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Infirmity病痛Complete well-being完好状态Sub-health亚健康Homestasis control自稳调节Symptom症状Sign体征Pathologic process病理过程Etiology病因学Etiology agent病因Genetic predisposition遗传易感性Infective agents感染性因素Physical andchemical agents理化因素Genetic factors遗传因素Congenital factorsImmunologicalfactors先天因素Psychological factors免疫因素Predisposing factors心理因素Precipitating factor条件Dangerous factor诱因/诱发因素Pathogenesis危险因素Vicious cycle发病学Complete recovery恶性循环同源结合域SH3Src homology2domain Src3PKA cAMP-dependent proteinkinase cAMP依赖性蛋白激酶CREB cAMPresponse element-binding proteincAMP反应元件结合蛋白CBP CREB-binding proteinCRE结合蛋白CRE cAMPresponse element反应元件cAMPPLC-B phospholipaseC-B磷酸酯酶C-BPIP2二磷酸磷脂酰肌醇IP3三磷酸肌醇DAG二酰基甘油PKC proteinkinase C丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶Calmodulin钙调节蛋白Adaptation/desensitization适应/脱敏GRPKs G-protein-linked receptorkinases蛋白偶联受体激酶GEGF epidermalgrowth factor表皮生长因子PDGF platelet-derived growth factor血小板衍生生长因子FGF fibroblastgrowth factor子合域Dimer二聚体Oligomer寡聚体Cross-phosphorylation交互磷酸化Autophosphorylation自磷酸化Grb-2growth-factor-receptor-bound protein生长因子受体结合蛋白-2MAPK mitogen-activated proteinkinases丝裂原激活的蛋白激Module模板Cytokine receptors细胞因子受体JAK Januskinase信号传导及转录STAT signaltransducers andactivators oftranscription激活蛋白-BTGF-B transforminggrowthfactor-B转化生长因子Activin激活素BMPs bonemorphogenetic proteins骨形成蛋白Nuclear receptorsuperfamily核受体超家族Carrier protein载体蛋白Inhibitory protein抑制蛋白Coactivator protein共激活蛋白Constitutive activation组成性活化Dominant negativemutant显性失活突变Myasthenia gravis重症肌无力Thyrotropin receptorTSHr促甲状腺激素受体IR insulin receptor胰岛素受体IRS-1insulinreceptorsubstrate-1胰岛素受体底物Glucose transporterGLUT Dysmetabolic葡萄糖转运蛋白syndrome代谢障碍综合征Estrogen雌激素Renin-angiotension systemRAS肾素-血管紧张素系统Ang II血管紧张素II受体ATI AngII type1receptor Endothelin-1ET-1Norepinephrine内皮素-1Calcineurin去甲肾上腺素Autocrine loop神经钙蛋白B-AR B-adrenergic receptorcatecholamines自分泌环target therapyB-肾上腺受体与心衰CML chronicmyelocytic leukemia儿茶酚胺类Stress靶向治疗Stressor慢性髓细胞性白血病Eustress应激Fight orflight应激原Distress生理性应激/良性应激战斗或逃避躯体应激Physical stressPsychologicalstress心理应激LC-NE蓝斑-交感-肾上腺髓质轴HPA下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质轴CA儿茶酚胺CRH corticotrophinreleasing factor促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素ACTH促肾上腺皮质激素NE去甲肾上腺素PVN室旁核AVPADHGC glucocorticoid肾上腺皮质糖皮质激素GR糖皮质激素受体Psychosocial shortstatue心理社会呆小症GAS generaladaption syndrome全身适应综合征Alarm stageResistancestage警觉期Exhaustion stage抵抗期APR acutephase response衰竭期APP acutephase protein急性期反应CRP C-reactive protein急性期蛋白Cell stress反应蛋白C-HIF-la细胞应激低氧诱导因子-1HSP Heat shock protein热休克蛋白Heatshockresponse热休克反应Folding折叠Translocation移位Renaturation复性Degradation讲解Molecular chaperone分子伴侣HSF heatshock factor热休克因子(诱导型启动子)热休克元件HSE heatshock element热休克转录因子HSTF heatshock transcriptionfactor应激性溃疡Stress ulcer炎症Inflammation致炎因子Inflammatory agent感染Infection变质Alteration渗出Exudation增生Proliferation渗出液Exudates漏出液Transudate急性炎症Acute inflammation慢性炎症Chronic inflammation速发短暂反应Immediate transientresponseTranscytosis穿胞作用Immediate sustainedresponse速发持续反应Leucocyte extravasation白细胞渗出Chemotaxis趋化作用Chemotactic agent趋化因子Inflammatory mediator炎症因子PG prostaglandin前列腺素LT leukotriene白细胞三烯Serous inflammation浆液性炎Catarrh卡他Fibrious inflammation纤维素性炎Pseudomembranous inflammation假膜性炎/伪膜性炎Cor villosum绒毛心Suppurative orpurulent inflammationPus化脓性炎Pus cell脓液Empyema脓细胞Phlegmonous inflammation积脓Abcess蜂窝组织炎Furuncle脓肿Carbuncle疗Hemorrhagic inflammation出血性炎糜烂Erosion溃疡Ulcer窦道Sinus屡管Fistula空腔Cavity菌血症Bacteremia毒血症toxemia败血症Septicemia脓毒血症Pyemia栓塞性脓肿Embolic abscess转移性脓肿Metastatic abscess炎症息肉Inflammatory polyp炎症假瘤Inflammatory pseudotumor慢性肉芽肿性Chronic granulomatousinflammation炎肉芽肿Granuloma感染性肉芽肿Infectious granuloma异物性肉芽Foreign bodygranuloma肿肿瘤Tumor新生物Neoplasm肿瘤形成Neoplasia良性BenignMalignant恶性Paraenchyma实质Stroma间质Atypia异型性Differentiation分化Anaplasia anaplastic间变tumor structure间变性肿瘤atypia cellular组织异型性atypia细胞异型性pleomarphism多形性natural history自然史transformation local转化invasion distant局部浸润metastasesdoubling time远处转移growth fraction倍增时间tumor stemcell生长分数tumor initiatingcell肿瘤干细胞angiogenesis肿瘤初始细胞progression血管生成heterogeneity演进异质性expensive growth膨胀性生长invasive growth侵袭性生长exophytic growth外生性生长metastasis转移lymphatic metastasis淋巴道转移hematogeneous metastasis血道转移seeding种植转移ECM extracellularmatrix细胞外基质Detachment分离Attachment附着Grading分级Staging分期Cachexia恶病质Ectopic endocrinetumor异位内分泌肿瘤Ectopic endocrinesyndrome异位内分泌综合征Paraneoplastic syndrome副肿瘤综合症Borderline tumor交界性肿瘤Carcinoma癌Sarcoma肉瘤Papillioma乳头状瘤Adenoma腺瘤Cystadenoma囊腺瘤Fibroadenoma Lymphangioma纤维腺瘤Pleomorphic adenomaPolypousadenhoma多形性腺瘤Squamous cellcarcinoma息肉状腺瘤Keratin pearl鳞状上皮癌Basal cellcarcinoma角化珠Transitional cellcarcinoma/基底细胞癌urothelia移行细胞癌/尿路上皮carcinoma癌Adenocarcinoma腺癌Tubular adenocarcinoma管状腺癌Papillary adenocarcinoma乳头状腺癌Solid carcinomaMucoidcarcinoma/colloid实性癌carcinoma粘液癌/胶样癌Signet-ring cell印戒细胞Preneoplastic conditionsor lesions癌前状态/癌前病变Dysplasia非典型性增生Carcinoma insitu原位癌IN intraepithelialneoplasia上皮内瘤变Fibroma纤维瘤LipomaHemangioma脂肪瘤血管瘤淋巴管瘤Incomplete recovery不完全康复Agonal stage濒死Stage ofclinical death临床死亡Stage ofbiological death生物学死亡Vegetative state植物学二人Resuscitation复苏Adaptation适应Atrophy萎缩Lipofuscin脂褐素Autophagic vacuoles自噬泡Residual body残余体Cachexia恶病质HypertrophyHyperplasia肥大Keloid增生Metaplasia瘢痕疙瘩Squamous metaplasia化生Instestinal metaplasia鳞状上皮化生Myositis ossificans肠上皮化生Degeneration骨化性肌炎Cellular swelling变性Hydropic degeneration细胞水肿Leiomyoma平滑肌瘤Osteioma骨瘤Fibrosarcoma纤维肉瘤Liposarcoma脂肪肉瘤Rhabdomyosarcoma横纹肌肉瘤Leiomyosarcoma平滑肌肉瘤Hemangiosarcoma血管肉瘤Osteosarcoma骨肉瘤Chondtrosarcoma软骨肉瘤Retinoblastoma视网膜母细胞瘤Pigmented nevus色素痣Melanoma黑色素瘤Teratoma畸胎瘤Initiation激发PromotionPromoter促进HPV humanpapilloma virus促癌物EBV Epstein-Barr virus人乳头瘤病毒HTLV-1human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus淋巴瘤病毒HBV hepatitisVirus B幽门螺杆菌H.pyloriFatty degeneration脂肪变性Fatty change脂肪变Fatty liver脂肪肝Hyaline change玻璃样变Hyaline degeneration透明变性Arteriolosclerosis细动脉硬化症Amyloid change淀粉样变性Amyloidosis淀粉样物质沉着Mucoid change粘液样变Mucoid degeneration粘液样变性Pathologic pigmentation病理性色素沉着Hemosiderin含铁血黄素Heart failurecell心衰细胞MelaninDOPA dihytroxyphenylalanine黑色素Pathologic calcification多巴Dystrophic calcification病理性钙化Metastatic calcification营养不良性钙化Cell death转移性钙化Necrosis细胞死亡Pyknosis坏死Karyorrhexis核浓缩Karyolysis核溶解Coagulative necrosis凝固性坏死Liquefactive necrosis液化性坏死Caseous necrosis干酪样坏死Gangrene坏疽Dry gangrene干性坏疽Wet gangrene湿性坏疽Gas gangrene气性坏疽Fat necrosis脂肪坏死Fibrinoid necrosis纤维素样坏死Erosion糜烂Ulcer溃疡Cavity空洞SinusFistula窦道Organization瘦管Encapsulation机化Apoptosis包裹Programmed celldeath凋亡Apoptotic bodies程序性细胞死亡Caspase凋亡小体Morphogenesis半光天冬酶Repair修复Regeneration再生Labile cell不稳定细胞Stable cells稳定细胞Permanent cells永久性细胞Granulation tissue肉芽组织Myofibroblast肌纤维母细胞Scar tissue瘢痕组织Neovascularization血管新生Vasculogenesis血管形成Anigeogenesis血管新生Wound healing创伤愈合Bone fracture骨折Facture healingProvisionalcallus骨折愈合Woven bone暂时性骨痂Hyperemia编织骨Arterial hyperemia充血Active hyperemia动脉性充血Venous hyperemia主动性充血Passive hyperemia静脉性充血Pulmonary congestion被动性充血心力衰竭细胞Hear failurecellBrown indurationof lung肺褐色硬变Congestion of liver肝淤血Nutmeg liver槟榔肝Congestive sclerosisofliver淤血性肝硬化Thrombosis血栓形成Thrombus血栓Disseminated intravascularcoagulation DIC弥漫性血管内凝血Mural thrombus附壁血栓Hyaline thrombus透明血栓Microthrombus微血栓Recanalization再通Embolism栓塞Embolus栓子Paradoxical embolismCrossedexbolism反常性栓塞Retrograde embolism交叉性栓塞Thromboembolism逆行性栓塞Saddle embolism血栓栓塞Fat embolism骑跨性栓塞Gas embolism脂肪栓塞Decompression sickness气体栓塞减压病Caisson disease沉箱病Amniotic fluidembolism羊水栓塞Infarct梗死Anemic infarct贫血性梗死Hemorrhagic infarct出血性梗死Septic infarct败血性梗死Cell proliferation细胞增殖First gap phase期合成前期G1DNASynthetic phase期合成期S DNASecondgapphase期合成后期G2DNAMitotic phase有丝分裂期Pro-phase前期Metaphase中期Anaphase后期Telophase末期CDKs cyclindepend kinase周期素依赖性蛋白激酶CyclinCAK活化激酶CDKCDI cyclindependent kinaseinhibitor抑制因子CDKRestrinction point限定点PCNA proliferatingcell nuclearantigen增殖细胞核抗原PT primarythrombocytosis原发性血小板增多症MPD骨髓增殖性疾病Cell differentiation细胞分化Determination细胞决定House keepinggenes管家基因Pulmonary fibrosis肺纤维化Morbid obesity肥胖症Acute promyelocyticleukemia急性早幼粒细胞白血病Necrosis坏死Apoptosis凋亡Blebbing空泡化Condensation固缩Apoptotic body凋亡小体DR deathreceptorDeath domain死亡受体DED Deatheffector domain死亡结构域死亡效应结构域MPT mitochondrialpermeability transitionpore透性转运孔线粒体内外膜之间通HoloenzymeApoptosome全酶Apoptosis-inducing factorAIF凋亡体I CADinhibitor ofCAD凋亡诱导因子酶活化CAD DNA信号转导系统Signal transduction system/cell signalingsystemReceptor-mediated signaltransductionsystem受体介导的细胞转导系统Ligand配体Endocrine内分泌旁分泌自分Paracrine泌内在分泌受体Autocrine胞内受体/核受体Intracrine细胞表面/膜受体Receptor离子通道型受体GCytoplasmic/nuclear receptor蛋白偶联受体酶偶Surface/membrane receptorlon-channel-linked联受体信号转到蛋receptors白交互通话信号G-protein coupledreceptors GPCR网络系统Enzyme-linked receptor信号转导复合物Signaling protein结合域Cross-talk同源结合域磷酸Src2Signaling network化酪氨酸结Signaling complexBindingdomainSH2Src homology2domainPTB phosphotyrosine-binding domain。