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小学英语基础知识汇总第一部分基础知识
1.字母26个字母的大小写ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
2.音标48个音标
3.词汇词汇量,近反义词
4.句子大小写,标点符号第二部分语法知识1名词名词单复数,名词的格
(一)名词单复数
1.一般情况,直接加-s,如:book-books,bag-bags,cat-cats,bed-beds
2.以s.x.sh.ch结尾,力口-es,如:bus-buses,box-boxes,brush-brushes,watch-watches
3.以“辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i,再加-es,如family-families,strawberry-strawberries4以f或fe〃结尾,变f或fe为v,再加-es,如knife-knives
5.不规则名词复数man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen,policewoman-policewomen,mouse-micechild-children,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,fish-fish,people-people,Chinese-Chinese,Japanese-Japanese不可数名词的复数就是原型paper,juice,water,milk,rice,tea
(二)名词的格()1有生命的东西的名词所有格))a单数后加s如Lucys rulermy fathersshirt b以s结尾的复数名词后加’如his friendsbagsC不以s结尾的复数后加zs childrensshoes并列名词中,如果把s加在最后一个名词后,表示共有,如:Tom andMikes car汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车要表示所有物不是共有的,应分别在并列名词后加sToms andMikes cars汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车2表示无生命东西的名词通常用of+名词〃来表示所有关系如:a pictureof theclassroom amap ofChina冠词不定冠词,定冠词种类1不定冠词a/an元音开头的可数名词前用an:an egg/an apple/an orange/an eraser/an answer/an IDcard/an alarmclock/an actor/an actress/an e-mail/an address/an event/an example/an opera/an houranold man/an interestingbook/anexciting sport/an actionmovie/an artlesson/2定冠词:the定冠词的用法⑴特指某些人或某些物The ruleris onthe desk.2复述上文提到的人或物He hasa sweater.The sweateris new.3谈话双方都知道的人或物The boysarent atschool.4在序数词前Johns birthdayis Februarythe second.5用于固定词组中in themorning/afternoon/evening不用冠词的情况1专有名词前China isa bigcountry.2名词前有定语:this,that,my,your,some,any,n等This ismy baseball.⑶复数名词表示一类人和事Monkeys cantswim.They areteachers.4在节日,日期,月份,季节前Today isChristmas Day.Its Sunday.5一日三餐前We havebreakfast at6:
30.6球类棋类运动前:They oftenplay footballafter class.He playschess athome.*但乐器前要用定冠词I playthe guitarvery well.7学科名称前:My favoritesubject ismusic.8在称呼或头衔的名词前:This isMr Li.9固定词组中at noon at nightby bus代词,形容词.副词代词人称代词,物主代词人称代词物主代词主格宾格第一(人称单数1我)me my(我的)复数we(我们)us our俄们的)第二人称单数you(你)you your(你的)复数you(你们)you your(你们的)第三人称单数he(他)him his(他的)she(她)her her(她的)it(它)it its(它的)复数they(他们/她们/它们)them their(他们的/她们的/它们的)形容词,副词比较级,最高级
(一)、形容词的比较级
1、形容词比较级在句子中的运用两个事物或人的比较用比较级,比较级后面一般带有单词than比较级前面可以用more,a little来修饰表示程度than后的人称代词用主格(口语中可用宾格)
2.形容词加er的规则⑴一般在词尾加er;⑵以字母e结尾,加r;⑶以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加er;⑷以辅音字母+y〃结尾,先把y变i,再加ero
3.不规则形容词比较级good-better,beautiful-more beautiful
(二)副词的比较级
1.形容词与副词的区别(有be用形,有形用be;有动用副,有副用动)⑴在句子中形容词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后⑵副词在句子中最常见的是处于实义动词之后)
2.副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同(不规则变化well-better,far-farther数词基数词.序数词基数词11-20one,two,three four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen fifteen,f zsixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty221-99先说“几十〃,再说“几〃,中间加连字符23-twenty-three,34-thirty-four,45一forty—five,56-fifty-six,67-sixty-seven,78-seventy-eight,89一eighty-nine,91-*ninety-one,3101—999先说“几百〃再加and,再加末两位数或末位数;586-five hundred and eighty-six,803—eight hundredand three4I,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个〃,“,第一个前为thousand.第二个“,前为million,第三个〃前为billion1,001-one thousandand one18,423—►eighteen thousand,four hundredand twenty-three6,260,309一six milliontwo hundredand sixtythousand threehundredandnine750,000,000,000一seven hundredand fiftybillion序数词1一般在基数词后加theg.four-fourth,thirteen-*thirteenth2不规则变化one-first,two—►second,three—►third,five—fifth,eight—►eighth,nine—►ninth,twelve—twelfth3以y结尾的十位整数,变y为ie再加thtwenty—twentieth,forty一fortieth,ninety-ninetieth4从二十一后的〃几十几直至〃几百几十几〃或〃几千几百几十几〃只将个位的基数词变为序数词twenty-first,two hundredand forty-fifth基数词转为序数词的口诀基变序,有规律,词尾加上-th.二,三,特殊记,词尾字母t,d d.z八去九去要用替t,e,ve f将变成前面有个ty yi,th e.若是碰到几十几,前用基来后用序介词常用介词in,onatbehind等f f
1.at表示时间概念的某一个点(在某时刻、时间、阶段等)()at1:OO dawn,midnight,noon在一点钟(黎明、午夜、中午)
2.on)1表示具体日期注
(1)关于“在周末的几种表示法()at onthe weekend在周末-一特指()at onweekends在周末---泛指over theweekend在整个周末during theweekend在周末期间()2在圣诞节,应说at Christmas而不说on Christmas)2在(刚……)的时候On reachingthe cityhe calledup hisparents.一到城里他就给父母打了一个电话
3.in)1表示时段“、“时期”,在多数情况下可以和during互换,前者强调对比,后者强调持续()()in during1988December the20th century在一九八八年(十二月、二十世纪)z动词动词的四种时态()1一般现在时一般现在时的构成()
1.be动词主语+be am,is,are+其它如I ama boy.我是一个男孩
2.行为动词主语+行为动词(+其它)如:We studyEnglish.我们学习英语()当主语为第三人称单数he,she,it时,要在动词后加或如Mary likesChinese.玛丽喜欢汉语动词+s的变化规则
1.一般情况下,直接加・s,如cook-cooks,milk-milks
2.以s.x.sh.ch.o结尾,力口-es,如:guess-guesses,wash-washes,watch-watches,go-goes
3.以〃辅音字母+y〃结尾,变y为i,再加-es,如study-studies2一般过去时动词过去式详解动词的过去式的构成规则有A、规则动词
①一般直接在动词的后面加ed:如worked,learned cleaned,visitedz
②以e结尾的动词直接加d:如lived,danced,used
③以辅音字母加y结尾的动词要改y为i再加ed此类动词较少如study-studied carry-carried worry-worried注意play、stay不是辅音字母加y,所以不属于此类
④双写最后一个字母此类动词较少如stoppedB、不规则动词此类词并无规则,须熟记小学阶段要记住以下动词的原形和过去式sing-sang eat-ate,see-saw,zhave-had,do-did,go-went,take-took,buy-bought,get-got,read-read,fly-flew,am/is-was,are-were,say-said,leave-Ie代,swim-swam,tell-told,draw-drew,come一came,lose-lost,find一found,drink-drank,hurt一hurt,feel-felt3一般将来时基本结构
①be going to+do;
②will+do.be goingto=willI amgoingtogo swimmingtomorrow明天.=I willgo swimmingtomorrow.4现在进行时am,is,are+动词现在分词动词现在分词详解动词的ing形式的构成规则
①一般的直接在后面加上ing,如doing,going,working,singing,eating
②以e结尾的动词,要先去e再加ing,如having,writing
③双写最后一个字母的此类动词极少有running,swimming,sitting,getting第三部分句法陈述句1肯定句是指用肯定的语气来陈述的句子,如Im a student.She isa doctor.He worksin a hospital.There arefour fansin ourclassroom.He willeat lunchat12:00,I watchedTV yesterday evening.2否定句含有否定词或表示否定意义词的句子,如Im notastudent.She isnot isnzta doctor.He doesnot doesntwork inahospital.There arenot arentfour fansin ourclassroom.He willnot wonteat lunchat12:
00.I didnot didntwatch TVyesterdayevening.疑问句一般疑问句是指询问事实的句子,此类句子必须用〃yes〃,或n〃来回答特殊疑问句以特殊疑问词what,where,who,which,when,whose,why,how等开头引导的句子此类句子应该问什么就答什么,不能用〃yes、no来回答句型There beThere be句型与have,has的区别
1、Therebe句型表示在某地有某物或人
2、在there be句型中,主语是单数,be动词用is;主语是复数,be动词用are;如有几件物品,be动词根据最*近be动词的那个名词决定
3、there be句型的否定句在be动词后加not,一般疑问句把be动词调到句首
4、there be句型与havehas的区别there be表示在某地有某物或人;havehas表示某人拥有某物
5、some和any在there be句型中的运用some用于肯定句,any用于否定句或疑问句
6、and和or在there be句型中的运用and用于肯定句,or用于否定句或疑问句
7、针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是How many+名词复数+are there+介词短语?How much+不可数名词+is there+介词短语?
8、针对主语提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是Whats+介词短语?。