文本内容:
Pl Ourattention sofar has been on the international flow ofgoods andservices.However,some of the mostdramatic changesin the world economyhave beendue tothe internationalflow of factorsof production,comprising laborand capital.Productivefactors movewhen they are permittedto fromnations where they areabundant lowproductivityto nationswheretheyare scarcehigh productivity.Productive factorsflowin responseto differencesin returnssuch aswages andyields oncapital aslong as批注[李1]到目前为止,我们的注意力一直集中在国际these aremore thanoutweigh thecost ofmoving fromone countryto another.This货物和服务(产品)流动上然而,世界经济中一些最引section analyzestheinternationalmobility of labor asa substitutefor tradein labor人注目的变化是包括劳动力和资本在内的生产要素的国际intensive products.流动当生产要素被允许从它们丰富(低生产率)的国家P2P3Historically the United States hasbeena favoritetarget forinternational转移到它们贫乏(高生产率)的国家时,它们就会移动migration.Because ofits vastinflow ofmigrants,the United Stateshasbeen described只要生产要素在两国之间转移的回报(如工资和资本收益as themelting potof theworld.Table
7.1indicates thevolume of immigration to the率)差异大于成本,它们就会因而流动本节分析劳动力United Statesfrom the1820s to
2008.Western Europewas amajor sourceof作为劳动密集型产品贸易的替代品的国际流动性immigrants duringthis era,with Germany,Italy,and the United Kingdomamong thelargestcontributors.In recentyears,large numbersof Mexicanshave migratedto the批注[李2]:历史上,美国一直是国际移民的首选目标由United Statesas wellas peoplefrom Asia.Migrants havebeen motivatedby better于大量移民的涌入,美国被称为世界的大熔炉表
7.1显示economic opportunitiesand noneconomicfactors suchas politics,war,and religion.19世纪20年代至2008年美国的移民人数西欧是这一时P4Although internationallabor movementscan enhancetheworldeconomys期移民的主要来源,德国、意大利和联合王国是最大的移efficiency,theyareoften restrictedby governmentcontrols.The United States,like most民来源国近年来,大量墨西哥人和亚洲人移民到美国countries,limits immigration.Following wavesofimmigrationat theturn ofthe century,移民的动力来自更好的经济机会和政治、战争和宗教等非the ImmigrationAct of1924was enacted.Besides restrictingthe overallflowof经济因素immigrants tothe UnitedStates,the actimplemented aquota thatlimited thenumber批注[李3]:虽然国际劳工流动可以提高世界经济的效率,of immigrantsfrom eachforeign country.但往往受到政府管制的限制和大多数国家一样,美国也P5We usea simplesupply and demand modelin figure
7.1to illustratethe economics限制移民在世纪之交的移民潮之后,美国在1924年颁布oflabormigration.Assume theworld consistsof twocountries,the UnitedStates and了《移民法》除了限制移民总体流入美国,该法案还实Mexico thatare initiallyin isolation.The horizontalaxes denotethe totalquantity of施了一种配额,限制每个外国的移民数量labor in the UnitedStates andMexico,and thevertical axesdepict the wages paidto批注[李4]:我们在图
7.1中使用了一个简单的供求模型来labor.For eachcountry,the demandschedule forlabor isdesignated bythe valueofthe说明劳动力迁移的经济学原理假设世界上有两个国家,marginal productVMP oflabor.Also assume that boththe UnitedStates andMexico美国和墨西哥,它们最初是孤立的横轴表示美国和墨西have afixed labor supply.At first,supply anddemand in the U.S.labor marketdetermined wageshigher thanin哥的劳动力总量,纵轴表示支付给劳动力的工资C对于每个Mexico.Suppose laborcan movefreely betweenMexico andthe UnitedStates and国家,劳动需求表是由劳动的边际产值(VMP)来确定的assumethatmigration iscostless andoccurs solelyin responseto wagedifferentials.另外假设美国和墨西哥都有固定的劳动力供应Because U.S.wage ratesare relativelyhigh,there isan incentivefor Mexican workers to批注[李5]:起初,美国劳动力市场的供求关系决定了其工migrate tothe UnitedStates andcompete intheU.S.labor market;this processwill资高于墨西哥假设劳动力可以在墨西哥和美国之间自由continue untilthewagedifferential iseliminated.流动,并假设移民的成本很低,可以忽略不记,所以移民P6+P5Mexican workersearn lessthan American workers,which meanstheir只考虑工资差异由于美国的工资水平相对较高,墨西哥工productivity,or marginalproduct oflabor,is lower.When Mexicanworkers immigrateto人有动力移民到美国,在美国劳动力市场上竞争;这一过程the UnitedStates,their wagesincrease,which meanstheir outputincreases.As aresult,将继续下去,直到工资差别消除为止migration increasestotal worldoutput.批注[李6]:墨西哥工人的收入低于美国工人,这意味着他For Mexicoslabor market,immigration tothe UnitedStates meansa reductioninthe们的生产率,或者说劳动的边际产品(价值)更低当墨supply oflabor,thereby equilibriumwage increases.In theUnitedStates,laborsupply西哥工人移民到美国,他们的工资增加,这意味着他们的increases andequilibrium wagesdecrease.So,from awage perspectivealone,产出增加因此,移民增加了世界总产出immigration hurtsnative Americanworkers andbenefits nativeMexicanworkers.批注[李7]:对于墨西哥的劳动力市场来说,移民到美国意P7However,Mexican capitalowners losebecause lesslabor isavailable withtheir味着劳动力供应的减少,从而均衡工资的增加在美国,capital.Although immigrationmay lower wage ratesfor somenative U.S.workers,it劳动力供给增加,均衡工资下降因此,仅从工资的角度should alsobe notedthat theselowerwagerates benefitU.S.producers.Lower wage来看,移民伤害了美国本土工人,却造福了墨西哥本土工rates alsoresult inlower equilibriumproduct prices,thereby benefitingconsumers.人From societysperspective,the gainsfrom immigrationto producersand consumersshouldbe weighedagainst thelosses tolow-wage workers.We canconclude thattheeffect oflabor mobilityis toincrease overallworld incomeand toredistribute incomefromlabor tocapital intheUnitedStates andfrom capitalto laborin Mexico.Migrationhas animpact onthe distributionof incomesimilar toan increasein exportsoflabor-intensive goodsfrom MexicototheUnitedStates.批注[李8]:然而,墨西哥的资本所有者却因为可用的劳动P8Are thefacts reallywhat thetheory saysThe NationalBureau ofEconomic力减少而蒙受损失尽管移民可能会降低一些美国本土工Research didan empiricalanalysis usingdata onimmigrants,mainly fromMexico,人的工资水平,但也应该指出,这些低工资水平有利于美between1980and
2000.The resultsshow thatintheshort term,immigration reduces国生产商较低的工资率也会导致较低的均衡产品价格,the averagewage ofAmericanworkersby3%.In thelong run,wages dependon supply从而使消费者受益从社会的角度来看,移民给生产者和anddemandfor capitaland labor;and migrationhas notreduced averagewages.But for消费者带来的收益应该与低工资工人带来的损失进行权workers whodrop outof highschool,wages arestill down5%.Overall,immigration has衡我们可以得出结论,劳动力流动的影响是增加世界总had onlya slightnegative impactonthewages ofAmericas lowest-skilled workers.收入,并在资本所有者和劳动力之间重新分配收入在美关于劳动力跨国流动的问题就讲到这里,感谢观看国,收入从劳动力转移到资本所有者手中,在墨西哥则相反移民对收入分配的影响类似于墨西哥增加对美国的劳动密集型产品出口批注[李9]:事实真如理论所说吗美国国家经济研究局NBER利用1980年至2000年间主要来自墨西哥的移民数据进行了实证分析结果显示,在短期内,移民使美国工人的平均工资下降了3%从长远来看,工资取决于资本o和劳动力的供求关系,而移民并没有降低平均工资但对于高中辍学的工人来说,工资仍下降了5%总的来说,移o民对美国最低技术工人的工资只产生了轻微的负面影响。