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雅思英语阅读短文精选雅思的阅读题要多练才能让自己掌握经验,下面小编给大家分享一些雅思英语阅读短文精选,供大家参考雅思英语阅读短文精选1案例研究新西兰旅游网站Case Study:Tourism New Zealand websiteNew Zealand is a small country offour millioninhabitants,along-haul flightfrom all the major tourist-generating marketsof theworld.Tourism currentlymakes up9%of the country sgross domestic7product,and is the countrys largestexport sector.Unlike otherexportsectors,which makeproducts and then sellthem overseas,tourismbrings itscustomers toNew Zealand.The productisthe country itself-the people,the placesand theexperiences.In1999,Tourism NewZealandlaunched acampaign tocommunicate anew brandposition7to theworld.The campaignfocused onNew Zealand s scenicbeauty,exhilarating outdooractivities andauthentic Maoriculture,and itmadeNew Zealand one of the strongestnational brandsin theworld.新西兰是一个有着万居民的小国家,离世界上所有的大型游客聚400集市场都需要经历一场长途航班旅游业目前占这个国家国民生产总值的百分之九,是其最大的出口行业与其他行业不同的是,其他行业是要制作产品再将其销售到海外,而旅游业会将顾客带到新西兰来产品就是这个国家本身——其人民、地点和身处其中的体验在年,新西兰旅1999游局向全世界推出了一场大型宣传活动,营造出一个全新的品牌地位这场宣传集中展示了新西兰优美的风景、激动人心的户外项目和本土真正的的毛利文化,它将新西兰塑造成世界上最强有力的国家品牌之一A keyfeature of the campaignwas the website,which providedpotentialvisitors toNew库But whydid somany peoplelove themusic,yet recoilwhen theydiscoveredhow it was composedA studyby computerscientist DavidMoffatof GlasgowCaledonian Universityprovides aclue.He askedbothexpert musiciansand non-experts to assess sixcompositions.Thezparticipants werent toldbeforehand whetherthe tuneswerecomposed byhumans orcomputers,but wereasked toguess,andthen ratehow muchthey likedeach one.People whothought thecomposerwas acomputer tendedto dislike the piecemore thanthosewho believeditwashuman.This wastrue evenamong theexperts,who mighthave beenexpected to be moreobjective in their analyses.但是为什么会有这么多人热爰那些音乐本身,在发现了它是如何被创作出来之后却退缩了呢格拉斯哥卡利多尼亚大学的计算机科学家David进行的一项研究提供了一条线索他让专业音乐家和非专业人士同Moffat时去评估六首乐曲这些参与者并没有被事先告知这些乐曲究竟是由人类还是电脑所创作的,但是被要求去进行猜测,然后给出自己对每一首曲子喜好程度的评价那些认为创作者是电脑的人们通常会比那些认为其创作者是人类的听众更不喜欢这支乐曲即使是在专家们之中情况也是如此,但人们其实最开始是认为专家的分析评估会更加客观的Where doesthis prejudicecome fromPaul Bloomof YaleUniversityhas asuggestion:he reckonspart of the pleasurewe getfromart stemsfrom thecreative processbehind the work.This cangiveit anirresistible essence,says Bloom.Meanwhile,experimentsby Justin Kruger of New YorkUniversity haveshown thatpeople senjoymentof anartwork increasesif theythink moretime andeffortwas neededto createit Similarly,Colton thinksthat whenpeopleexperience art,they wonderwhat the artist mighthave beenthinkingor what theartistis tryingto tellthem.It seemsobvious,therefore,7that withcomputers producingart,this speculationis cutshort-theres nothingto explore.But astechnology becomesincreasingly complex,finding thosegreater depthsin computerart couldbecome possible.This isprecisely whyColton asksthe Painting Fool totap intoonlinesocial networksfor itsinspiration:hopefully thisway itwill choosethemesthat willalready bemeaningful tous.这种偏见到底来自哪儿耶鲁大学的提出了一个见解:他Paul Bloom认为我们从艺术中得到的愉悦有一部分来自于作品背后的创作过程这能为它赋予一种不可抗拒的精髓感〃,说与此同时,纽约大学的Bloom所进行的实验也显示人们如果认为创作某件艺术品需要更JustinKruger多的时间和精力,就会更加欣赏它类似地,认为当人们去体验艺Colton术时,他们会不禁去好奇艺术家当时正在想什么,或者艺术家正在试图向他们表达什么因此,这一点似乎就很明显了当创作艺术的是电脑时,这种遐思就被打断了一因为没有什么可探索的但是随着技术变得越来越复杂,在电脑的艺术创作中找到那些意义深邃之处可以逐渐成为可能正是因此,才会指示绘画愚人〃去搜索各社交媒体网页来获取灵感Colton希望通过这种方式,它将会选取那些对我们来说已经具有意义的主题雅思英语阅读短文精选3Talc PowderfAPeter Briggdiscovers howtalc fromLuzenac sTrimouns inFrancefind itsway intofood andagricultural products-from chewinggumto olive oil.High in the FrenchPyrenees,some1,700m abovesealevel,lies Trimouns,a hugedeposit ofhydrated magnesiumsilicate-talc toyou andme.Talc fromTrimouns,and fromten otherLuzenacmines acrossthe globe,is used in the manufacture of a vastarray ofeverydayproducts extendingfrom paper,paint andplaster tocosmetics,plastics andcar tyres.And of course thereis alwaystalcsbest knownend use:talcum powderfor babieslbottoms.But thetrueversat ilityof thisremarkable mineralis nowherebetter displayedthanin itssometimes surprisinguse incertain nichemarkets in the foodandagriculture industries.B Take,for example,the chewing gum business.Every year,Talcde LuzenacFrance-which ownsand operatesthe Trimounsmine andisa memberof the international LuzenacGroupart ofRio Tintomineralssupplies about6,000tones of talc tochewing gummanufacturersin Europe.Weve beenselling tothis sectorof thenmarketsince the1960s,says LaurentFournier,sales managerinLuzenacs Specialtiesbusiness unitin Toulouse.Admittedly,in termsofour totalannual salesof talcthe amountwe supplyto chewingzgum manufacturers isrelatively small,but wesee itas avaluable nichemarket:one wherecustomers placea premiumon securingsuppliesfrom areliable,high qualitysource.Because of this,long termallegiancetoaproven suppleris verymuch afeature ofthis sectorof11die talcmarket.Switching sources-in theway thatyou mightchooseto buy,say,paperclips from Supplier Arather thanfromSupplierB-is1not aneasy optionfor chewing gummanufacturers/Fournier says.The costof reformulatingis high,so whencustomers areusing atalcgrade thatworks,even ifits expensive,they areunderstandablyreluctant toswitch/C Buthow istalc actuallyusedin themanufactureof chewinggumPatrick Delord,an engineerwith adeg reein agronomics,whohas been with Luzenac for22years andis nowsenior marketdevelopmentmanager,Agriculture andFood,in Europe,explains thatchewing gums hasfour maincomponents.The mostimportant of1them isthe gum base/he says.Its the gum basethat putsthe chewintochewing gum.It bindsalltheingredients together,creating asoft,smooth texture.To thisthe manufacturerthen addssweeteners,softeners andflavourings.Our talc is used as a filler in the gumbase.The amountvanes between,say,ten and35per cent,depending onthetype ofgum.Fruit flavouredchewinggum,for example,is slightlyacidicand wouldreact withthe calciumcarbonate that themanufacturer mightotherwise useas a filler.Talc,on theother hand,makes anideal fillerbecause itsnon-reactive chemically.In thefactory,talc isalso used to dustthegumbase pelletsand tostop thechewing1gum stickingduring thelamination andpacking process/Delordadds.D Thechewinggumbusiness is,however,just oneexample oftalcsuse inthe foodsector.For thepast20years orso,olive oilprocessorsin Spainhave beentaking advantageof talcsuniquecharacteristics to help themboost the amount of oil theyextract fromcrushedolives Accordingto PatrickDelord,talc isespecially usefulfor11treating whathe callsdifficult olives.After theolives areharvested-preferably earlyinthemorning becausetheir tasteis betterif theyaregathered inthe coolof theday theyare takento theprocessing plant.There theyarc crushedand thenstirred for30-45minutes.In theolddays,the resultingpaste waspassed throughan olivepress butnowadaysits morecommon toadd water andK-6IHthe mixturetoseparate thewaterandoil from the solidmatter The oil andwater arethenallowed tosettle so thattheolive oillayer can beand bottled.Difficult olivesare thosethat aremore reluctantthan thenorm toyieldup theirfull oilcontent.This maybe attributable to theparticularspecies ofolive,ortoits watercontent andthe timeof yearthe olivesarccollected-atthebeginning andthe endof theseason theirwatercontent isoften eithertoo highor toolow.These olivesare easyto recognizebecause theyproduce a lot ofextrafoam during the stirringprocess,a consequenceof anexcess of a finesolidthat actsas anatural emulsifier.Theoilin thisemulsion islostwhen thewater isdisposed ofNot onlythat,if thewaste waterisdisposed ofdirectly intolocal fields-often thecase inmany smallerprocessingoperations-the emulsified oil maytake sometime tobiodegradeand sobe harmfulto the environment.E Ifyou addbetween ahalf andtwo percentof talcby weightduringthe stirringprocess,it absorbsthe naturalemulsifier inthenolives andso boosts theamountof oilyou canextract,says Delord.In addition,talcs flat,platey structurehelps increase the size of theoildroplets liberatedduring stirring,which againimproves theyield.However,because talcis chemicallyinert,it doesntaffect thecolor,taste,appearance orcomposition of the resultingoliveoil.F Ifthe useoftalcin oliveoil processingand inchewinggumislong established,new applicationsinthefood andagricultureindustries arcalso constantlybeing soughtby Luzenac.One suchpromisingnew marketis fruitcrop protection,being pioneeredin theUS.Just likepeople,fruit canget sunburned.In fact,in verysunnyregions up to45per centof atypical cropcanbeaffected byheatstress andsunburn However,inthecase offruit,its notso muchtheultra violetrays whichharm thecrop asthe highsurface temperaturethatthe sunsrays create.G Tocombat this,farmers normallyuse eitherchemicals orspray acontinuousfine canopyof mistabove the fruit freesor bushes.Thetrouble is,this usesa lotof water-normally aprecious commodityinhot,sunny areas-and it is thereforeexpensive.Whafs more,theground canquickly becomewaterlogged.So ouridea wasto coatthefruit withtalc toprotect itfrom thesun,”says GregHunter,amarketing specialistwho has beenwithLuzenacforten years.But todothis,several technicalchallenges hadfirst tobe overcome.Talc isveryhydrophobic:it doesntlike water.So inorder tohave aviableproduct weneeded awettable powder-something thatwould goreadilyinto suspensionsothatit couldbe sprayedonto thefruit.Italso hadto breakthe surfacetension of the cutinthe naturalwaxy,waterproof layeron thefruit andofcourseit hadto washoff easilywhenthefruitwas harvested.No-ones goingto wantan applethafscovered intalc.H Initialtrials inthe stateof Washingtonin2003showed thatwhenthe productwas sprayedonto GrannySmith apples,it reducedtheirsurface temperatureand loweredthe incidenceof sunburnby upto60per cent.Today thenew product,known asInvelop MaximumSPF,is inits secondcommercial yearon theUS market.Apple growersare the primarytarget althoughHunter believesgrape growersrepresentanother sectorwith longterm potential.He isalso hopefulofextending salesto overseasmarkets such as Australia,SouthAmerica andsouthern Europe.Question27-32Use theinformation inthe passageto matcheach useof talepowerwith correctapplication fromA.B orC.Write theappropriateletters A-C inboxes27-32on youranswer sheet.NB youmay useany lettermore thanonce.A.Fruit protectionB.Chewing gumbusinessC.Olive oilextraction27Talc isused toincrease thesize ofdrops.28Talc isapplied toreduce foaming.29Talc isemployed as afillerof base.30Talc ismodified andprevented sunburn.31Talc isadded tostop stickiness.32Talc isusedtoincrease production.Questions33-38Complete thefollowing summaryoftheparagraphs ofReadingPassage,using nomore thantwo wordsfrom theReading Passageforeach answer.Write youranswers inboxes33-38on youranswer sheet.Spanish oliveoil industryhas beenusing talcin oilextractionprocess forabout33years.It isuseful indealing withdifficultolives whichoften producehigh amountof34because ofthe highcontent ofsolid materials.Whensmaller factoriesrelease35,it couldbe36to theenvironmentbecause it is hardto37and usuallylakes limeasit containsemulsifiedoil.However,talc poweradded inthe processisabletoabsorb theemulsifier oil.It improvesthe oilextractionproduction,because with aid oftalc powder,size ofoil38increased.Question39-40Answer thequestions below.Choose NOMORE THANTHREE WORDSfromthepassage foreachanswer.Write youranswers inboxes39-40on youranswer sheet39In whichprocess istalc usedto dearthe stickinessof chewinggum40Which groupof farmersdoes Invelopintend totarget ina longview文章题目滑石粉篇章结构体裁论说文题目滑石粉结构(一句话概括每段大意)段滑石粉的主要用途段滑石粉A B在口香糖市场中的用途段滑石粉在口香糖制作中的原理段滑石粉C D在其他食品中的应用段滑石粉在食品中的应用原理段滑石粉在水E F果保护中的应用段滑石粉对水果的保护作用原理段:水果保护作用G H的市场拓展试题分析Question27-32题目类型搭配题解题思路可以先去定位三个选项中内容所对应的文段,然后A,B,C从中的题干去搜寻相符合的,而不是一个一个题目去找,这样会比27-32较节省时间题号定位词文中对应点题目解析段第三句话根据文章大意将选项个橄榄油提27Increase,size,E C取的内容定位到段,第三句话,提到滑石粉的结构有助于增加挥发油滴E的体积,故可以判断题与相连27C段倒数第四句话根据关键词定位到段,原文中提到搅28Foam DD拌过程中会产生很多泡沫,后面提出因此要加上滑石粉来减少泡沫段倒数第行根据关键词定位到段原文29Base,fill C8C ourtalcis故是关于口香糖行业的内容,选usedas afillerinthegumbaseBo段第四句话根据这个词可以定位到30Sun,fruit Gsunburn G段,第四句表明滑石粉可以起到保护水果免受日晒的作用,故选A段最后一句话根据中的这个词31Sticking Cstatement stickness可以定位到段结尾部分,原文说滑石粉可以防止口香糖在挤压过程中与C包装粘在一起,所以跟表述的意思是一致的statement段第一句话文章中提到可以32boost,amount Ebooststheamount跟题干上表述一直ofoilyou canextractQuestion33-38题目类型总结题段第二句话根据定位到33Spanish oliveoil DSpanish oliveoil D段,文章提到橄榄油制造利用滑石粉已经二十年根据关键词定位到段,原文中提到搅拌过程中34High amountof D会产生很多泡沫,后面提出因此要加上滑石粉来减少泡沫所以填foam段倒数第二句话根据关键词定位到段结尾,原文提到35Factory DDwaste water段最后一句话根据关键词定位到段结尾,文中提36Environment DD到这种乳化油分解对环境的影响是的harmful同上问的原因原文有明确提出,是由于37harmful hardto难以生物降解biodegrade,文章说到在橄榄油提取过程中,挥发的油滴体积会38Size,increase增加,increasethesizeofthe oildropletsQuestion39-40题目类型问答题题目中问到在哪一个过程中滑石粉是用39Stickiness,chewing gun于来减少口香糖粘度的,这个跟上面第题比较近似,可以先定位到31C段结尾,可看到文章中明确给出是duringthelamination andpackingprocess段倒数第二句首先根据40Invelop,long-term potentialH S定位至」段,题目问哪个组织的种植者是打算长期invelop IH invelop去关注投资的,侄擞第二句给出答案是grape grower参考答案主题滑石粉Version2410927C2829B30A3132332034foam35waste water36harmful37biodegrade38droplets39Lamination andpacking40Grape growersZealandwith asingle gatewayto everythingthe destinationhad tooffer.The heartofthewebsite was a databaseof tourismservicesoperators,both thosebased inNew Zealandand thosebased abroadwhichoffered tourismservices to thecountry.Any tourism-relatedbusiness couldbe listedby fillinginasimple form.This meantthateven thesmallest bedand breakfastaddress orspecialist activityprovidercould gaina webpresence with access toan audienceoflong-haul visitors.In addition,because participatingbusinesses wereableto updatethe detailsthey gaveon aregular basis,the informationprovidedremained accurate.And tomaintain andimprove standards,Tourism New Zealand organiseda schemewhereby organisationsappearingon thewebsite underwentan independentevaluationagainst aset ofagreed nationalstandards ofquality.As partofthis,the effectof eachbusiness on theenvironmentwas considered.这场宣传活动中的一个关键特色就是新西兰旅游〃这个网站,它为未来有可能前往新西兰的游客提供了一个入口,在这里可以找到新西兰所能提供的一切此网站的核心内容在于一个由各路旅游服务经营者信息所组成的数据库,其中既有位于新西兰本土的商家,也有驻扎海外的提供前往此国旅游服务的公司任何与旅游相关的经营者都可以通过填写一张简单的表格而获准加入这就意味着即使是最小型的住宿地和早餐店或特色活动的提供者都能在此网站上获得一席之地,从而接触到所有打算远道而来的游客此外,由于参与的商家可以定期更新自己放上去的各种信息,网站的信息就能始终保持准确并且为了维持并提高水准,新西兰旅游局还安排了一个这样的方案展示在网站上的所有商家都要按照一套通过决议的国家质量标准来接受一场独立评估其中,每个企业对于环境产生的影响都要受到考量To communicatethe New Zealand experience,the sitealso carriedfeaturesrelating tofamous peopleand places.One ofthe mostpopularwas aninterview withformer NewZealand AllBlacksrugby captainTana Umaga.Another featurethat attracteda lotofattention wasan interactivejourney througha number of thelocationschosen forblockbuster filmswhich hadmade useofNew7Zealandsstunning sceneryasabackdrop.As the site developed,additional featureswere addedtohelpindependent travellersdevisetheir owncustomised itineraries.To makeit easierto planmotoringholidays,thesitecatalogued themost populardriving routesin thecountry,highlighting differentroutes accordingtotheseason andindicatingdistances andtimes.为了充分传播这场经历,该网站还有一些与名人和知名地点有关的特色介绍其中最受欢迎的内容之一是对新西兰全黑橄榄球队前队长Tana的采访另外一个吸引了大量关注的特色是一场互动式旅程,穿Umaga过一些将新西兰令人目瞪口呆的风景选做背景的电影大片中曾经出现过的地点随着网站的发展,又有一些额外特色被加进来来帮助自助型游客通过这个规划属于自己的特色行程为了帮助用户更简单规划自驾行假期,网站还根据季节变化分类整理出了这个国家最受欢迎的多条驾车路线,并且标注了距离和时间Later,a Travel Planner featurewas added,which allowedvisitors7to clickand bookmarkplaces orattractions they were interestedin,and thenview theresults ona map.The TravelPlanner offeredsuggestedroutes andpublic transportoptions betweenthe chosenlocations.There werealso linksto accommodationinthearea.Byregistering withthewebsite,users couldsave theirTravelPlanandreturn toit later,or printit outto takeon thevisit.The websitealso7had aYour Wordssection whereanyone couldsubmit ablog oftheirNew Zealand travels forpossible inclusiononthewebsite.后来,又增加了一项旅行规划者”特色,网站访问者可以点击他们感兴趣的地点或景点,并标注书签,然后在地图上查看结果〃旅行规划者〃会提供往来于各个选定地点之间的推荐路线和公共交通方式选择同时还有查看当地住宿信息的链接通过网站注册,用户就可以保存他们的旅行计划,之后返回查看,或者把计划打印出来随身携带网站上还有一个〃你的语言〃的版块,任何人都可以提交自己有关新西兰旅游的博客记录,这些游记内容将有可能展示在网站页面上The TourismNewZealandwebsite wontwo Webby awards foronlineachievement andinnovation.More importantlyperhaps,thegrowth oftourism toNewZealandwas impressive.Overall tourismexpenditureincreased by an averageof
6.9%per yearbetween1999and
2004.From Britain,visits toNewZealandgrew atan averageannualrate of13%between2002and2006,compared toa rateof4%overall forBritish visitsabroad.新西兰旅游局的这个网站因其线上成就和创新赢得了两次威比奖也许更重要的是新西兰旅游业的增长是令人印象深刻的总体旅游支出在到年期间平均每年增长,在年到年之间,从
199920046.9%20022006英国前往新西兰的旅客增长率是,而英国的总体海外旅游增长率只有13%百分之四The websitewas setuptoallow bothindividuals andtravelorganisations tocreate itinerariesandtravelpackages tosuit theirownneeds andinterests.On thewebsite,visitors cansearch foractivitiesnot solelyby geographicallocation,but alsoby theparticular natureofthe activity.This isimportant asresearch showsthat activitiesare thekeydriver ofvisitor satisfaction,contributing74%to visitorsatisfaction,while transportand accommodationaccount forthe remaining26%.The moreactivities that visitors undertake,the moresatisfied theywillbe.It has also beenfound thatvisitors enjoycultural activitiesmostwhen theyare interactive,such asvisiting amarae meetingground tolearnabout traditionalMaori life.Many long-haul travellersenjoy suchlearningexperiences,which providethem withstories totake hometotheir friendsand family.In addition,it appearsthatvisitorsto Newzz7Zealand dont want tobeone ofthe crowdand findactivities thatinvolveonly afew peoplemore specialand meaningful.这个网站成立的目的是为了让个人和旅游机构都能根据这个创建出适合他们自身需求和兴趣的行程以及旅游套餐在网站,访问者并非仅仅能够根据地理位置为线索来搜寻各个活动,还可以通过活动的特定属性来查找这一点是很重要的,因为研究显示活动项目是游客满意度的关键驱动因素,为总体游客满意度贡献了百分之七十四的比例,而交通和住宿一起才占了余下的百分之二十六游客参与的活动越多,他们就会越对自己的旅行感到满意同时研究发现游客最享受的文化活动是那些有互动性质的,例如参观一处毛利会堂来了解传统的毛利人生活许多远道而来的游客都非常享受这样的学习经历,这样他们就有故事可以带回去与朋友和家人分享此外,来到新西兰的游客们好像都不想成为大众中人群中的一个,而是觉得那些只有少数几个人参与的活动更为特别和有意义It couldbe arguedthat NewZealand isnot atypical destination.NewZealandisasmallcountrywithavisitor economycomposedmainly ofsmall businesses.It isgenerally perceivedasasafeEnglish-speaking countrywithareliable transportinfrastructure.Because ofthe long-haul flight,most visitorsstay forlonger average20days andwanttosee asmuch ofthecountryas possibleon whatisoften seenasaonce-in-a-lifetime visit.However,the underlyinglessonsapply anywhere-the effectivenessofastrong brand,astrategy basedon uniqueexperiences anda comprehensiveanduser-friendly website.可能有争议说新西兰并不算一个典型的旅游目的地它是一个小国家,游客经济主要由小型商家组成它被大众普遍视为一个安全的讲英语的国家,有着可靠的交通基础设施由于要进行长途飞行,大部分游客都会在此地待比较久(平均为天)并想要尽可能地到处多看看这个国家,因20为他们通常将此看作是一生只来一次的旅行然而,新西兰的旅游业兴旺发展背后的经验却可以应用到任何地方——一个强大的品牌效应,基于独有经历的策略,和一个全面而并且关注用户的网站雅思英语阅读短文精选2人工智能艺术家电脑真的能创造艺术作品吗The PaintingFool isone ofa growingnumberofcomputerprograms which,so theirmakers claim,possess creativetalents.Classical musicbyanartificial composerhas hadaudiences enraptured,and eventricked theminto believinga humanwas behindthe score.Artworks paintedbya robot havesold forthousands ofdollars andbeenhung inprestigious galleries.And softwarehasbeenbuilt whichcreatesart thatcould nothave beenimagined by the programmer.“绘画愚人”是数目正在逐渐增加的——按照它们的创造者所宣称的一一拥有创作才华的电脑程序之一由人工智能作曲家所创作的古典音乐曾经令观众听得入神,甚至让他们误以为这首乐曲是人类的杰作由机器人绘画的艺术作品曾经卖出过数千美元的价格并挂在声明卓著的画廊中展览还有一些这样的软件,它们创作出来的艺术品是其编程者事先根本不曾想象过的Human beingsaretheonly speciesto performsophisticatedcreative actsregularly.If wecan breakthis processdown intocomputercode,where doesthat leavehuman creativityThis isaquestion atthe verycore ofhumanity/says GeraintWiggins,acomputational creativityresearcher atGoldsmiths,University ofzLondon.It scaresalotof people.They areworried thatitistaking人类是唯一something specialaway fromwhat itmeans tobe human/能够常规性地完成复杂艺术创作行为的物种如果我们可以将这个过程分解成为电脑编码,那把人类创造力置于何地呢“这是一个关乎人性最核心的问题,伦敦大学金史密斯学院的一位计算机创造力研究学者Geraint这样说〃它让许多人感到恐惧,他们担忧这会从人类中剥夺某Wiggins些特殊的本属于人类的东西”To someextent,we areall familiarwith computerisedart.Thequestion is:where doesthe workoftheartist stopandthecreativity ofthecomputer beginConsider oneoftheoldest machineartists,Aaron,,arobotthat hashad paintingsexhibited inLondon sTate Modernandthe SanFrancisco Museumof ModernArt.Aaron canpick upapaintbrush andpaint oncanvas onits own.Impressive perhaps,but itisstill littlemore thana toolto realisethe programmers owncreativeideas.在某种程度上,我们对电脑创作的艺术都很熟悉问题在于艺术家的工作是在何处停止,而电脑的创造力又是从哪里开始的呢想想最老的机器艺术家之一这个机器人创作的绘画作品展览在伦敦泰特现Aaron,代美术馆和旧金山现代艺术博物馆里可以拿起一支画笔,自己在Aaron画布上作画也许确实令人惊叹,但它也仍然无非就是一台用来实现编程者自己创意理念的机器罢了Simon Colton,the designerofthe PaintingFool,is keento make7sure hiscreation doesnt attractthe samecriticism.Unlike earlierartistssuch asAaron,the PaintingFool onlyneeds minimaldirectionand cancome upwith itsown conceptsby goingonline formaterial.The softwareruns itsown websearches andtrawls throughsocialmedia sites.It isnow beginningto displaya kindof imaginationtoo,creating picturesfrom scratch.One ofits originalworks isa seriesoffuzzy landscapes,depicting treesand sky.While somemight saytheyhave amechanical look,Colton arguesthat suchreactions arisefrompeople sdouble standardstowards softwa re-p rodu cedandhuman-produced artAfter all,he says,consider thatthePaintingFoolpainted thelandscapes withoutreferring toa photo.If achild paintedanew scenefrom itshead,you dsay ithasacertain levelofimagination/he pointsout.The sameshould betrue ofa machine/Software bugscan alsolead tounexpected results.Some ofthePainting FooTs paintingsofachair cameout inblack andwhite,thanks toa technicalglitch.This givestheworkan eerie,ghostlikequality.Human artistsliketherenowned Ellsworth Kelly arelauded forlimitingtheir colourpalette-so whyshould computersbe anydifferent“绘画愚人”的设计者非常热切地想要确保他的产Simon Colton品不会引来同样的批评不像这样的早期艺术家,”绘画愚人〃只Aaron需要极少量的指令,就能通过上网搜索材料而产生自己的创作理念这个软件启动其自身的网页搜索功能,浏览各个社交媒体页面它现在也开始展示出了某种想象力,能从草稿中创造出完整的画作它的原创作品之一是一系列朦胧风景画,描绘的是树木与天空虽然有些人也许会说这些画作有一种机械感,却反驳说,这样的反应是出于人们对待软件创作Colton和人类创作的艺术的双重标准毕竟,他这样说,要考虑到“绘画愚人”是在没有参照一张照片的情况下画出了这些风景如果一个孩子从自己的头脑中描绘出一副新的景象,你就会说这个孩子有一定的想象力水平的,他说,放在一台机器上也应当一样软件漏洞也有可能会造成意想不到的效果”绘画愚人描绘一把椅子的一些由于技术故障作品成了黑白色这赋予了画作一种怪诞、诡异的感觉有一些如般EllsworthKelly著名的人类艺术家因为非常克制地运用自己调色板上的色彩而广受传颂——那么放在电脑身上为什么就应当有所不同呢?zResearchers likeColton dont believeitisright tomeasuremachine creativitydirectly tothat ofhumans whohave hadmillennia1to developour skills.Others,though,are fascinatedbytheprospectthat acomputer mightcreate somethingas originaland subtleas ourbestartists.So far,only onehas comeclose.Composer David Copeinvented aprogram calledExperiments inMusical Intelligence,or EMLNotonly didEMI createcompositions inCope sstyle,but alsothat ofthemost reveredclassical composers,including Bach,Chopin andMozart.Audiences weremoved totears,and EMIeven fooledclassicalmusic expertsinto thinkingthey werehearing genuineBach.Noteveryone wasimpressed however.Some,suchasWiggins,haveblasted Copes workas pseudoscience,and condemnedhim forhisdeliberately vagueexplanation ofhow thesoftware worked.Meanwhile,Douglas Hofstadterof IndianaUniversity saidEMI created7replicas whichstill relycompletely onthe originalartist screativeimpulses.When audiencesfound outthe truththeywereoftenoutraged withCope,andonemusic lovereven triedto punchhim.Amid suchcontroversy,Cope destroyedEMF svital databases.像这样的研究者们并不赞成将机器创造力直接与人类创造Colton力相提并论互相比较,因为〃人类已经有几千年的时光来发展我们的技巧了〃另一些人则着迷于这样的前景一台电脑也许能跟我们最好的艺术家相媲美,创作出同样富有创意而精巧的作品到目前为止,只有一个接近了这个目标作曲家发明了一个程序,称作”音乐智能实DavidCope验,简称不仅创作出了风格的乐曲,而且还仿制出了最EMI EMICope受尊崇的古典音乐作曲家们的作品,包括巴赫、肖邦和莫扎特观众感动得泪流满面,甚至还骗过了古典音乐方面的专家,让他们以为自己听EMI到的是真正的巴赫作品然而并非所有人都对此表示了惊叹有一些人,例如就猛烈抨击的这项创造为伪科学,还谴责他对这个程Wiggins,Cope序到底如何运行的解释刻意含糊不清与此同时,印第安纳大学的Douglas认为,Hofstadter创作的这些复制品仍然要完全依赖于原创艺术家的创作灵感在EMI观众们发现了真相以后,他们对感到异常愤怒,有一位乐迷甚至想Cope要打他在这样的一片争议声中,销毁了的关键数据Cope EMI。