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【高频考点解密】年高考英语二轮复习讲义+分层训练全国通用2023阅读理解题型解答策略1L核心要点回顾核心考点1细节理解题细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解它们大都是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则需要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等常见的命题方式通常有
1.特殊疑问句形式以when,where,what,which,who,how much/many等疑问词开头引出的问题；
2.以是非题的形式true/false,not true/false或EXCEPT,近年这种题型较少；
3.以According to…开头提问方式；
4.以填空题的形式，如1To avoidattracting mountainlions,people areadvised.2By the first sentence of the passage authormeans that.3It seemsthat nowa countryseconomy dependsmuch on.4If youare interestedin knowingabout whatpeoples lifewill be,you mayvisit.5The policemenwere told“to lookthe otherway”the underlinedpart in Paragraph2so that.6The policemanwho said“Good evening^^to Rollswanted to.
5.就文中数字、排序、识图等提问做细节理解题时，大多数学生易出现的问题是阅读速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧，考生要培养自己快速获取信息的能力解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而常常可采取“带着问题找答案”的方法.先从问题中抓住关键性词语然后以此为线索要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节，就要恰当地运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句.仔细品味，对照比较.确定答案除了运用扫读法scanning外，还可以兼用排除法.将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除了解细节题干扰选项的特点也有助于考生提高答题的正确率一般情况下，干扰项有如下几个特点1是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；2符合常识，但不是文章内容；3与原文的内容极其相似，只是在程度上有些变动；4在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；5部分正确，部分错误有的细节理解题只要直接辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断，只要求从阅读材料中直接获visiting withold friends,from walksthrough the streets of her nativeJackson,Miss.,from conversationsoverheard onabus.It annoysWelty that,at78,her leftear hasnow givenout.Sometimes,sitting ona busor atrain,she hearsonly afragment（片段）of aparticularly interestingstory.
26.The underlined word uthem”in Paragraph6refers toWeltys.A.readers B.parties C.friends D.stories【文章大意】文章介绍了一位女作家请纽约的朋友吃饭时发生的故事Welty是一位年纪比较大的作家,她来自密西西比Welty的作品都是来自于现实的生活
26.D【解析】画线的them指代前面提到的人或物,根据“Now webelieve yourstories”可知，them指代的是Welty写的小说里面的故事，听了Welty和两个陌生人的有关密西西比的谈话之后，Welty的朋友相信了Welty小说里的故事都是来源于生活，故选Do核心考点2推理判断题推理判断题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题做这类题时，考生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断提问整篇文章或某句某段的含蓄意思时，问句中都含有infer,imply,indicate,suggest（推断，暗指）等词对付这类题时我们不仅要弄懂文章字面的意思，更重要的是要知道文章潜在的含义，和作者所给的提示同时要对文章的含义和作者的暗示作合理的猜测和推论关键是意思要靠推断得出，而不是原文照搬这就要把握住文章的主题思想和每段的内容；明确作者的观点及其写作该文的目的；分析文章里所给的有关信息；注意词汇在词典的定义和词典以外的含义；最后运用自己的知识进行由表及里的逻辑推理，挖出文章的伏笔，得出正确的推论这种问题的提问方式通常有
1.From paragraph4we caninfer that./What can be inferredfrom the passage/From thelast paragraphwe caninfer that.
2.We caninfer from the textthat.../What canwe learnfrom.../We canconclude from the passagethat...
3.The lastsentenceof the firstparagraph most probably implies that.
4.The authorimpliesthatby the year2080,.
5.To solvethe presentsocial problemsthe authorsuggests thatwe should.
6.The authormentions thefact that...to show.
7.This passagewould mostlikely befound in
8.The authorsattitude toward...is
9.The tone of the passage can best be described as这些提问方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到，必须根据提问中的某些关键字眼与短文中相应的有关内容加以逻辑推理或演算，从而得出某些作者并未说明却已在字里行间所暗含的意思及观点具体的说，考生应当注意以下几点
1.首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点
2.要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础有的推断，考生完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论
3.要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全
4.要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展方向，悟出作者的言外之意
5.在解答推理性问题时，一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断针对细节的推断可运用scanning的方法，迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断针对主题思想作推断时，则常常要纵览全篇文章推理判断题常见有以下形式
1.细节推断题要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、具体信息等考生要从文章本身所提供的信息出发，抓住关键的信息词，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断例析（2019•新课标I卷，B）For CanaanElementary^second grade in Patchogue,N.Y.,today isspeech day,and rightnow itsChris Palaezsturn.The8-year-old is the jokerof theclass.With shiningdark eyes,he seemslike theof kidwho wouldenjoy public speaking.But hes,nervous.Im hereto tellyou todaywhy youshould...should..Chris tripson the”-Id,a pronunciationdifficulty for many non-native Englishspeakers.His teacher,Thomas Whaley,is nextto him,whispering support.a...Votefor...me Except for some stumbles,Chris isdoing amazinglywell.When hebrings his speech to a nice conclusion,Whaley invitesthe rest of theclass topraise him.A sonof immigrants,Chris staredlearning Englisha littleover threeyears ago.Whaley recalls（回想起）how at thebeginning of the year,when calledupon to read,Chris wouldexcuse himselfto go to thebathroom.Learning Englishas asecond languagecan be a painfulexperience.What youneed is a greatteacher wholets youmakemistakes.It takesa lotfor anystudent J Whaley explains,especially fbra studentwho islearning Englishas theirnewlanguage,to feelconfident enoughto say,I dontknow,but Iwant toknow.Whaley gotthe idea of thissecond-grade presidentialcampaign projectwhen heasked the children one day to raisetheir handsif theythought theycould neverbe apresident.The answerbroke hisheart.Whaley saysthe project is aboutmore than just learning toread and speak inpublic.He wantsthese kidsto learn to boast（夸耀）about themselves.“Boasting aboutyourself,and yourbest qualities/9Whaley says,“is verydifficult fora childwho cameinto theclassroom not feeling confident.”
26.We caninfer that the purpose of Whaleysprojectisto.A.help studentssee theirown strengthsB.assess students,publicspeakingskillsC.prepare studentsfor theirfuture jobsD.inspire students9love fbrpolitics
27.Which of the followingbest describesWhaley as a teacherA.Humorous.B.Ambitious.C.Caring.D.Demanding.【语篇解读】本文属于记叙文，讲述Thomas Whaley为了帮助学生学英语以及树立信心专门开展了一个演讲课程
26.A【解析】推理判断题根据倒数第二段Whaley saysthe projectis aboutmore than justlearning toread andspeak inpublic.He wantsthese kidsto learnto boast about themselves.以及最后一段“boasting aboutyourself,and yourbestqualities,n Whaley says,“is verydifficult fora childwho cameinto theclassroomnotfeelingconfident.“可知，这个课程不仅仅教孩子阅读以及公共演讲，还要让孩子学会夸耀自己，而夸耀自己对于那些进入教室没有信心的学生来说很困难，故可知，Whaley老师这么做是为了帮助学生认识自己的优势增加信心，故选Ao
27.C【解析】推理判断题根据倒数第二段Whaley gotthe idea of thissecond-grade presidentialcampaign projectwhen heasked thechildren oneday toraisetheir handsif theythought theycould neverbe apresident.和最后一段He wantsthesekids to learnto boastabout themselves可知，当他有一天问学生认为自己当不了总统请举手的时候，想到了一个想法，这个课程就是帮助学生树立自己的信心，故可以看出这位老师很关心学生的成长humorous幽默的，ambitious有雄心壮志的；caring关心的；demanding要求高的故选C
2.因果推断题要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因或根据已有的原因推断可能的结果考生要准确掌握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义最关键的是要找准事物间存在的因果关系信息，根据已有信息，进行分析判断推理，从而推出最符合逻辑的原因或判断出最可能导致的结果例析（2019•全国卷HL C）Before the1830s,most newspapers were soldthrough annualsubscriptions in America,usually$8to$10a year.Today$8or$10seems asmall amountof money,but atthat time these amountswere forbiddingto mostcitizens.Accordingly,newspaperswereread almostonly byrich peoplein politicsor thetrades.In addition,most newspapershadlittle in them thatwould appealto amass audience.They weredull andvisually forbidding.But therevolution thatwastaking placein the1830s wouldchange allthat.The trend,then,was towardthe npennypapern-a termreferring topapers madewidely available to thepublic.It meantanyinexpensive newspaper;perhaps moreimportantly itmeant newspapersthat couldbe boughtin single copies on thestreet.（）This developmentdid nottake placeovernight.It hadbeen possiblebut noteasy tobuy singlecopies of newspapersbefore1830,but thisusually meantthe readerhad to go down to theprinters officeto purchasea copy.Street saleswerealmost unknown.However,within a few years,street salesof newspaperswould becommonplace ineastern cities.At firsttheprice ofsinglecopieswas seldoma penny-usually twoor threecents wascharged-and someof theolder well-knownpapers chargedfive orsix cents.But the phrase npennypaper caughtthe publicsfancy,and soon there would be papersthatdid indeedsell foronly apenny.This newtrend ofnewspapers for the manon thestreet*did notbegin well.Some of the earlyventures（企业）wereimmediate failures.Publishers alreadyin business,people whowere owners of successful papers,had littledesire tochange the tradition.It tooka fewyouthful anddaring businessmento get the ball rolling.
29.What didstreet salesmean tonewspapersA.They wouldbe pricedhigher.B.They woulddisappear fromcities.C.They couldhave morereaders.D.They couldregain publictrust.
31.What canwe sayabout thebirth of the pennypaperA.It was a difficultprocess.B.It was a temporarysuccess.C.It wasa robberyof thepoor.D.It wasa disasterfor printers.【语篇解读】本文为说明文文章叙述了“便士报纸”的诞生历史
29.C【解析】推理判断题根据第二段提到“便士报纸”针对大众，很便宜的更重要的是，在街上可以买的到报纸结合第三段中间的“streets salesofnewspaperswouldbecommonplaced ineastern citiesv可知，报纸的街头销售随处可见由此可推断出，街头销售意味读报纸的多了分析选项可知C符合题，故选C
31.A【解析】推理判断题第二段“The trend,then,was pennypaper”及最后一段“The newtrend ofnewspapers for theman on thestreetdid notbegin well.Some of the earlyventures wereimmediately failures.Publishers alreadyin business,people whoownersofsuccessfulpapers,had littledesires tochangethetradition.It tooka fewyouthful anddaringbusinessmen to gettheballrolling.v可知，“便士报纸”新趋势一开始并不好，一些早期的尝试立即失败了已经进入商业领域的成功的出版商，并不想改变这一传统后来一些年轻而大胆的商人才推动了这件事由此可推断出“便士报纸”的诞生是一个困难而曲折的过程分析选项可知，A项符合题意，故选A
3.人物性格、心情处境、态度及观点等推断题高考阅读测试中有些题目考查学生对文章作者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向和作用或文中人物的态度、观点等方面的理解做这一类题时一定注意1由表及里地准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点2特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情，态度观点的词语要特别注意作者在文章中的措辞，尤其是感情色彩的形容词3能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价例析Parents shouldstop blamingthemselves because theres nota lotthey can do about it.I meanthe teenager十几岁的孩子problem.Whatever youdo orhowever you choose todeal with it,at certain times awonderful,reasonable andhelpfulchild willturn into a terribleanimal.Ive seenfriends dealwithit in allkinds ofdifferent ways.One strictmother insistedthat herson,right froma child,should standup whenever anyone entered the room,open doorsand shakehands likea gentleman.I sawhim lastweekwhen Icalled round.Sprawling himself（懒散地躺）on thesofa infull length,he madeno attemptto turnoff theloud TVhe was watchingas Iwalked in,and hisgreeting wasno morethan aquick glanceat me.His motherwas ashamed.I dontknow what to do withhim thesedays Jshe said.Hes forgottenall themanners wetaught him.”He hasntforgotten them.Hes justdecided that hes notgoing touse them.She confessed（坦白）that shewould liketocome upbehind himand throwhim downfrom thesofa onto the floor.Another goodfriend ofmine lether two daughters climball overthe furniture,reach across the table,stare atme andsay,I dontlike yourdress;ifs ugly.One of the daughtershas recentlybeen drivenout ofschool.The otherhas lefthome.Where didwe gowrong^^her parentsare nowvery sad.Probably nowheremuch.At least,no morethan the rest ofthat unfortunate race,parents.
1.The boyon thesofa wouldmost probablybedescribedas.A.lazy B.quiet C.unusual D.rude
2.From thesecond examplewe caninferthat the parentsof thetwodaughters.A.pay noattention to them B.are toobusy tolook after themC.have cometo hatethem D.feel helplesstodomuch about them
3.What isthe authorsopinion aboutthe suddenchange inteenage childrenA.Parents haveno choicebut totry toaccept it.B.Parents shouldpay stillsore attentionto thechange.C.Parents shouldwork moreclosely withschool teachers.D.Parents are at faultfor thechange in their children.【答案与解析】l.D此题属于对人物性格的推断，根据文中第二段“One strictmother insistedthat herson,right froma child,should standupwheneveranyoneenteredtheroom,open doorsand shakehands likea gentleman.”以及其后的细节描述和该段最后一句话可知，以为严厉的母亲想把她的孩子培养成绅士，但是她的孩子后来对客人的表现却是不礼貌
2.D此题属于对“人物心情处境的推断“根据最后一段，…Where didwe gowrong9her parentsare nowverysad.”一句可推测这两位父母对他们学坏的女儿无可奈何，因此正确答案为Do
3.A此题属于“对态度及观点的推断”，文中第一句话“Parents shouldstop blamingthemselves becausetheres nota lottheycan doaboutit.”就表明了作者的观点，父母不应当总是为此事而责怪自己应当采取措施面对这个事情然后最后又用了“Probably nowheremuch.At least,no morethan the restofthatunfortunaterace,parents.”做总结，表明父母们不得不接受这个不好的事实
4.篇章结构推断题根据不同文章的内容和写作目的，作者会采取记叙、描写、议论、说明或应用文体作者也会采用叙述、例证、比较对照等不同的组织结构不同文体的阅读难度、要求和任务不同，阅读方法也应不同增强对篇章结构的理解能力有助于提高阅读质量例析Have youever wonderedwhy birdssing Maybeyou thoughtthat theywere justhappy.After all,you probablysingor whistlewhen youare happy.Some scientistsbelieve thatbirds dosing someof thetime justbecause they are happy.However,they singmost ofthetime fora verydifferent reason.Their singingis actuallya warningto otherbirds tostay out of theirterritory.•••
1.How doesthe writerexplain birds,singingA.By comparingbirds withhuman beings.B.By reportingexperiment results.C.By describingbirds,daily life.D.By tellinga birdsstory.【答案】A【解析】由文章第
一、二两段可知作者是把鸟儿和人类进行对比
5.文章结论推断题由具体到一般，对已知的事实进行归纳总结性推断称为结论例析（2019•北京卷，D）By theend of the century,if notsooner,the worldsoceans will be bluerand greener thanks toa warming climate,according toa newstudy.At theheart of the phenomenonlie tinymarine microorganisms（海洋彳散生物）called phytoplankton.Because oftheway lightreflects offthe organisms,these phytoplanktoncreate colourfulpatterns at the ocean surface.Ocean colourvariesfrom greento blue,depending on the typeand concentrationof phytoplankton.Climate changewill fuelthe growthofphytoplankton insome areas,while reducingitinother spots,leading tochanges in the oceansappearance.Phytoplankton liveatthe oceansurface,where theypull carbondioxide（二氧化碳）into the ocean whilegiving offoxygen.When theseorganisms die,they burycarbon in the deepocean,an importantprocess thathelps toregulate theglobalclimate.But phytoplanktonare vulnerableto theocean9s warmingtrend.Warming changes key characteristics ofthe oceanand canaffect phytoplanktongrowth,since theyneed notonly sunlightand carbondioxide togrow,but alsonutrients.Stephanie Dutkiewicz,a scientistin MITsCenter forGlobal ChangeScience,built aclimate modelthat projectschanges to the oceans throughoutthe century.In aworld thatwarms upby3℃,it foundthat multiplechangesto the colourof theoceanswould occur.The modelprojects thatcurrently blueareas withlittle phytoplanktoncould becomeeven bluer.But insome waters,such asthose of the Arctic,a warmingwill makeconditions riperfor phytoplankton,and theseareaswill turngreener.Not onlyare thequantities ofphytoplankton in theoceanchanging.9,she said,“but thetype ofphytoplanktonis changing.
45.What isthe mainpurposeof the passageA.To assessthe consequencesof oceancolour changesB.To analysethe compositionof theocean foodchainC.To explain the effectsof climatechange onoceansD.To introducea newmethod to study phytoplankton【语篇解读】本文为说明文一项最新研究表明，由于气候变暖，世界海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿这一现象是因为一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，因为光线反射的作用，它们在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案但是浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并影响浮游植物的生长
45.C【解析】目的意图题第一段提出文章的主旨uBy theend ofthe century.If notsooner,the worldsoceans willbe bluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,according toa newstudy.”可知到本世纪末一项新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿再结合第三段But phytoplanktonare vulnerableto theoceans warningtrend Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanand canaffectphytoplankton growth,-可知，浮游植物很容易受到海洋警告趋势的影响，变暖改变了海洋的关键特征,并能影响浮游植物的生长”可知本文主要解释气候变化对海洋的影响故选C核心考点3主旨大意题高考阅读理解对文章的主旨大意进行命题，旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心情节，体会作者的主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心论点及作者的情感倾向在高考阅读理解中，针对短文主旨常见的命题形式如下1What wouldbe the best title for the text/What isthe topicofthetext2The maintopic/subject ofthe passage is.3The mainidea/The generalidea is/The main theme of this passageis...4The last paragraph endsthepassagewith anemphasis on.5What is mainly discussedin thetext6What isthe mainideaofthepassage7Whats the main pointthe writeris tryingto makein thelast paragraph8The purposeof thispassageis.9Which ofthe followingstatements isbest supportedby thetext10Which ofthe followingbest summarizedthepassage11The passagemainly focuseson.从上述命题形式可以看出，此类阅读测试题主要可概括为两大类，即怎样理解段落及文章整体的中心思想和怎样拟定或选择恰当的标题下面结合高考题实例来具体分析此类题目的解题技巧理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意——主题句定位法文章是由段落组成的段落是发展一个主题的一群句子，段落围绕着中心思想展开，而段落的中心思想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是通过分析篇章结构，找出每小段的主题句，通过主题句找出文章的主题找准文章的主题句是确定文章主旨大意的关键主题是文章要表达的中心思想，文章的主题句通常都有一个话题，它是文章的核心”主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的方法但是由于文章的不同，表现的手法也各有不同，主题句出现的位置也不是一成不变的在许多情况下,尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况开头、中间、结尾含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法skimming,浏览时，一般不需逐句细读，只选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下五种情况
1.中心主题句出现在文首开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想这是英语中最常见的演绎法写作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句则出现在段首的写作方法新闻报道通常就采用这种写法新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语”，“导语”实际上就是主题句，是对全文内容的高度概括大意题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答题依据例析2018•新课标卷ILanguages havebeen coming and goingfor thousandsof years,but inrecent times there has been less comingand alot moregoing.When the world wasstill populatedby hunter-gatherers,small,tightly knit联系groups developedtheirown patternsof speechindependent ofeach other.Some languageexperts believethat10,000years ago,when theworldhad justfive toten millionpeople,they spokeperhaps12,000languages betweenthem.Soon afterwards,many ofthose peoplestarted settlingdownto become farmers,and theirlanguages toobecame moresettledand fewerin number.In recentcentres,trade,industrialization,the development ofthenation-state and the spreadofuniversal compulsoryeducation.Especially glbalisationand bettercommunications in the pastfew decades,all havecausedmany Languagesto disappear,and dominantlanguages suchas English.Spanish andChinese areincreasinglytaking over.At present,theworldhas about6,800languages.The distributionof theselanguages ishugely uneven.The generalruleis thatmild zoneshave relativelyfew languages.Often spoken by manypeople whilehot.wet zoneshave lots,oftenspoken bysmall numbers.Europe hasonly around200Languages:the Americasabout1,
000.Africa2400;and Asiaandthe Pacificperhaps3,200,of whichPapua NewGuinea aloneaccounts forwell over
800.The mediannumber中位数ofspeakers is a mere
6.000,which meansthat halfthe worldslanguages arespokenbyfewer peoplethan that.Already wellover400ofthetotal of,6,800languages areclose toextinction消亡，with onlyafewelderly speakersleft.Pick,at random,Busuu inCameroon eightremaining speakers,Chiapaneco inMexico
150.Lipan Apachein theUnitedStatestwo orthree orWadjigu inAustralia one,with aquestion-mark:none ofthese seemsto havemuch chanceofsurvival.取信息同时还要求读者记住重要细节，在必要的时候（做判断、推断或结论的时候）能够准确而迅速地将他们回忆起来解此类题要求考生快速抓住原文中的关键信息，直接得出答案，但要注意往往答案与原文中的语句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思有的细节理解题就需要通过有关词语和句子的转换利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理，方能做出正确的判断.此类试题在高考中占大多数值得一提的是，有时原文中的信息可能只是一个短语，甚至一个单词，因此需要我们在阅读中特别仔细才能捕捉到真正有用的信息细节理解题大致有如下几种常考题型题型一描写类细节题描写类细节题，常常考查考生对文中有关人物动作、思想感情、心理活动、观点，或事件的起因、发展、过程、结果等方面的理解这类描写信息往往较直接，一般不太需要考生对它们进行较深入的理解，对于该类题，考生一般都可以较直接地从原文中找到与题目对应的有关信息例析[2019•全国卷国B]For CanaanElementarys secondgradeinPatchogue,N.Y.,today isspeech day,and rightnow ifsChris Palaezsturn.The8-year-old isthe jokeroftheclass.With shiningdark eyes,he seemslike theof kidwho wouldenjoy publicspeaking.But hes,nervous.Im hereto tellyou todaywhy youshould...should...“Chris tripson the“-Id,a.pronunciationdifficultyformanynon-native Englishspeakers.His teacher,Thomas Whaley,is nextto him,whispering support....Votefor...meExceptfor somestumbles,Chris isdoing amazinglywell.When hebringshisspeechtoaniceconclusion,Whaley invitesthe restoftheclass topraise him.A sonof immigrants,Chris staredlearning Englisha littleover threeyears ago.Whaley recalls（回想起）how atthebeginning oftheyear,when calledupon toread,Chris wouldexcuse himselfto goto thebathroom.Learning Englishasasecond languagecan be a painfulexperience.What youneed isa greatteacher wholets youmakemistakes.It takesa lotfor anystudent,‘‘Whaley explains,especially fora studentwho islearning Englishas theirnewlanguage,to feelconfident enoughto say,I dontknow,but Iwant toknow.Whaley gotthe ideaof thissecond-grade presidentialcampaign projectwhen heaskedthechildrenonedaytoraisetheir handsif theythought theycould neverbeapresident.The answerbroke hisheart.Whaleysaysthe projectis aboutmorethanjustlearningtoreadandspeakinpublic.He wantsthese kidstolearntoboast（夸耀）about themselves.Boasting aboutyourself,and yourbest qualitiesJWhaleysays,is verydifficult fbra childwho cameinto the
31.What isthe minideaofthe textA.New languageswillbecreated.B.Peoples lifestylesare reflectedin languagesC.Human developmentresults infewer languagesD.Geography determineslanguage evolution.【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文文章讲述了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少及其原因【答案】C【解析】主旨要义题根据文章第一段中的主题句Languages havebeen comingand goingfor thousandsof years,but inrecenttimestherehas beenlesscomingandalot moregoing.可知，语言的产生和消失进行了几千年，但最近时代语言产生的少，消失的太多故选C
2.主题句出现在文尾在细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式，即细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主题句则常位于末段例析The famousAmerican gorilla（大猩猩）expert Diane Fossey hada completelynew way tostudygorillas-shepretended to be one of them.She copiedtheir actionsand wayof life——eating plantsand gettingdown onher handsandknees towalk theway agorilla does.It wasa newrelationship.Diane Fosseywas murderedin Rwandain1985and herstory wasmade into the popularfilm Gorillas in the Mist.It（）wasalong wayfrom KingKong,which isabout agorilla asa monstera frighteninganimal,and helpedto showa newidea:the realmonster isman,while thegorilla isto beadmired.Today thereare thoughtto bearound48,000lowland gorillasand maybe400—450mountain gorillasin thewild.From theCongo in West Africa,to Rwandaand Ugandafurther east,they areendangered byhunting andby thecuttingdown of their foresthomes.Some timeago,I foundin myletterbox a little magazinefromtheWorld WideFund forNature.It hadtwo photossideby side.One wasof ayoung gorilla.This isa species of mammal（哺乳类动4勿）」said thewords belowit.“It isbeingdestroyed by man.We mustsave itfor ourown good.The otherphoto showeda humanbaby.The wordsalso read,Thisis aspeciesofmammal/9but thenwent on:It isthe mostdestructive（破坏性•的）on earth.We mustretrain itfor itsowngood.”
56.The textmainly talksabout.A.Diane FosseyB.the gorillasin RwandaC.the protectionofthegorillas D.the filmGorillasin theMist【答案】c【解析】文章第一段谈到DianeFossey对大猩猩的研究；第二段谈到根据她的事迹所拍摄的影片；第三段谈到了大猩猩数量减少的原因；最后一段谈到保护大猩猩的宣传的措施前面三段都是为最后一段做铺垫的，从最后一段的“It isbeing destroyedbyman.We mustsave itfbr ourown good.”可知,最主要的目的还是要人们保护大猩猩
3.首尾呼应的写作方法为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见通常，前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味例析Lacrosse（曲棍球）isapopular sport in Canada.The Indiansin Canadainvented it.They usedit totrain forwar.Theyinvented thisgame beforeColumbus arrivedin theNew World.People playlacrosse outdoors.The lacrossefield isseven meterslong.At eachend ofthe fieldthere isa goal.The goalisa net.There areten playerson eachteam.Each playerhas astick calledcross”.The playerhit aball into the netas manytimesas possible.Lacrosse isa veryfast gamebecausetheplayers cancatch andpass theball ata highspeed with theirsticks.Players oftenget greatfun itplaying lacrosse.There aremany lacrosseclubs andlacrosse teamsall overCanada.Every nightCanadians canwatch the lacrossegames onTV orlisten tothelacrossegames overthe radio.At onetime lacrossewas thenational summersportinCanada.Today it is stillpopular withCanadians.
1.The passageismainlyabout.A.How toPlay LacrosseB.Lacrosse inCanadaC.The Historyof LacrosseD.Lacrosse一A PopularGame inCanada【答案】D【解析】作者先后两次提到“长曲棍球在加拿大很受欢迎显然选项D最符合短文的主题
4.中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题该类型的试题则迎刃而解例析2019•全国卷n,CMarian Bechtelsits atWest Palm Beachs BarLouie counterby herself,quietly readingher e-book asshe waitsforher salad.What isshe readingNone ofyour business!Lunch isBechtePs metime・And likemore Americans,shes notalone.A newreport found46percent ofmeals areeaten aloneinAmerica.More thanhalf53percent havebreakfast aloneandnearly half46percent havelunch by themselves.Only atdinnertime arewe eatingtogether anymore,74percent,according tostatistics fromthe report.“I prefertogoout andbe out.Alone,but together,you knowBechtel said,looking upfrom herbook.Bechtel,whoworks indowntown WestPalmBeach,has lunchwith coworkerssometimes,but likemany ofus,too oftenworks throughlunchat herdesk.A lunchtimeescape allowsher to keep aboss fromtapping heron the shoulder.She returnsto workfeelingenergized.Today,I justwanted sometime tomyself Jshe said.Just twoseats over,Andrew Mazoleny,a localvideographer,is finishinghis lunchatthebar.He likesthathecan sitandcheck hisphone inpeace orchat upthe barkeeperwith whomhes ona first-name basisif hewants to have alittleinteraction交流.“I reflecton howmy daysgone andthink abouttherestoftheweek,he said.Its achance forself-reflection.You return to workrecharged andwith aplan.”That freedomto chooseis onereason morepeople liketo eatalone.There wasa timewhen peoplemay havefeltawkward aboutasking fbra tablefor one,but thosedays areover.Now,we haveour smartphonestokeepus companyatthe table.It doesntfeel asalone as it mayhave beforeal theadvances intechnology,said LaurieDemerit,whose companyprovidedthe statisticsforthereport.
31.What isthetextmainly aboutA.The trend of havingmeals alone.B.The importanceof self-reflection.C.The stressfrom workingovertime.D.The advantageof wirelesstechnology.【语篇解读】本文通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工作氛围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势
31.A【解析】主旨大意题本文通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工作氛围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势，故选A
4.主题句出现在文章的中间通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、支撑或发展例析The Sahara Festival isa celebrationofthevery recentpast.The three-day eventis notfixed tothe samedates eachyear,but generallytakes placein Novemberor December.It iswell attendedby tourists,but evenbetter attendedby locals.During theopening ceremonies,aftertheofficial greetingsfromthegovernment leaders,people whoattend thefestivalbegin tomarch smartlybefore theviewing stands,and whitecamels transporttheir ridersacrossthe sands.Horsemen fromdifferent nationsdisplay theirbeautiful clothesand theirfine horsemanship.One followinganother,groups ofmusicians anddancers fromall overthe Saharatake theirturntoshow offtheir wonderfultraditional culture.Groups ofmen inblue andyellow playhorns andbeat drumsas theydance indifferent designs.On theirknees in thesand,a groupof womenin longdark dressesdance with their hair:their long,dark,shiny hairis thrownback andforth inthewind tothe rhythmof theirdance.•••
67.This passagemainly tellsreaders.A.what happensontheopening dayofthe Sahara FestivalB.how peoplecelebrate duringthe three-day SaharaFestivalC.what takesplace atthe closingceremonies oftheSaharaFestivalD.how animalsrace onthe firstand thelast daysoftheSaharaFestival【答案】A【解析】从文中第二段第一句话“During theopening ceremoniesJ可以看出，本文主要是介绍“撒哈拉节”开幕式上的活动答案选A文章整体加注标题——高度概括法对文章主旨大意的考察，不仅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出现，而且也可以用选择或拟定文章标题的形式出现因此，选择文章标题，首先可以按照主旨大意的确定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定标题标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题它是段落中心思想最精练的表达形式标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的观点和意图那么如何选择文章的标题呢？首先，要考虑标题对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何一般要求能覆盖全文内容，体现文章主旨要避免下列三种情况
①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；
②过度概括（多表现为脱离本文章内容的发挥）；
③以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意其次，要考虑标题的针对性，即标题范围要恰当，针对性强要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑所选标题与文章主题是否有密切的关系既不能太大，也不能太小，太大则中心就不突出，太小也发挥不了应起的作用；精确度高，不能随意改变语言的表意程度及色彩它可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子再次要注意标题的醒目性，标题的选择要简洁、突出、新颖，标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面标题的好坏往往影响了文章的可读性，读者常常从标题上决定文章的阅读取舍故标题一般比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，以此来吸引读者对文章的兴趣最后要注意，要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方法一般说来，拟定标题是以话题为核心，与控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句或中心思想的词组比如某一文章的中心句为CHINA issuedthefirst set of stamps depicting the top128Chinese familynames onThursday Nov.18th2004in Beijing.话题Stamps控制性概念CHINA issuedthefirst setof stampsdepictingthetop128Chinese familynames标题China issued1stsetofstampson familynames例析August8,was Earth Overshoot Day.Calculated annuallybytheenvironmental advocacy（支持,力弓护）group,（）Global FootprintNetwork GFN,it isthe daywhen humanhas consumedall thenatural resources-produce,meat,fish,water,and wood—that ourplanet canregenerate（再生）in asingle year.This meansthat fortherestof2016,we willbeusing naturalresources that are impossibleto replace.For thosethatarealittleconfused,itissimilar tospending yourentire yearsallowance byAugust andthen borrowingmoneyfrom friends,knowing fullywell thatyou cannotrepay theloan.GFN saysthat the same thinghappensinthecase ofthe Earth.The dateof Earth Overshoot Dayvaries eachyear.In anideal,fully sustainableworld,we shouldonly spendwhatwe have.This meansthat Earth Overshoot Daywould fallon December31,or perhapseven spillintothe following year,indicating thatwe aresaving someresources fora rainyday.That didhappen in1961,when weonly consumedthree-quarters ofwhat theplanet produced.Unfortunately,the dayhasbeengoing uprapidly since2014when itfell onAugust
19.In2015,it wasAugust13,andthis year,the earliestso far-August8!The onlyway tosustain thisdemand wouldbe tohave
1.6earths,which aswe allknow,is notpossible.Fortunately,experts saythatthesituation isnot asgrim asit sounds.Many countriesare alreadytaking stepsto reducecarbonemissions,which accountsfor60%of ourecological footprint,by switchingto solaror wind-generated power.Individuals canalso helpby eatingless meat,walking,biking,or takingpublic transportation,as wellas adoptingthethree Rs:Reduce,Reuse,and Recycle.If weall worktogether,we canhelp pushback Earth Overshoot Dayto December31,or evenbeyond!
27.What isthebesttitleforthe passageA.A Warning:Earth OvershootDayB.A Celebration:Earth OvershootDayC.A Reminder:Reduce,Reuse,and RecycleD.An Advertisement:Global FootprintNetwork【文章大意】本文是一篇环保类说明文文章介绍了Earth OvershootDay今年在八月八号我们就已经消耗掉今年全年的可再生资源，接着又介绍了EarthOvershootDay的计算方法通过介绍EarthOvershootDay,作者呼吁人们减少资源浪费【答案】A【解析】今年的EarthOvershootDay是八月八号，即我们今年在八月八号就已经消耗掉我们今年全年的可再生资源本文通过介绍EarthOvershootDay告诉人们要减少资源浪费，所以最佳标题应是A项核心考点4词义猜测题猜测词义不仅是一项阅读技巧，也是高考阅读能力考查的一个方面，每年在高考阅读中都有猜测词义的试题掌握正确方法快速而又准确地猜测出生词的含义，对提高阅读速度和答题效率相当重要该类题常见的考查形式有:
1.The phrase・•・inthesentence couldbe replacedby.
2.The word・•・intheparagraph refersto.
3.What isthe meaningofthe underlinedwordintheparagraph/What doesthe unlinedword mean
4.Which ofthe followingistheclosest inmeaning tothephrase.・・”？
5.The word・•・most nearlymeans.对此类试题，考生应该进行大胆猜测，但这种猜测不是胡乱的，盲目的，而是有一定的方法和技巧F面介绍几种常见的猜测词义的方法供同学们加以运用
1.构词法猜词阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词掌握构词法对猜测词义很有帮助如:unforeseeable.这个词，可以根据构词法把它拆成un,fore,see,able；其中see是词根，fore是“先，前，预”的含义，un是否定，able是“能的，可的”,因此unforeseeable是“未能预见到的”意思例析...Baker concludesthat peopledo nothave theability tosense when theyre beingstared at.If peopledoubt theoutcomeof histwo experiments,said Baker,I suggestthey repeatthe experiments and seefbr themselves....
70.The underlinedword“outcome“inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans.A.value B.resultC.performance D.connection【答案】B【解析】运用“构词法”进行猜测动词词组comeout的意义为“露出、出现、显露出”再根据句子的语境,可猜测出其意义是（实验的）结果
2.利用同义近义词猜词在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义统称在词或短语之间有并列连词and或r,这些词语或短语在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，甚至推出它的大致词义例析:...Fermats LastTheorem（定理），first putforward bythe Frenchmathematician Pierrede Fermatintheseventeenthcentury,the theoremhad baffledand beatenthe finestmathematical minds,including aFrench womanscientists whomadea majoradvance inworking outthe problem,and whohad todress likea manin orderto beabletostudy atthe EcolePolytechnique....
65.Which ofthefollowingbest explainsthe meaningoftheword“baffle“asitis used inthe textA.To encouragepeople toraise questions.B.To causedifficulty inunderstanding.C.To providea personwith anexplanation.D.To limitpeoples imagination.【答案】B【解析】由句中不难看出Fermat的定理使得最具有数学头脑的科学家绞尽脑汁（beat）,并且在句中beaten和baffled处于同等的并列关系，根据这一信息可以推出baffle表示“使困惑、难倒、难以理解”的意思
3.利用反义词猜词对比是描述，说明事物的常用方式在对比中，对比的事物是互为相反的，因此根据反义或对比关系可从已知推出未知利用反义词来说明生词的意义，如反义词hot andcold,perfect andimperfect,甚至前、后句为肯定与否定或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用例析...A childsbirthday partydoesnt havetobea hassle;it canbeabasket offun,according toBeth Anaclerio,anEvasion motherof two,ages4and18months....
74.What doesthe underlinedword hassleprobably meanA.A partydesigned byspecialists.B.A planrequiring carefulthought.C.A situationcausing difficultyor trouble.D.A demandmade byguests.【答案】C【解析】根据前句的否定doesnt与后句的肯定canbe这一对比关系，可以判断出，为了庆祝孩子的生日，又不至于麻烦，可以买一个生日开心包Hassle的意思应该与fun相反，而与difficulty,trouble相近答案为Co
4.利用上下文语境猜词任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇文章有关利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，这也是近年来高考考查的热点例析:（2019•天津卷,D）Would youBET onthe futureofthisman Heis53years old.Most ofhis adultlife hasbeen alosing struggleagainstdebt andmisfortune.A warinjury hasmade hisleft handstop functioning,and hehas oftenbeen inprison.Driven byheaven-knows-what motives,he determinesto writea book.The bookturns outtobeone thathas appealedtotheworld formorethan350years.That formerprisoner wasCervantes,andthebook wasDon Quixote（《堂吉诃德》）.And thestory posesan interestingquestion:why dosomepeople discovernew vitalityand creativitytotheendoftheir days,while othersgotoseed longbeforeWeve allknown people who run outof steam beforethey reachlifes halfwaymark.Tm nottalking aboutthose whofailtogettothetop.We cantall getthere.Im talking about peoplewho have stopped learning on growing because theyhaveadopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.
52.What doestheunderlinedpart inParagraph3probably meanA.End onesstruggle fbrliberty.B.Waste onesenergy takingrisks.C.Miss theopportunity tosucceed.D.Lose theinterest tocontinue learning.【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义
52.D【解析】词义猜测题根据第三段I mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowingbecausethey haveadoptedthefixedattitudesandopinionsthatalltoooftencomewithpassingyears.故可知，作者谈论的不是那些没有到达巅峰的人，而是谈论那些不再学习成长的人，故可知runoutofsteam可知，停止学习，故选D
5.利用定义和解释猜词有些文章，特别是科技文章，通常会对一些关键词给予定义，我们可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思释义法就是根据文章中的字里行间，对生词以定语（从句）、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式例析Organic produceis alwaysbetter,Gold said.The foodis freeof pesticides（农药）,and youare generallysupportingfamily farmsinstead oflarge farms.And moreoften thannot itis locally（本土也）grown andseasonal,so itis moretasty.Gold isoneofa growingnumber ofshoppers buyingintothe organic trend,and supermarketsacross Britain are countingonmore likehim as they growtheir organicfood business.
62.What isthe meaningof“theorganictrend^^asthewords areusedinthetextA.Growing interestin organicfood.B.Better qualityof organicfood.C.Rising marketfor organicfood.D.Higher pricesof organicfood.【答案】A【解析】由Gold isoneofa growingnumber ofshoppers buyingsomething可以推断出,越来越多的顾客像Gold一样开始购买有机食物，其实也就是对这类食物产生了越来越浓厚的兴趣答案为A
6.根据语义转折猜词有时文章的作者为了增强表达效果，会用一些含有表示意思转折的连词，副词或短语如though,although,still,but,yet,instead,instead of,however,while,onthecontrary,ontheother hand,unlike,rather than,for onething,foranother等，我们可以根据转折意思猜测词义例析...However obviousthese factsmay appearat firstglance,theyareactually notso obviousas theyseem exceptwhenwe take special painsto thinkaboutthesubject.•••
71.In Paragraph3,“take specialpains probablymeans A.try veryhard B.take ourtimeC.are veryunhappy D.feel especiallypainful【答案析】A【解析】由However从句当中的at firstglance（乍一眼看上去），与下文中的takespecialpains进行对比，既然不是一眼就看出那么简单，那么自然要费力去想了由此可以推断出A项为最佳选项
7.利用经验和常识猜词例析・・・“I wasonthewaytoa personal-injury accidentinWestNashville.As Igot ontoHighway40,blue lightsandsirens（警笛）going,I fellin behinda goldPontiac Firebirdthat suddenlyseemed totake offquickly downthe highway.The driversomehow panickedatthesight ofme.He wasgoing morethan ahundred milesan hourand classroomnotfeeling confident.”
24.What madeChris nervousA.Telling astory.B.Making aspeech.C.Taking atest.D.Answering aquestion.【语篇解读】本文属于记叙文，讲述Thomas Whaley为了帮助学生学英语以及树立信心专门开展了一个演讲课程
24.B【解析】细节理解题根据第一段today isspeech day和本段最后一句with shiningdark eyes,he seemslike thekind ofkidswho wouldenjoy publicspeaking.以及第二段第一句But hes nervous.可知，Chris眼睛黑亮，似乎是那种喜欢公共演讲的孩子，但是他却很紧张，故可知Chris是因为做演讲紧张，故选B题型二信息寻找题、广告阅读题信息寻找题一般在应用文体中较常见，体现于查字典、阅读广告、公告、演出海报、车船航班时间表等之中这类阅读材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面，能满足各种人对信息的需求，但在高考试题中，常常是就某一方面提问，考生完全没有必要从头到尾仔细阅读，因为材料中有很多冗余无效信息做此类题时，宜采用“题干定全法”即先阅读题干，然后根据问题要求，有针对性地阅读相关部分快速寻找有效信息广告是阅读理解题常考的一种题材广告属应用文体严格来说广告属快速寻找信息题但是广告有着其他快速寻找信息题不同的特点广告文体简洁明快，省略了大量的词语，达到了篇幅小、信息多的目的同时具有语言精练，形象性、鼓动性强的良好效果广告阅读题多为细节理解题，关键在于正确理解广告内容考生必须具备较强的语言运用能力，熟悉文化背景，利用各种手段如补全、联想、推测等正确解读广告的内容通常运用“补全成分法”和“联想推测法”两种方法来解读广告的内容做题方法同样采用“题干定向法”1补全成分法省略名在广告体阅读材料中大量出现，可以说广告阅读理解材料中大多数句子都是省略句我们应结合全文语境及逻辑关系将省略句补全，从而更加准确地理解如Driver wanted.根据文义，可将该句补充为A driverwill bewanted.招聘一名司机2联想推测法在些广告时间、日期、地点、电话、票价等用了缩略词，甚至一概没有提及，这就需要考生前后连贯,充分想象，整体理解搜寻已知信息，推断语篇意义began passingcars ontheshoulder.^^
63.The meaningof panicked“inParagraph2is relatedto.A.shame B.hate C.anger D.fear【答案】D【解析】根据本段内容描述，可以知道panicked意思是“惊慌”，相当于fear核心考点5七选五阅读题
一、题型特征阅读理解七选五，即给出一篇缺少5个句子的文章，对应有七个选项，根据文章结构、内容，选出正确的句子，填入相应的空白处该类题型要求从短文后的七个选项中（均为完整的句子）选出五个能填入文章空处的最佳选项，主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握其命题形式深受阅读多项选择题的影响，体现了《新课标》“用英语获取、处理和运用信息的能力；逐步获取用英语思维的能力”的阅读学习和教学理念七选五和传统题型完型填空有些类似，虽然完型填空题考查的是词汇层面，七选五考查的是句子层面，但是它们的考查方式是一样的，只要考生选择的答案能够使行文连贯，符合英文的语法以及习惯表达就行，因此，这两类题型在做题方法上有共同之处该题型命题形式仍然具有客观题的特点，又与完形填空具有异曲同工之妙，只是选项少，以句子形式出现，考查目的和侧重点不完全相同而已从《考试说明》对该题型命题目的的表述“主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握”可以得出以下判断该题备选项可分为主旨概括句（文章整体内容）、过渡性句子（文章结构）和注释性句子（上下文逻辑意义）三类其多余的两个干扰项也往往从这三方面进行设置，例如主旨概括句或过于宽泛或以偏概全或偏离主题，过渡性句子不能反映文章的行文结构，注释性句子与上文脱节等
二、试题特点
1.符合《英语课程标准》中“提高学生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力”的要求和《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试说明》中“如果希望准确、深刻地理解一篇文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握住全篇的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系J的要求如果说通常意义上的高考英语完形填空题是词法和句法范围内的考查，它是语言表达的基本单位，属于语言的组织规律，那么阅读填空题就是章法范围内的考查，是语言使用的范畴，属于言语的组织规律，简单地说，前者侧重语言的结构一语法，而后者侧重语言的使用一章法
2.注重考查学生的逻辑思维能力阅读本质就是一种理解、吸收、鉴赏、评价文章的思维过程，新题型不但要求考生具备词汇、句子、语段、语篇等方面的知识，而且要有辨证、综合、分析、归纳方面的逻辑思维能力，是阅读的深层理解，也是阅读的核心和关键
3.题材新颖，具有浓厚的时代气息和较高的真实性，与学生的学习经历和生活经历相适应，与新课程理念下的高考改革走向相适应，与高中英语教学实际相适应，遵循了《英语课程标准》的评价理念，保证了试题的效度、信度、真实性和公平性原则
三、解答技巧根据试题所在的不同位置确定不同的解题策略
1.如果空白在段首1通常是段落主题句认真阅读后文内容，根据段落一致性原则，查找同义词或其他相关词，从而推断出主题句2与后文是并列、转折、因果关系等着重阅读后文的第
一、二句，锁定线索词，然后在选项中查找相关词通常正确答案的最后一句与空白后的第一句在意思上是紧密衔接的3段落间的过渡句这时要前瞻后望，阅读上一段的结尾部分，并结合下一段的内容，将所选的答案代入，看其是否能承上启下，将两段内容连起来
2.如果空白在段尾1重点阅读空白前的一两句以锁定关键词2通常是结论、概括性语句注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的信号词，选项中也可发现前文的同义词、句3与前文是转折或对比关系此时要注意在选项中查找表示转折、对比的关联词，同时注意选项内容是否与前文在同一主题上形成对立、对比关系4与前文是并列或排比关系在这种情况下，通常是要补全说明本段主题的其他细节，在选项中会出现表示并列/递进关系的关联词或与前文类似的句式结构，或出现同义词等其他线索前句与正确答案的第一句是紧密相连的，要特别注意阅读这样相连的两句5所选答案是引出下一段的内容如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时可考虑与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接6如果第一段的段尾是空白，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题
3.如果空白构成一整个自然段1这个段落应该起承上启下的作用，而且自成一体，即有一个段落的中心，因此可重点阅读较长的选项，以此类推，直至找到正确答案2着重阅读前一段结尾和后一段开头的一两句，寻找相关的线索，而且重要线索通常会在后一段开头,因此后一段开头往往比前一段结尾更重要3分析段落之间的逻辑关系及内容的连贯性，注意段落间的衔接手段将选项代入原文，如果前后内容连贯，符合逻辑，即为正确答案词有Tel.=telephone numberPh.=phone Addr.=addressco.=company Ltd二LimitedMax二maximum Min二minimumt二timehr=hourft=footfig=figuredoz=dozenml=mileP=pageMt=MountainDr.=doctorprof,=professorn=norths=south w=westSta=Stationpop=popularvs=versusXmas=Christmasinfo二informationhrs=hoursVIP=very importantpersonsaft=after ad二advertisement为节省篇幅，特别是在商业广告中，常使用缩写词，尽管有些缩写不太规范，但却常用，常见的缩写p/t=part timeexp=experiencedPC=personal computerMA=Master ofArtsBS degree=bachelor^degree学士学位例析[2019•北京卷，A]Want toexplore newcultures,meet new people anddo somethingworthwhile atthesametime Youcandoall thethreewith GlobalDevelopment AssociationGDA.Whatever stageof lifeyou,reat,wherever yougo andwhatever projectyoudo inGDA,you,ll createpositive changesinapoor andremote community社|区.We work with volunteersof allages andbackgrounds.Most of our volunteersare aged17-
24.Now weneed volunteermanagersaged25-
75.They areextremely importantinthesafe andeffective runningof ourprogrammes.We havesuch rolesasproject managers,mountain leaders,and communicationofficers.Depending onwhich roleyouchoose,you couldhelp toincrease acommunitys accessto safedrinking water,or help toprotect valuablelocal cultures.You mightalso designan adventurechallenge totrain young volunteers.Not onlywill youhelp ouryoungvolunteersto developpersonally,youll alsolearn newskills andincrease yourcultural awareness.You mayhave chancesto meetnewpeoplewholl becomeyour lifelongfriends.This summerwe haveboth4-week and7-week programmes:ScheduleCountry4-week programmes7-week programmesAlgeria5Jul.一1Aug.20Jun.一7Aug.Egypt24Jul-20Aug.19Jun.―6Aug.Kenya20Jul.一16Aug.18Jun.一5Aug.South Africa2Aug.一29Aug.15Jun.12Aug.GDA ensuresthat volunteersworkwithcommunity membersand localproject partnerswhere ourhelp isneeded.Allour projects aim topromote thedevelopment ofpoor andremote communities.There isno otherchance likea GDA programme.Join usasavolunteer managerto developyour ownskills whilebringingbenefits tothe communities.Find outmore aboutjoining aGDAprogramme:Website:wwvv glodeve.orgEma\\:
31.What isthemainresponsibility ofvolunteer managersA.To seeklocal partnersB.To takein youngvolunteersC.To carryout programmesD.To fosterculturalawareness
32.The programmebeginning inAugust willoperate in.A.Egypt B.Algeria C.Kenya D.South Afria
33.The sharedgoal ofGDAs projectsto.A.explore newcultures B.protect theenvironmentC.gain corporatebenefit D.help communitiesin need【语篇解读】这是一篇应用文，这是一篇招聘志愿者的广告
31.C【解析】细节理解题题干问管理人员的主要职责是什么根据第三段中D叩ending onwhich roleyouchoose,you couldhelptoincrease...,or helpto project...You mightalso design…可知，根据岗位不同，管理人员可以帮助增加小区的饮用水，可以规划地方文化，可以设计挑战项目培训年轻的志愿者，从这些内容上可以判断出其主要职责是执行项目计划故选C
32.D【解析】细节理解题题干问八月份开始的这个项目将在哪里开展根据这个表格中4-weekprogrammes中的最后一个，可知答案选D
33.D【解析】细节理解题题干问GDA的所有项目的共同目的是什么根据倒数第二段中All ourprojectsaimto promotethedevelopmentofpoor andremote communities可知，其目标就是促进偏远贫穷区域的发展，即帮助有需要的小区故选D题型三数据计算题此类试题一般要求考生能根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，找出计算关系，通过计算，得出正确的结论这类计算一般来说比较简单，关键是要弄清各数据间的逻辑关系，选准比较的数据，弄清单位换算关系，确定计算方法，问题便迎刃而解了对于数据较多、项目复杂用时间或空间跨度较大的短文，通常可采用“列表法”，即按一定的规律将数据分门别类地列出，化模糊为清晰，为计算打下基础对于相对不太复杂的数据，可采用“推算法”，即以有关数据为基准，进行简单的运算就可得出例析[2017•北京卷，B]Inspiring youngminds!TOKNOW Magazineisabig hitintheworld ofchildrens publishing,bringing aunique combinationof challengingWhatis sospecial aboutTOKNOW magazineWhafs insideWell,it hasno adsor promotionsinside一instead itis Everymonth the magazine introducesa freshjam-packed withserious ideas.TOKNOW makesnew topicwith articles,experimentsandcreativecomplex ideasattractive andaccessible tochildren,things to make-themagazinealso exploreswhocan becomeinvolved SA琳喻的喉钿以en philosophyand wellbeingtomakesure youngphilosophy（哲学）—and theywill soondiscover thatreaders havea balancedtake onlife.TOKNOWideas andgood funto youngfans every month.feel的监昆悔音国丽制的喈碰幽h也at thousandsof teachersand parentsknow agood thingwhentheyseeit andrecommend TOKNOWto theirfriends.Happy BirthdayAll Year!What couldbe morefun thana giftthat keepscoming throughthe letterboxeverymonthThe firstmagazine withyourgift messagewill arriveintimeforthespecial day.SUBSCRIBE NOW□Annual SubscriptionEurope£55Rest ofWorld£65□Annual Subscriptionwith GiftPackIncludes aMammoth Map,a PassportPuzzle Booklet,and SubscriptionEurope£60Rest ofWorld£70Refund Policy——the subscriptioncanbecancelled within28days andyou canget yourmoney back.
61.How muchshould youpay ifyou makea12-mouth subscriptionto TOKNOWwith giftpack fromChinaA.£
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61.D【解析】数字计算题根据Annual Subscriptionwith GiftPack中的Includes aMammoth Map,apassport PuzzleBooklet,and SubscriptionEurope£60Rest ofWorld£70,中国属于Rest ofWorld,故答案为Do题型四排序题这种试题要求考生根据事情发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件的正确顺序做此类题目可采用“首尾定位法”，即先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，这样可以迅速缩小选择范围，从而迅速找到答案阅读理解的文章如果是记叙文，排序题通常以事件发生的时间为线索；如果是说明文，排序题通常以说明的先后顺序为线索；如果是议论文，排序题通常以逻辑顺序为线索从近几年高考试题来看，这类试题主要出现在记叙文和说明文中题型五图文转换题此类试题要求根据短文中的描写找出相应的图形，或根据图形选出相应的文字可采用“文字锁定法”,即找出描述图形的句段，按“文”锁“图”，迅速锁定相关图形，或用“图形标示法”，在图形中标出相应的内容,以便做题例析The Homeof MyPeopleWhen Lewisand Clarkstepped ontothe WeippePrairie inpresent-day Idahoin September1808,they mettheSpokane dAleneLJ NzPer eR^sjrva itntodayCUvnlufMixPciiuLntbhi1053■I tclone€o•City-4!^intersale mgiwiiyg-U
3.uteReservation-StateborderWEIPPESCALERLewis PRAIRIEPendletonkur讣7Tolo LakeOuddlriJNez PerceIndians.In thefollowing years,the whiteexplorers G果险者began tofight withthe Indiansfor theirland.Some Nez Perce chiefssigned agreementswiththe U.S.government,selling partoftheirlands.But thegovernment alwaysbrokethose agreementsand demandedmore land.Other chiefsrefused togo alongwiththegovernments plans.The mostfamous wasChief Joseph,whose peoplelivedin the Wallowa Valleypresent-day Oregon.“In ordertohaveall peopleunderstand howmuch land we ownedJ heonce explained,my fatherplanted polesaroundit andsaid:Inside isthe homeof mypeople...It circledaround thegraves坟墓ofourfathers,andwewill nevergiveup thesegraves toany man.But in1874,theU.S.government declaredthe valleyopen forwhite settlementand orderedthe Nez Perce ontoareservation保留地.Seeing thatresistance wasuseless,Chief Josephagreed tomove.Later,fighting brokeout betweenthe Nez Perce andU.S.soldiers.Chief Josephtried tolead hispeople toCanada,winning severalbattles againstthe soldiersduring theirflight.But finally,hewasforced togive in.
1.Which historic site onthe maplies inthe southof todaysNez PerceReservationA.Buffalo Eddy.B.Dug Bar.C.Joseph CanyonViewpoint.D.Chief LookingGlass Camp.
2.What canwe learnabouttheNezPercelands fromthe mapA.They wereinthestate ofOregon.B.They havebecome ahistoricsite.C.They havebecome muchsmaller.D.They werelimited totheWallowaValley.【答案与解析】l.D此题考查学生的图示理解能力首先要找到并标出现在NezPerceReservation所在的位置，然后找到它以南的历史景点可以看到Chief LookingGlass camp位于NezPerceReservation的南部
2.C从地图中我们可以看到，NezPerce原先所拥有的土地比现在NezPerce保留区的位置大多了
6.代词指代题解题技能代词指代题要求考生一定的上下文推测代词的指代意义此类题一般是在人物或事物关系比较复杂的情况下使用的一种题型，所以理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在例析（2016•新课标卷ni）On oneofhertrips toNew Yorkseveral yearsago,Eudora Weltydecided totake acouple ofNew York friends outtodinner.They settledin ata comfortableEast Slidecafe andwithin minutes,another customerwas approachingtheir table.“Hey,arent youfrom Mississippi”the elegant,white-haired writerremembered beingasked bythe stranger.”Imfrom Mississippitoo.”Without asecond thought,the womanjoined theWelty party.When herdinner partnershowed up,she alsopulled upachair.”They begantelling meall thenews ofMississippi,n Weltysaid.I didntknowwhatmy New Yorkfriendswerethinking.HTaxis ona rainyNewYorknight arerarer thansunshine.By thetimethegroup gotup toleave,it waspouring outside.Weltys newfriends immediatelysent awaiter tofind acab.Heading backdowntown towardher hotel,her big-city friendswereamazed atthe turnof eventsthat hadchanged theirBig Appledinner intoa Mississippistate reunion（团聚）.“My friendssaid:Now webelieve yourstories/M Weltyadded.And Isaid:Now youknow.These arethe peoplethatmake mewrite them/Sitting ona sofain herroom,Welty,a slimfigure ina simplegray dress,looked pleasedwith thisexplanation.to.If“I dontmake themup,n shesaid ofthe charactersin herfiction theselast50orsoyears.”I donthaveBeauticians,bartenders,piano playersand peoplewith purplehats,Weltys peoplecome fromafternoons spent。
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