雅思强化段阅读 6.Multiple Choice选择题解题思路及练习 1.单选题 真题训练

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3.0分）Questions15-17READING PASSAGE2Choose theappropriate lettersA-D andwrite themin boxes15-17onyour answer sheet.The Risksof CigaretteSmokeDiscovered in the early1800s andnamed nicotianine,the oilyessencenow callednicotine is the main active ingredientof tobacco.Nicotine,however,is onlya smallcomponent ofcigarette smoke,which contains morethan4,700chemical compounds,including43cancer-causing substances.In recenttimes,scientific researchhas beenproviding evidencethatyears ofcigarette smokingvastly increases the riskof developingfatalmedical conditions.In additionto beingresponsible for more than85per centof lungcancers,smoking is associated withcancers of,amongst others,the mouth,stomach andkidneys,and isthought tocause about14per centof leukemiaandcervical cancers.In1990,D Aspart of a EuropeanUnion environmentalprogramme,a Londoncouncilis testingan infra-red spectrometerfrom theUniversity ofDenverin Colorado.It gaugesthe pollutionfrom apassing vehicle-more usefulthan the annualstationary testthat is the Britishstandard today-bybouncing abeam through the exhaustand measuringwhat getsblocked.Thecouncil snext stepmay beto linkthe systemto acomputerised videocameraable toread numberplates automatically.E Theeffort toclean upcars maydo littleto cutpollution ifnothingis doneabout thetendency todrive them more.Los Angeleshas some ofthe world s cleanestcars-far betterthan those of Europebut thetotal一number ofmiles thosecars drivecontinues togrow.One solutioniscar-pooling,an arrangementin whicha number of people who share the samedestinationshare theuse of one car.However,the averagenumber ofpeoplein acar on the freeway in LosAngeles,which is

1.3,has beenfallingsteadily.Increasing it would bean effectiveway ofreducing emissionsas well aseasing congestion.The troubleis,LosAngelenos seemto likebeing alonein theircars.F Singaporehas for a whilehad ascheme thatforces driverstobuy abadge if they wishto visita certainpart of the city.Electronicinnovations makepossible increasingsophistication:rates canvaryaccording toroad conditions,time ofday andso on.Singapore isadvancingin thisdirection,with acity-wide networkof transmittersto collectinformationand chargedrivers as they passcertain points.Suchroad-pricing,however,can becontroversial.When the local governmentinCambridge,England,considered introducingSingaporean techniques,itfaced vocaland ultimatelysuccessful opposition.Part TwoThescope of the problemfacing the worldscities isimmense.In1992,the UnitedNations EnvironmentalProgramme and the WorldHealthOrganisation WHOconcluded that all of a sampleof twentymegacities-places likely to havemore thanten millioninhabitants in the year2000-already exceededthe levelthe WHOdeems healthy in at1east onemajorpollutant.Two—thirds of them exceededthe guidelinesfor two,seven forthreeormore.Of thesix pollutantsmonitored by the WHO-carbon dioxide,nitrogendioxide,ozone,sulphur dioxide,lead andparticulate matter—it isthislast categorythat isattracting the most attentionfrom healthresearchers.PM10,a sub-category ofparticulate mattermeasuringten-millionths of a metreacross,has beenimplicated inthousands ofdeathsa yearin Britain alone.Research beingconducted in two countiesofSouthern Californiais reachingsimilarly disturbingconclusionsconcerning thislittle-understood pollutant.A world-wide riseinallergies,particularly asthma,over the past fourdecades is now saidto be linkedwith increasedair pollution.The lungsand brainsof childrenwhogrow up in pollutedair offerfurther evidenceof itsdestructive power.The oldand ill,however,arethemost vulnerable to theacute effectsofheavily pollutedstagnant air.It can actually hastendeath,as itdidin December1991when acloud ofexhaust fumeslingered over the cityofLondon forover aweek.The UnitedNations hasestimated that in the year2000there willbetwenty-four mega-cities and a furthereighty-five citiesof more thanthree millionpeople.The pressureon publicofficials,corporations andurbancitizens toreverse establishedtrends in air pollutionis likelytogrow inproportion with the growthof citiesthemselves.Progress isbeingmade.The question,though,remains the same:Will changehappenquickly enough’Choose theappropriate lettersA-D andwrite themin boxes11-13onyour answer sheet.111How manypollutants currentlyexceed WHOguidelines in all megacitiesstudied•[A]one•[B]two•[C]three•[D]seven选择答案「AB CD正确答案A12Which pollutantis currentlythe subjectof urgentresearch•[A]nitrogendioxide•[B]ozone•[C]lead•[D]particulate matter选择答案A BCD正确答案D313Which of the followinggroups ofpeople arethemostseverely affectedbyintense airpollution•[A]allergy sufferers•[B]children•[C]the oldand ill•[D]asthma sufferers选择答案ABCD阅读题（共3题，共

3.0分）Questions28-30READING PASSAGE3Measuring OrganisationalPerformanceThere isclear-cut evidencethat,foraperiod of at leastone year,supervision which increasesthedirect pressurefor productivitycanachieve significantincreases inproduction.However,such short-termincreases areobtained onlyata substantial andserious costto theorganisation.To whatextent cana managermake animpressive earningsrecord overashort period ofoneto threeyears byexploiting the company sinvestmentin thehuman organisationin hisplant ordivision Towhatextent willthe qualityof hisorganisation sufferif hedoes soThefollowing isa descriptionof an important studyconducted by theInstitute forSocial Researchdesigned to answer thesequestions.The studycovered500clerical employeesin fourparallel divisions.Each divisionwas organisedin exactlythe sameway,used the sametechnology,did exactlythe samekind of work,and hademployees ofcomparableaptitudes.Productivity inall fourof the divisions dependedon thenumber ofclerksinvolved.The workentailed theprocessing ofaccounts andgeneratingof invoices.Although thevolume ofwork wasconsiderable,the natureof thebusiness wassuch thatit couldonly beprocessed asitcame along.Consequently,the onlywayin which productivitycouldbe increasedwas tochange the size of the work group.The four divisions wereassigned totwo experimentalprogrammes onarandom basis.Each programmewas assignedat randoma division thathad beenhistorically highin productivityandadivisionthathad beenbelowaverage inproductivity.No attempt was made to placea divisionin the programmethat would best fitits habitualmethods ofsupervisionused by the manager,assistant managers,supervisors andassistantsupervisors.The experimentat theclerical levellasted forone year.Beforehand,several monthswere devotedto planning,and therewas alsoa trainingperiodof approximatelysix months.Productivity wasmeasured continuouslyand computedweekly throughouttheyear.The attitudesof employeesand supervisorystaff towardstheirwork weremeasured justbefore andafter theperiod.Turning nowto theheartof thestudy,intwo divisions anattemptwasmadetochange thesuper-vision so that thedecision levelswere pusheddown anddetailedsupervision of the workersreduced.More general supervision of theclerks and their supervisorswas introduced.In addition,the managers,assistant managers,supervisors andassistant supervisorsof thesetwodivisions weretrained ingroup methodsof leadership,which theyendeavouredto useas muchas theirskill wouldpermit duringtheexperimental year.For easyreference,the experimentalchanges in thesetwo divisionswill be labelled the participative programme’.In theother two divisions,by contrast,the programmecalled formodifyingthe supervisionso asto increasethe closenessof supervisionand move thedecision levelsupwards.This willbelabelledthe^hierarchically controlledprogramme.These changeswere accomplishedby a furtherextension of the scientificmanagement approach.For example,one of the majorchanges madewas tohave thejobs timedand tohavestandard timescomputed.This showedthat thesedivisions wereoverstaffedby about30%.The generalmanager thenordered themanagersof thesetwodivisionsto cutstaff by25%.This wasdone bytransferswithout replacingthe personswho left;no onewas tobe dismissed.Results of the ExperimentChanges in ProductivityFigure1shows thechanges insalary costsper unitofwork,whichreflect thechange inproductivity thatoccurred in thedivisions.Aswill beobserved,the hierarchically controlled programmesincreasedproductivity by about25%.This wasa resultof thedirect ordersfromthe generalmanager to reduce staffby thatamount.Direct pressureproducedasubstantialincrease inproduction.A significantincrease inproductivity of20%was alsoachieved intheparticipative programme,but thiswas notas greatan increaseasin the hierarchically controlledprogramme.To bringabout thisimprovement,the clerksthemselves participatedsmoking causedmorethan84,000deaths,mainly resultingfrom suchproblems aspneumonia,bronchitis and influenza.Smoking,it isbelieved,is responsiblefor30per centof alldeaths fromcancer andclearly representsthe mostimportantpreventable causeof cancerin countrieslike theUnited Statestoday.Passive smoking,the breathingin of the side-stream smokefrom theburningof tobaccobetween puffsor of the smokeexhaled bya smoker,also causesa serioushealth risk.A reportpublished in1992bytheUSEnvironmental ProtectionAgency EPAemphasized the health dangers,especially fromside-stream smoke.This typeof smokecontainsmore,smaller particlesand istherefore morelikelytobe depositeddeep inthelungs.On the basis of this report,the EPAhas classifiedenvironmentaltobacco smokein thehighest riskcategory forcausingcancer.As anillustration of thehealthrisks,in thecase ofa marriedcouplewhere onepartner isa smokerand onea non-smoker,the latteri sbelievedto have a30per centhigher riskof deathfrom heartdisease because ofpassive smoking.The riskof lung cancer alsoincreases overthe yearsofexposure andthe figurein thedecision toreduce thesize ofthe workgroup.They wereaware ofcourse thatproductivity increaseswere soughtbymanagement inconducting theseexperiments.Obviously,deciding toreducethesizeofa workgroupby eliminatingsomeofits membersisprobably oneofthemost difficultdecisions foraworkgroup to make.Yet theclerks madeit.In fact,one divisionin theparticipativeprogramme increasedits productivitybyabout the sameamount aseachof the twodivisionsin the hierarchically controlledprogramme.Theother participativedivision,which historicallyhad beenthe poorestof all thedivisions,did notdo sowell andincreased productivitybyonly15%.ChangesinAttitudesAlthough bothprogrammes hadsimilar effectson productivity,theyhad significantlydifferent resultsin otherrespects.The productivityincreasesin thehierarchicallycontrolledprogramme wereaccompaniedby shiftsin anadverse directionin suchfactors asloyalty,attitudes,interest,and involvementin thework.But justthe oppositewas truein theparticipative programme.For example,Figure2shows thatwhen moregeneralsupervisionandincreased participationwere provided,the employeesfeeling ofresponsibilityto seethat thework gotdone increased.Again,when thesupervisorwas away,they kepton working.In thehierarchicallycontrolled pro-gramme,however,the feelingof responsibilitydecreased,and whenthe supervisorwas absent,work tendedto stop.As Figure3shows,the employeesin theparticipative programmeatthe endoftheyear felt that theirmanager andassistant managerwerecloser to them thanat thebeginning oftheyear.The oppositewas truein thehierarchicalprogramme.Moreover,as Figure4shows,employees intheparticipativeprogrammefeltthat their supervisorswere morelikelyto puHfor them,or for thecompanyand them,and notbe solelyinterestedin thecompany,while in thehierarchicallycontrolledprogramme,the oppositetrend occurred.八sseq怎dses_sooBefore After Before AfterPARTICIPATIVEHIERARCHICALLYCONTROLLEDFIGUREMuch5Before AfterBefore AfterPARTICIPATIVEHIERARCHICALLYCONTROLLED—lliBISssslidsc-op0102030405--r--aco SBCBJAVery5close--4NotcloseBefore AfterBefore AfterPARTICIPATIVEHIERARCHICALLYCONTROLLEDFIGURE3Employees2CompanyonlyBefore AfterBefore AfterPARTICIPATIVEHIERARCHICALLYCONTROLLEDChoose theappropriate lettersA-D andwrite themin boxes28-30onyour answersheet.128The experimentwas designedto•[A]establish whetherincreased productivityshould besought atanycost.•[B]show thatfourdivisionscould usethe sametechnology.•[C]perfect asystem forprocessing accounts.•[D]exploit thehuman organisationofacompany inorder toincreaseprofits.选择答案ABCD正确答案A229The fourdivisions•[A]each employeda staffof500clerks.•[B]each hadequal levelsof productivity.•[C]had identicalpatterns oforganisation.•[D]were randomlychosen for the experiment.选择答案‘ABCD正确答案C330Before theexperiment•[A]the fourdivisions werecarefully selectedto suita specificprogramme.•[B]each divisionwas toldtoreduceits levelof productivity.•[C]the staffinvolved spenta numberof monthspreparing for thestudy.•[D]the employeeswere questionedabout theirfeelings towardsthestudy.选择答案A「B」CD正确答案C阅读题共4题，共

4.0分Questions10-13READING PASSAGE1LAND OFTHE RISINGSUMA Japanhas asignificantly betterrecord interms ofaveragemathematical attainmentthan Englandand Wales.Large sampleinternationalcomparisons ofpupils attainmentssince the1960s haveestablishedthat notonly didJapanese pupilsat age13have betterscoresof averageattainment,but therewas alsoa largerproportion oflowattainers inEngland,where,incidentally,the variationin attainmentscoreswas muchgreater.The percentageof GrossNational Productspenton educationis reasonablysimilar inthetwocountries,so howis thishigherand moreconsistent attainmentin mathsachievedB Lowersecondary schoolsin Japancover threeschool years,fromthe seventhgrade age13to theninth gradeage

15.Virtually allpupilsat thisstage attendstate schools:only3per centare intheprivate sector.Schools areusually modernin design,set wellback fromtheroad andspacious inside.Classrooms arelarge andpupils sitat singledesks inrows.Lessons lastfora standardised50minutes and are alwaysfollowed bya10-minute break,which givesthe pupilsa chanceto letoff steam.Teachers beginwitha formaladdress andmutual bowing,and thenconcentrate onwhole-classteaching.Classes arelarge-usually about40-andareunstreamed.Pupilsstay inthe sameclass forall lessonsthroughout the school anddevelopconsiderable class identity andloyalty.Pupils attendtheschoolintheir ownneighbourhood,which intheory removesranking byschool.Inpractice inTokyo,becauseofthe relativeconcentration ofschools,there issome competitionto getinto thebetter schoolinaparticulararea.C Traditionalways ofteaching formthebasisofthelesson andtheremarkably quietclasses taketheir ownnotes ofthe pointsmade andtheexamples demonstrated.Everyone has their owncopy ofthe textbooksuppliedbythecentral educationauthority,Monbusho,as part of theconceptof freecompulsory educationup to the ageof

15.These textbooksare,on thewhole,small,presumably inexpensiveto produce,but wellsetout andlogically developed.One teacherwas particularlykeen tointroducecolour andpictures intomaths textbooks:he feltthis wouldmakethemmoreaccessible topupils broughtupina cartoonculture.Besides approvingtextbooks,Monbusho alsodecides thehighlycentralised nationalcurriculum andhow it is tobe delivered.D Lessonsall followthesamepattern.At thebeginning,the pupilsputsolutions to the homeworkon the board,then the teachers comment,correct orelaborate asnecessary.Pupils marktheir ownhomework:thisis animportant principlein Japaneseschooling as it enablespupils toseewhere andwhy theymade amistake,sothat these canbe avoidedinfuture.No oneminds mistakesor ignoranceas longas youare preparedtolearn from them.After thehomework hasbeen discussed,the teacherexplainsthe topicofthelesson,slowly andwith alot ofrepetitionand elaboration.Examples aredemonstrated on the board;questions fromthe textbook areworked throughfirst with the class,and thenthe classisset questionsfromthe textbook to do individually.Only rarelyaresupplementary worksheetsdistributed ina mathsclass.The impressionisthat thelogical natureofthe textbooks andtheir comprehensivecoverageof differenttypes ofexamples,combined with the relativehomogeneityoftheclass,renders worksheets unnecessary.At thispoint,the teacherwould circulateand makesure thatall the pupils werecopingwell.E It is remarkablethat large,mixed-ability classescould bekepttogether formaths throughoutall theircompulsory schoolingfrom6to

15.Teachers saythat theygive individualhelp atthe endofalessonor afterschool,setting extrawork ifnecessary.In observedlessons,any strugglerswouldbeassisted bytheteacheror quietlyseek help fromtheir neighbour.Carefully fosteredclassidentitymakes pupilskeen tohelpeach other-anyway,it isin theirinterests sincethe classprogressestogether.This scarcelyseems adequatehelp toenable slowlearners to keepup.However,the Japaneseattitude towardseducation runsalong thelinesofif youwork hardenough,you cando almostanything’.Parents arekeptclosely informedof their childrens progressand willplay apartin helpingtheirchildrentokeepjumps to80per centifthespouse hasbeensmoking fourpacks aday for20years.It hasbeen calculatedthat17per centof casesof lungcancer canbe attributedto highlevels ofexposureto second-hand tobaccosmoke duringchildhood andadolescence.A morerecent studyby researchersattheUniversity ofCaliforniaat SanFrancisco UCSFhas shownthat second-hand cigarette smoke doesmoreharm tonon-smokers thanto smokers.Leaving asidethe philosophicalquestionof whetheranyone shouldhave tobreathe someoneelse scigarettesmoke,the reportsuggests thatthe smokeexperienced bymanypeople intheir dailylives isenough toproduce substantialadverseeffects ona persons heartand lungs.The report,published inthe JournaloftheAmerican MedicalAssociationAMA,was based onthe researchers ownearlier researchbutalso includesa review of studiesoverthe past fewyears.The AmericanMedicalAssociation representsabout halfofal1US doctorsandis astrongopponent ofsmoking.The studysuggests thatpeoplewhosmokecigarettes arecontinually damagingtheir cardiovascularsystem,whichadapts inorder toup withclass,sending themto Jukuprivate eveningtuitionif extrahelp isneeded andencouraging themto workharder.It seemsto work,at leastfor95per centoftheschool population.F Sowhat arethe majorcontributing factorsinthesuccess ofmathsteaching Clearly,attitudes areimportant.Education isvalued greatlyin Japanese culture;maths isrecognised asanimportantcompulsorysubject throughoutschooling;andtheemphasis ison hardwork coupledwith a focuson accuracy.Other relevantpoints relateto thesupportive attitudeofaclasstowards slowerpupils,the lackof competitionwithin aclass,and thepositiveemphasis onlearning foroneself andimproving onesownstandard.And theviewofrepetitively boringlessons andlearning thefactsby heart,which issometimes quotedin relationto Japaneseclasses,may beunfair andunjustified.No poormaths lessonswere observed.Theywere mainlygood andone ortwo wereinspirational.Choose thecorrect letter,A,B,C or D.Write thecorrect letterin boxes10-13on youranswersheet.110Maths textbooksinJapaneseschools are•[A]cheap forpupils tobuy.•[B]well organisedand adaptedto theneeds ofthepupils.•[C]written tobe usedin conjunctionwith TVprogrammes.•[D]not verypopular withmany Japaneseteachers.选择答案A B CD正确答案B211When anew mathstopic isintroduced,•[A]students answerquestions ontheboard.•[B]students relyentirely onthe textbook.•[C]it iscarefully andpatiently explainedtothestudents.•[D]itisusual forstudents to use extraworksheets.选择答案:正确答案C12How doschools dealwith studentswho experiencedifficulties•[A]They aregiven appropriatesupplementary tuition.•[B]They areencouraged tocopy fromother pupils.•[C]They areforced toexplain theirslow progress.•[D]They areplaced ina mixed-ability class.选择答案ABCD正确答案A13Why doJapanese studentstend toachieve relativelyhigh ratesofsuccess inmaths•[A]It isa compulsorysubject inJapan.•[B]They areused toworking withouthelpfromothers.•[C]Much effortis madeand correctanswers areemphasised.•[D]There isa strongemphasis onrepetitive learning.选择答案r A B C D正确答案C阅读题（共6题，共

6.0分）The Developmentof MuseumsA.The convictionthat historicalrelics provideinfallibletestimony aboutthe pastis rootedinthenineteenth andearlytwentieth centuries,when sciencewas regarded as objectiveandvalue free.As onewriter observes:Although itisnowevident thatartefactsare aseasily alteredas chronicles,public faithin theirveracityendures:a tangiblerelic seemsipso factoreal.’Suchconviction was,until recently,reflected inmuseum displays.Museums usedto look-and somestill do-much likestorage roomsofobjects packedtogether inshowcases:good forscholars whowantedto studythe subtledifferences indesign,but notfor theordinaryvisitor,to whomit alllooked alike.Similarly,the informationaccompanyingthe objectsoften madelittle sensetothelay visitor.The contentand formatof explanationsdated backtoatime whenthemuseum was the exclusivedomain ofthe scientificresearcher.B.Recently,however,attitudes towardshistory andthe wayitshould bepresented havealtered.The keyword inheritage displayisnow experience’,the moreexciting thebetter andif possible,involving allthe senses.Good examplesofthisapproach inthe UKarethe JorvikCenter inYork;the NationalMuseum ofPhotography,Film andTelevision inBradford;andtheImperial WarMuseum inLondon.In theUS thetrend emergedmuch earlier:Williamsburg hasbeena prototypefor manyheritage developmentsin otherparts oftheworld.No onecan predictwhere theprocess willend.On so-calledheritage sitesthere-enactment ofhistorical eventsis increasinglypopular,and computerswill soonprovide virtualreality experiences,which willpresent visitorswithavivid imageoftheperiodof theirchoice,inwhichthey themselvescanactas ifpartofthe historicalenvironment.Such developmentshave beencriticized asanintolerable vulgarization,but thesuccess ofmany historicalthemeparks andsimilar locationssuggests thatthe majorityofthepublicdoes notshare thisopinion.C.In arelated development,the sharpdistinctionbetween museumand heritage sites onthe onehand,and themeparkson theother,is graduallyevaporating.They alreadyborrow ideasandconcepts fromone another.For example,museums haveadoptedstory linesfor exhibitions,sites haveaccepted themingas arelevanttool,and themeparks aremoving towardsmore authenticityandresearch-based presentations.In zoos,animals areno longerkeptin cages,but ingreat spaces,either inthe openair orinenormous greenhouses,such asthe jungleand desertenvironments inBurgersZoo inHolland.This particulartrend isregardedasoneof themajor developmentsinthepresentation ofnatural historyinthe twentiethcentury.D.Theme parksare undergoingother changes,too,as theytryto presentmore serioussocial andcultural issues,andmoveawayfrom fantasy.This developmentisaresponse tomarket forcesand,although museumsand heritagesites havea special,rather distinct,role tofulfil,they arealso operatinginavery competitiveenvironments,where visitorsmake choiceson howand whereto spendtheirfree time.Heritage andmuseum expertsdo nothave toinvent storiesandrecreate historicalenvironments toattract theirvisitors:theirassets arealready inplace.However,exhibits must be bothbasedon artefactsand factsasweknow them,and attractivelypresented.Those whoare professionallyengaged inthe artof interpretinghistoryare thusinadifficult position,astheymust steera narrowcoursebetween thedemands ofevidence andattractiveness’,especially giventhe increasingneed inthe heritage industry forincome-generating activities.E.It couldbe claimedthatinorder to make everythinginheritage morereal,historical accuracymustbeincreasinglyaltered.For example,Pithecanthropuserectus correspondsto publicperceptions.Similarly,intheMuseum ofNatural HistoryinWashington,Neanderthal manis shownmaking adominant gesturetohis wife.Such presentationstell usmore aboutcontemporaryperceptions oftheworldthan aboutour ancestors.There isonecompensation,however,fortheprofessionals whomake theseinterpretations:if theydid notprovide theinterpretation,visitors woulddo itfor themselves,basedontheir ownideas,misconceptions andprejudices.And nomatter howexciting theresult,itwouldcontain alot morebias thanthe presentationsprovided byexperts.F.Human biasis inevitable,but anothersource ofbias intherepresentation of history hastodowiththetransitory natureofthe materialsthemselves.The simplefact isthat noteverything fromhistorysurvives thehistorical process.Castles,palaces andcathedralshavealonger lifespanthanthedwellings ofordinarypeople.The sameapplies tothe furnishingsand othercontents ofthepremises.In atown likeLeyden inHolland,whichintheseventeenth centurywas occupiedby approximatelythesamenumberof inhabitantsas today,people livedwithin thewalled town,an areamorethan fivetimes smallerthan modernLeyden.In mostofthehousesseveral familieslived togetherin circumstancesbeyond ourimagination.Yet inmuseums,fine periodrooms giveonly animageof thelifestyle ofthe upperclass ofthat era.No wonderthat peoplewhostroll aroundexhibitions arefilled withnostalgia;theevidencein museumsindicates thatlife wasso muchbetter inthe past.This notionis inducedbythebias inits representationin museumsandheritage centers.Question31-36Choose thecor rect letter,A,B,C orD.Write thecorrect letterin boxes31——36on youranswersheet.

31.Compared withtoday smuseums,thoseofthepast•[A]did notpresent historyinadetailed way.•[B]Were notprimarily intendedforthepublic•[C]Were moreclearly organized.•[D]Preserved itemswith greatcare.选择答案A BC Dcompensateforthe effects ofsmoking.It furtherstates thatpeople whodo not smokedonothave thebenefit of their systemadapting tothe smokeinhalation.Consequently,theeffectsof passive smoking arefar greateronnon-smokers thanon smokers.This reportemphasizes thatcancer isnot causedbya single elementincigarettesmoke;harmful effectsto healthare causedby manycomponents.Carbon monoxide,for example,competes withoxygen inredblood cellsand interfereswiththeblood sability todeliverlife-giving oxygen tothe heart.Nicotine andother toxinsin cigarettesmokeactivate smallblood cellscalled platelets,which increasesthelikelihood ofblood clots,thereby affectingblood circulationthroughoutthe body.The researcherscriticize thepractice ofsome scientificconsultantswho workwiththetobacco industryfor assumingthatcigarette smokehasthesame impacton smokersasitdoes onnon-smokers.They arguethat thosescientists areunderestimating thedamage donebypassive smokingand,in supportoftheirrecent findings,cite somepreviousresearch whichpoints topassivesmokingasthecause forbetween30,000and60,000deaths from

32.According tothe writer,current trendsintheheritageindustry•[A]emphasize personalinvolvement.•[B]have theirorigins inYork andLondon.•[C]rely oncomputer images.•[D]reflect minoritytastes.选择答案ABCD正确答案A

333.The writersays thatmuseums,heritagesitesand themeparks•[A]often workin closepartnership.•[B]try topreserve separateidentities.•[C]have similarexhibits.•[D]are lesseasy todistinguish thanbefore.选择答案A BC D

34.The writersays thatin preparingexhibits formuseums,experts•[A]should pursueasingleobjective.•[B]have todo acertain amountof languagetranslation.•[C]should befree fromcommercial constraints.•[D]have tobalance conflictingpriorities选择答案ABCD正确答案D

535.In paragraphE,the writersuggests thatsome museum exhibits•[A]fail tomatch visitorexpectations.•[B]are basedonthefalse assumptionsof professionals.•[C]reveal moreabout presentbeliefs thanaboutthepast.•[D]allow visitorstomakemore useoftheirimagination.选择答案ABCD

36.The passageends bynoting thatour viewofhistoryis biasedbecause•[A]we failtouseour imagination.•[B]only verydurable objectsremain fromthepast.•[C]we tend to ignorethings thatdisplease us.•[D]museumexhibitsfocus toomuch onthelocalarea.选择答案‘ABCD正确答案Bheart attackseach yearintheUnited States.This meansthat passivesmokingisthethird mostpreventable causeof deathafter activesmokingand alcohol-related diseases.The studyargues thatthe typeof actionneeded againstpassivesmoking shouldbe similarto thatbeing takenagainst illegaldrugs andAIDSSIDA.The UCSFresearchers maintainthatthesimplest andmostcost-effective actionis toestablish smoke-free workplaces,schoolsand publicplaces.15According toinformation inthetext,leukaemia andpneumonia•[A]are responsiblefor84,000deaths eachyear.•[B]are stronglylinked tocigarette smoking.•[C]are stronglylinked tolungcancer.•[D]result in30per centof deathsper year.选择答案A‘BCD16According toinformation inthetext,intake ofcarbon monoxide•[A]inhibits theflow ofoxygentotheheart.•[B]increases absorptionof othersmoke particles.•[C]inhibits redblood cellformation.•[D]promotes nicotineabsorption.选择答案r ArBC IcrD正确答案A317According toinformation inthetext,intake ofnicotineencourages•[A]blood circulationthroughthebody.•[B]activity ofother toxinsintheblood.•[C]formation ofblood clots.•[D]an increaseof plateletsintheblood.选择答案:正确答案C阅读题（共3题，共

3.0分）Questions11-13READING PASSAGE1Part OneAAir pollutionis increasinglybecoming thefocus ofgovernment andcitizenconcern aroundthe globe.From MexicoCity andNew York,toSingapore andTokyo,new solutionsto thisold problemare beingproposed,trialled andimplemented withever increasingspeed.Itisfeared thatunlesspollution reductionmeasures areabletokeep pacewith thecontinuedpressures ofurban growth,air qualityin manyoftheworlds majorcities willdeteriorate beyondreason.B Actionis beingtaken alongseveral fronts:through newlegislation,improved enforcementand innovativetechnology.In LosAngeles,stateregulations areforcing manufacturersto tryto sellever cleanercars:their firstofthecleanest,titled ZeroEmission Vehicles’,have tobeavailable soon,since theyare intendedtomakeup2per centof salesin

1997.Local authoritiesin Londonare campaigningtobeallowed toenforceanti-pollution lawsthemselves;at presentonly thepolice havethepower todo so,but theytendtobe busyelsewhere.In Singapore,renting outroad spaceto usersistheway ofthe future.C WhenBritain,s RoyalAutomobile Clubmonitored theexhausts of60,000vehicles,it foundthat12per centof themproduced morethanhalf thetotal pollution.Older cars were theworst offenders;though asizeablenumberofquite newcarswerealso identifiedas grosspolluters,they weresimply badlytuned.California hasdeveloped ascheme togetthese grosspolluters offthe streets:they offera flat$700for anyold,run-down vehicledriven inby itsowner.The aimis toremove theheaviest-polluting,most decrepitvehicles fromthe roads.。