriouslyAre committed tothejobAdhere religiouslyto plansEmphasizepromptnessAre accustomedto short-term relationshipsP:Do manythings atonceConsider timecommitments anobjective to be achieved,if possibleArecommittedtopeople andhuman relationshipsChangeplans oftenand easilyBasepromptness onthe relationshipHavestrong tendencyto buildlifetime relationshipsM-time isnoted forits emphasison schedules,segmentation,punctuality andpromptness.It featuresone eventatatimeand time is perceivedasalinear structure.P-timeisless rigidand clock-bound.It featuresseveral activitiesat thesame time and timeisperceivedas moreflexibleand morehuman-centered.
2.What arethe socialfunctions ofcompliments(赞叹的社会功能是什么)Creating orreinforcing(力口固)solidarity,greeting people,expressing thanksor congratulations,encouraging people,softening criticism(委宛责备),starting aconversation,or evenovercoming embarrassment(窘况)
3.How isthe Chinesewriting styledifferent the American writingstyleThe Chineseemploy acircular approachin writing.In thiskind ofindirect writing,the developmentoftheparagraph maybesaid tobe turningand turningin awidening gyre.The circlesor gyresturn aroundthe subjectand showit fromavariety oftangential views,but thesubject isnever lookedat directly.A paragraphis setoff by an indentationof itsfirstsentences orby someother conventionaldevise,such asextra spacebetween paragraphs.In contrast,the Americansare directand linearin writing.An Englishexpository paragraphusually beginswith atopicstatement,and then,byaseries ofsubdivisions ofthat topicstatement,each supportedby exampleand illustrations,proceeds,to developthat centralidea andrelate thatidea toall otherideas inthe wholeessay,andtoemploy thatideainproperrelationship with the otherideas,to provesomething,orperhapsto arguesomething.
4.What differentworldview canbe drivefrom Buddhism(佛教)and Christianity(基督教)?Buddhists donot believein agod orgods whocreated theworld.However,theydobelieve thatthere isa supremeand wonderfultruththat wordscannot teach,and ritualcannot attain.Buddhists arenot favorablydisposed tothe notionof free enterprise andthe pursuitof materialwel1-being.Seen fromawestern worldview,having nodesires adverselyaffects motivesfor personalenrichment andgrowth generally.Thus,littlesupport isaccorded tofreeenterprise.Christianity recognizesthe importanceof workand freeownership ofproperty.Protestant,in particular,sees thesalvationof theindividual through hard workand piety.
5.What isthe Americancultural valuelike interms ofvalue orientation(美国文化价值取向)As faras thehuman natureisconcerned,theAmerican culture holdsthat itis evilbut perfectiblethroughhardwork.As tothe relationof manto nature,they thinkmankind canconquer thenature.They alsohave alinear timeconcept andtherefore theyare future-oriented.They focuson doingand thinkthat onlyactions cansolve theproblem.They arequite individualistic
4.Discuss thecontents ofandtherefore theyfocus lessonthebenefits ofthe group.lChronemics:The studyof howpeople perceiveand usetime.时间学1Monochronic Time:paying onlyonethingat atime.2Polychronic Time:being involvedwith manythings atonce.attentiontoanddoing2Proxemics:the perceptionand useof space.空间学3Kinetics:the studyof bodylanguage.身势学4Paralanguage:involving soundsbut notwords andlying betweenverbal andnonverbal communication.
6.Discover themeaning ofsome commongestures in English
①good luck
②feel surprised
③I dontknow
④Pardon!Can,t hear
⑤Thats enough,Please over
⑥thamb-dowm
⑦Sth strange/odd
⑧Come here9intheU.S.,meaning〃0K〃⑩inItaly,meaning〃Hero〃・in U.S.,“goodbye”llOh,I forgotow12dSo wln/Relax/Wait asecond.
1.
1.What hasinfluenced thegender socialization什么会影响性别社会化There aretwo primaryinfluences ongender socialization:family communication,particularly betweenmothers andchildren,and recreationalinteraction amongchildren.
9.Discuss theconcepts ofhigh contextculture andlow contexgtculture.议论高、低语境Eastern culturefavors verbalhesitance andambiguity inorder toavoid disturbingor offendingothers,the vurdenofsmooth communicationeffective isshared equallybetween allparties involved.The Westerncommunicative modeis primarily直接direct,explicit明确,and verbal,relying heavilyon logicalandrational perception感知,thinking,andarticulation.So thetask ofcommunicating effectivelylies primarilyonthe speaker.
10.How isgender differentfrom sexSex:biological,permanent,withanindividual propertyGender:socially-constructed,varied overtimeandacross cultures,withasocial andrelational quality
11.Six principlesfor EffectiveCross-gender Comunicat ion六条有效的跨性别交际原则1Suspend judgement2Recognize thevalidity ofdifferent communication styles3Provide translationcues4Seek translationcues5Enlargeyour owncommunicationstyle6Suspend judgement多时间”,往常都是合适商务拜见的Ill ComprehensionCheckT
1.sometimes the Chineseway ofshowingmodesty maybe consideredas fishingfor compliments.有时,中国人表现出谦逊的方式能够被视为对赞叹的赞叹T
2.The socialfunctions ofChinese andEnglish compliments are roughlythesame.汉语和英语的社会功能大概同样T
3.In informalsituations,a largenumber ofcomplimentsareused tomake peoplefeel comfortable.在非正式场合,大批的赞叹是让人感觉舒畅的F
4.The culturalassumption ofcompliments isthesamebetween cultures.文化的假定是文化的同样的T
5.Adjectives andverbs areoften usedto conveycompliment messageinEnglish,while adjectives,adverbs andverbs areoftenused in Chinese.形容词和动词常被用来传达英语中的奉承话,而形容词、副词和动词常被用在汉语里F
6.English complimentsoften beginwith theword“you whileChinese complimentsoften startwiththeword T”英.语的赞叹常以“你”一词开头,而中国人的赞叹常以“我”一词开头F
7.Chinese peoplegive morecompliments indaily lifethan Americans.在平时生活中,中国人比美国人更加赞叹F
8.Americans tendstobeself-effacing intheir complimentsresponses.美国人常常自谦在夸赞他人的反响F
9.Compliments onothers belongingsare sometimesan indirectwayofrequest inAmerican culture.对他人财物的赞叹有时是美国文化中的一种间接的方式T
10.If aguest complimentssomething in another persons home,theChinesehost orhostess willprobably givethat thingtotheguest.假如一个客人在他人家里赞叹他人的话,中国主人或女主人很可能会把这件事告诉客人IV ComprehensionCheckF IVerbalcommunicationismore importantthan nonverbalcommunication.语言交际比非语言交际更加重要F2Dragon”means thesame tothe Westerneras“龙”totheC“h龙ine”se是.指同为西方人的“龙”到中国F3The Chinesephrase“知识分子has thesame meaningas intellec中tua国1“知”识•分子”拥有同样的含义是“知识T4A termin onelanguage maynot havea counterpartinanotherlanguage.在——种语言中的——个术语在另一种语言中可能没有平等词F5In referringto animalsand birds,theChinesepractice isgenerally,but notalways,to use“公母to showwhether acreature ismale orfemale.T hisisthesame withthe Englishlanguage.在谈到动物和鸟类,中国的做法是往常,但不老是,用“公”或“母”来表示该生物是不是男性或女性这与英语是同样的T6The followingsix Englishword:“vice,“associate”,assistant”,“deputy”,lieutenantcan allmean副”inChineselanguage以.下六个英文单词“副”、“联想”、“助理”、“副”、“中尉”和“下”都是“副”在汉语中F7There areas manysimilarities asdissimilarities betweenEnglish proverbsand Chineseproverbs.有很多相像之处,英语谚语和汉语谚语的异同T8Violating acultural taboois asserious asviolating averbal taboo,违犯文化禁忌的是严重违反了语言禁忌T9Patterns ofthought varieswith culture.思想方式随文化而变化T10Particular thoughtpatterns predominatein eachculture,e.g.Americancultureis predominantlyfactual-inductive,Russian cultureis predominantlyaxiomatic-deductive,and Arabcultures arepredominatelyintuitive-affective.在每一个特定的思想模式主导文化的T10,比如美国文化主假如事实的概括,俄罗文雅化主假如公义化演绎,和阿拉伯文化以直观的感情V ComprehensionCheckT1Speaking isjust onemode ofcommunication.There aremany others.说不过——种交流方式还有很多人E2Some researchersassert thatin face-to-face communication,about70%of informationiscommunicated throughspeaking,and over30%sis sentby nonverbalmeans.一些研究者断言,在面对面的交流中,约有70%的信息是经过说话,而超出30%则是经过非语言方式发送的T3Environment isone ofthe fivestudy areasthat nonverbalcommunication covers.环境是非语言交际的五个研究领域之一T4Much ofour nonverbalbehavior,like culture,tendstoelusive,spontaneous andfrequently goesbeyondour awareness.我们大多半的非语言行为,如文化,常常难以实现,自觉的,常常超越我们的认识F5Latin American,African,Arab andmost Asiancultures areM-Time cultures.拉丁美洲,非洲,阿拉伯和大多半亚洲文化是单调的文化T6Arab belongsto toughcultures.阿拉伯属于困难的文化T7In somecultures,eye contactshould beavoided inorder toshow respector obedience.在一些文化中,为了表示尊敬或听从,应当防止使用眼光接触T8the appropriatenessof physicalcontact varieswith differentcultures.身体接触的适合性因不同的文化而不同F9Western womenusually likeChinese totouch theirbodies orsmall children.西方妇女往常喜爱中国人接触他们的身体或儿童。