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2.4Leontief Paradox批注[Ji]列昂惕夫之谜P2The firstattempt toinvestigate thefactor-endowment theoryempirically was批注[J2]:列昂惕夫是第一问尝试验证要素禀赋理论的经undertaken byWisely Leontief.济学家According toHO theory,the United States shouldexport capital-intensive goodsand its根据H-0理论,美国因该出口资本密集型商品进口劳动密import-intensive goodsshould belabor-intensive.集型产品In1954,Leontief testedthis propositionby analyzingthe capital/labor ratiosfor some1954年,列昂惕夫根据1947年的贸易数据对美国的200多200export industriesand import-competing industriesin the United States,based on种出口产业和进口相竞争产业加以验证trade datafor
1947.P3The resultsof Leontiefstest tellus that the UnitedStates exportL-intensive批注[J3]:如表所示,美国出口劳动密集型产品进口资本commodities andimport K-intensive commodities,as thetable shown.密集型产品P4Leontiefs testsfailed toconfirm H-0theory.So wegot the Leontief Paradox.P5other economistsdeveloped subsequenttests.In1971,Robert Baldwinshowed that批注[J4]:列昂惕夫的验证未能证实H-0理论,称为歹I」U.S.imports weremore capital-intensive thanU.S.exports in the1962trade data,using昂惕夫之谜a measuresimilar toLeontiefs withupdated data.批注[J5]:其后很多经济学家都对此做了验证1971年,罗In1980,Edward Learnerquestioned Leontiefsoriginal methodology/meOadoladsi/.伯特鲍德温运用与列昂惕夫一样的方法,利用更新的数据However,he acknowledgedthattheU.S.paradox stillappears.证明美国的确进口的是资本密集型产品1980年爱德华•P6In1999,Elhanan Helpmanconcluded thatthe paradoxpersists,but somestudies in利默尔质疑列昂惕夫最初的方法,但是他承认列昂惕夫之non-US tradewere insteadconsistent withthe H-0theory.谜依然存在In2005,KwokYu usedan updatedmethodology toargue fora loweror zeroparadoxin U.S.trade statistics,though theparadox isstill derivedin otherdeveloped nations.批注[J6]:1999年,赫尔普曼认为列昂惕夫之谜依然存在,P7Explanations ofthe LeontiefParadox但是世界上有一些国家的贸易与H-O理论相符2005年郭
1.The yearis tooclose toWorld WarII tobe representative.与于用最新的方法论认为美国贸易中的列昂惕夫之谜的程
2.U.S.labor embodiesmore human capital.度降低甚至不明显,但是其他发达国家依然存在这种情况The Post-Leontief studiesshowed thattheUnitedStates wasalso abundantin farmland批注[J7]:对此的解释and highlyskilled labor.And theUnitedStateswas indeeda netexporter ofproducts
1.数据采用的年份太接近二战不具有代表性that usethese factorsintensively,as H-0predicts.Leontief ignoredhumancapital,such
2.美国的劳动承载着更多的人力资本后期的研究发现美as educationjob training,and healthembodied inworkers.国的农业土地与熟练工人丰富美国的确是出口密集使用P
83.U.S.tariff policyinfluenced itsimports andexports,which stimulatedthe exporting上述要素的产品,如H-0理论所说的那样列昂惕夫在测of labor-intensive goodsand discouragedthe exportingof K-intensive goods.算时忽视了人力资本,如教育培训健康支出
4.The U.S.dependence onimports ofmany naturalresources,such asoil imports,which批注[J8]:美国的关税政策影响了其进出口,鼓励劳动密improved theimporting ratioof capital/labor.集型产品的出口,阻碍资本密集型产品的出口P
95.Factor-intensity reversal美国严重依赖能源产品的进口,如石油,提高「进口的资A givencommodity istheL-intensive commodityin theL-abundant nationand the本劳动比率K-intensive commodityintheK-abundant nation.P10The explanationsof H-0paradox enrichedinternational tradetheories.批注[J9]:要素密集逆转PllIn generally,the tradepattern ofdeveloping countrieslargely followsthe H-0theory.一种商品在劳动丰富的国家是劳动密集型产品;在资本丰However tradepatterns fitH-0theory reasonablywell butcertainly notperfectly.富的国家是资本密集型产品批注[J10]:这些解释丰富了国际贸易理论批注(J11]:一般来说,发展中国家的贸易模式基本符合H-O理论符合H-0理论相当不错但并不完美。