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年高考英语一轮基础复习之词类综合与名词知识精讲2024
一、词类:按照词的意义、句法作用和形式把词分成若干类，称为词类英文通常有十类词名词表示人或物的名称主、宾、表、定、补、同nounn.worker,desk代词代替名词或数词等主、宾、表、pronounpron.l,they,some定、同数词表示数目或顺序主、宾、表、定、同numeralnum.three,fourth谓语动词作谓语be want,studyz动词表示动作或状态非谓语动词作主verbv.to lean,learning learned宾、表、定、补、状形容词质和特征表示人或事物的性adjectiveadj.fine.small,bad表、定、补、状副词质状态特征表示动作特征或性adverbadv.quite,there,very表、状冠词特指表示名词的泛指或articleart.a,an,the介词其他词的关系表示名词或代词与prepositionprep.on,in,about,of连词连接词与词、与短语、句子与句子短语conjunctionconj and,if,so,or感叹词或语气表示说话时的感情interjectioninterj oh,aha,ouch表示如the son of theold manwho livedin thecountry monkeystail/the tailofthe monkeythestory of the bravetwo sisters.双重所有格，由名词或名词性物主代词”构成3of++，s”“of+
①表示所属物的名词前有冠词、不定代词或数词时如:等a,someEOjthe,anyQre’few a friend ofher mothers=one ofhermothers friendsa photoof mine=one ofmy photosMiss Smith is afriend of Marysmothers.
②被修饰的名词前有指示代词时或用来表示赞扬或厌恶等感情色彩时如Everyone lovesthe littlesonofhis sisters.我们都讨厌汤姆那种骄傲态度We alldislike thntpride ofToms.巩固精练
01.Oh.John.you gaveus!A.How apleasant surpriseB.How pleasant surpriseC.What apleasant surpriseD.What pleasantsurprise
2.food youvecooked!A.How anice B.What anice C.How niceD.What nice
3._terrible weatherweve beenhaving thesedays!A.How aB.What aC.How D.What
4.We haveworked outthe planand nowwe mustput itintoA.fact B.reality C.practice D.deed
5.Miss Smithis afriendof.A.Maryfs mothersB.Marys motherC.mothers ofMary D.Mary mothers
6.If thesetrousers aretoo big,buy asmaller_.A.set B.one C.copy D.pair
7.He droppedtheand brokeit.A.cup ofcoffee B.coffees cupC.cup coffeeD.coffee cup
8.-Hi,havens seenyou forages.You lookfine.A.Great B.Thanks C.Oh,no D.Not atall
9.He gainedhis by printing_of famouswriters.A.wealth;work B.wealths;works C.wealths:work D.wealth;works
10.TH lookinto thematter assoon aspossible.Just have a little-.A.wait B.time C.patience D.rest
11.If byany chancesomeone comesto seeme,ask himto leavea_.A.message B.letter C.sentence D.notice
12.Youll findthis mapof greatin helpingyou toget roundLondon.A.price B.cost C.value D.usefulness
13.We allknow that_speak louderthan words.A.movements B.performance C.operations D.actions
14.One of the advantagesof livingon thetop floorof ahighrise isthatyou canget a goodA.sight B.scene C.view D.look
15.The_is justaround thecorner andyou wontmiss it.A.bicycles shopB.bicycle shopC.bicycles shopD.bicycles shop
16.No matterwhat youdo,you shouldput yourinto it.A.mind B.heart C.brain D.thought
17.There areusually atleast two_of lookingat everyquestion.A.means B.directions C.views D.ways
18.The managerhas got a goodbusiness sothe companyis doingwell.A.idea B.sense C.thought D.thinking19・-lm sorryI steppedoutside fora smokeI wasvery tired.-There isnofor thiswhile youare onduty.A.reason B.excuse C.cause D.explanation
20.The faceof fourfamous Americanpresidents onMout Rushmorecanbe seenfrom aof60miles.A.length B.distance C.way D.space
21.Donft leavematches orcigarettes onethe tablewithin_of littlechildren.A.hand B.reach C.space D.distance
22.-Brad wasJanes brother!he remindedme somuch ofJane!A.No doubtB.Above allC.No wonderD.Of course
23.Theenvironmentalists saidwild goatson the vastgrasslands was agoodindication of the betterenvironment.A.escape B.absence C.attendance D.appearance
24.In dealingwith publicrelations,we shouldmake everyeffort topreventthe_in personality.A.contact B.contrast C.connection D.conflict
25.Chinese artshave wonthe_of a lot ofpeople outsideChina.A.enjoyment B.appreciation C.entertainment D.reputation
26.1keep medicinesontheshelf,out ofthe children,s_A.reach B.hand C.hold D.place
27._with othercountries,China haslittle naturalresources,becausepopulation isthebiggest inthe world.A.Compared;Chinese B.Comparing;ChineseC.Compared;Chinas D.Compare;Chinas
28.The speakerspoke upso thatwe couldhear hisA.sound B.voice C.noise D.cry
29.An animalusually hasone stomach,but acow hasA.four-stomach B.four-stomaches C.four stomachesD.four stomachs
30.work hasbeen doneto stopthe pollution.A.Many B.A great manyC.A largenumber ofD.A greatdeal of
31.Before wemoved intothe newhouse,we boughtmany_A.furniture B.furniture piecesC.fumitures D.pieces offurniture
32.speak Englishand_speak German.A.Englishman;German B.Englishmen;GermansC.An Englishman;a German D.Englishmen;German
33.All theinthe hospitalgotapresent onthe eighthof March.A.women doctorsB.woman doctorsC.women doctorD.woman doctor
34.Ann hasmany friends.Alice isone ofherA.girls friendsB.girl friendsC.girl friendD.girls friend
35.-Where isyour sister-At_.A.Mr SmithfsB.Mr SmithC.the MrSmiths D.the MrSmith
36.They gotravelling becausetheyll havethree holiday.A.week B.weeks C.weeks D.weeks
37.Tom andI aregetting tiredof.A.that bad temper ofhim B.his that bad temperC.thatbadtemper ofhis D.that hisbadtemper
38.-Whose bookis it-Itsbook.A.somebody elsesB.somebody elseC.somebodys elsesD.somebodys else
39.Look!These are_.A.mouses tailsB.mice tailsC.mices tailsD.mices tail
40.1looked atthe dictionary,but itwasnt reallyA.much usedB.able touse C.of usefulD.of muchuse
二、短语:本身有一定意义但不能构成一个句子的一组词称为短语常见的有
①介词短语:
②不定式短语:
③分词短语:
④动名词短语:
⑤形容词短语
三、句子成分:指各类词在句中的作用主语:句子要说明的人或物，一般置句首作主语的有名词、代词、
1.数词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）和名词从句.谓语:说明主语的动作或状态，一般置主语之后谓语由动词担任
2.宾语:及物动词或介词涉及到的人或物称为宾语宾语有直接宾语和3间接宾语名词、代词宾格、数词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等可作宾语.宾语补足语（宾补）:宾语后补充说明宾语的动作、性状的成分称宾4补可作宾补的有名词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词和副词等.复合宾语:人们通常将宾语和它的补足语统称为复合宾语
5.定语:指用来修饰名词或代词的成分可作定语的有形容词、分词、6代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、定语从句等单词作定语一般前置，短语及从句作定语后置.状语:指修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的成分可作状语的有副7词、介词短语、不定式、分词、状语从句等.表语:指系动词后说明主语的身份、性质或状态的成分可作表语的8有:名词（短语）、代词、数词、分词、介词短语、不定式、动名词等.同位语:指对前面的名词或代词作进一步说明的成分名词、数词、9代词或从句可作同位语.插入语:句中插入的一个与句义无直接关系而又对句子作一些解10释的附加成分一般用返号与主句隔开常用的有等1think,you know,for example,to tellyou thetruthMaggie hasbeen fortunateto finda jobshe lovesand.B,she getswell paidforit.A.sooner orlater B.whats moreC.asaresult D.more orless.同源宾语有些不及物动词后可有一个与该动词意义相似的名词这11种名词叫做同源宾语例如:
①他死得有价值He dieda worthydeath,我们过着幸福的生活
②We livea happylife..独立成分与其类型句子中与句子其他成分无语法关系的单词、短12语和短句,叫独立成分独立成分常用退号、破折号或括号与句子其余部分分开独立成分包括感叹词、肯定词和否定词、呼语和插yes no入语等
四、句子的类型一按照句子使用的目的来分句子有四类陈述句:用来说明一个事实或陈述说话人的见解，句末用句号，常读降L调、疑问句用来提出问题，句末用问号包括:一般、特殊、选择和反意2疑问句.祈使句:用来表示命令、请求、号召等谓语用动词原形，读降调,句3末用感叹号或句号祈使句的主语常略，但如强调对方或表达某you种情绪时可加主语或呼语你给我安静点You bequiet!Alice,you feedthe birdtoday,will you.感叹句:表示喜、怒、哀、乐等情绪读降调，多用或引4what how出句末用感叹号
（二）按照句子的结构来分有三类、简单句:指句子中只有一个主谓结构的句子可有多个并列的主语或1谓语Tom,Peter andI gotup andwent out oftheroom..并列句:指由并列连词等连接的多个简单句2and,or,buLso Hewas toobusyso hedidnt cometo helpyou..复合句:指由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成的句子3If hecomes,Illtell himwhat youhave done
一、名词知识精讲
一、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词两大类
①不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，主要有专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词常考的有advice,news.progress,money,furniture,fun.weather,information,luck,housework,wood,rice,等grass,soap,medicine.work,bread,meat,wealth,music
②可数名词有单、复数之分，但下列名词常以复数形式出现（礼乾））货物）（河滩）（灰烬））manners.goods,sands,ashes,glasses眼镜）（准备）（祝贺）make preparationsfor,congratulations drinksz（饮料））工厂；著作）（眼泪》（问候）,works,tears regards,thanks（谢谢）（裤子）（衣服）（运动）（塑,trousers,clothes.sports,plastics料制品）,（方法;手段）means
③部分词可教、不可数意义不同如:（报纸）,（纸）a paperpaper;word（消息）（词）,a wordHe gainedhis wealthbyprintingworks offamouswriters.
④修饰可数名词常见的有:a numberof,many agood/greatmany,a few,quite afew修饰不可数名词常用的有:a greatdeal of,a largeamount of,much,a little,a bit,a litlebit两者均可修饰的有:巳no’som anyplenty of,alotof,lots of,a varietyof,alarge quantityof.quantities of
二、抽象名词具体化，不可数名词与可数名词的转化也是高考常考知识点部分抽象名词前有形容词修饰时，常加冠词1a brightfuture,have agood/nice/wonderful time,a greathelp.a goodeducationswonderful supper/lunch/dinner与动词同形的名词构成的短语常加冠词2have alook,go fora walk,have asmoke,make ananswer.haveabreak.部分情绪或心理活动的情感名词，表示抽象概念时，不可数;表示具3体的事时，可数（）惊奇,诧异surprise Uin surprise（）令人惊奇的事C What a surprise!（）怜悯,同情pity Uhave pityon sb.（）可惜的事，憾事C Isapity（）愉快，高兴pleasure Uwith pleasure（）乐事、乐趣C Itis apleasure.（失败）（失败者）failure afailure（成功）成功的人/事success asuccess（经验）（经历）experience anexperience（惊奇）（奇迹）wonder awonder（必须）（必要的事）must amust（美丽）（美人）beauty abeautyOh,John.Whatapleasantsurpriseyou gaveme!Many peopleagree thata knowlegeof Englishisamust intrade todayJumpingoutof_C_airplane atten thousandfeet isquite_excitingexperience.A./;the B./;an C.an:anD.the;the
三、名词直接作定语与名词所有格作定语不一样，名词作定语主要有:表示类别L（咖啡杯）（男医生）（女朋友）coffee cupman doctorgirl friend（英语课）（张医生）（诺贝尔奖）English lessonDoctor ZhangNobel Prize（路灯）（大学生）（鞋店）street lightcollege studentshoe store.表示原材料2（石头房子）（草帽）（木桌）stone housestraw hatwood desk（纸币）paper money.表示用途3（午餐室）（运动场）lunch roomsports field［注意］:
①名词作定语一般用单数,但某些名词作定语须用复数形式（服装店）（运动会）（售货员）a clothesshop asports meetinga salesgirl（货物列车）a goodstrain通常与名词一起变复数2man.woman（男教师）（女司机）men teacherswomen drivers
③所有格作定语与名词直接作定语意义不一样（男司机）a mandriver（男士的司机）四同义、近义名词的用法和区别也是常考aman sdriver点Chinese/Chinas/of China除“汉语;中国人”外可作形容词，作前置定语，说明中心
①Chinese词的性质、属性、起源高英语语法精讲精练即说明中华民族的特征风格、传统特色汉字中餐中药Chinese wordsChinese mealChinese medicine中国绿茶中华民族Chinese greentea theChinese pcople/nation表示与中心词的所属关系如主权、领属、拥有、所有等关系2Chinas——般作Chinas capitalChinasfirst railwayChinns foothalltean3ofChina后置定语（表所属关系）a mapof China/the GreatWall of China表局部与整体关系the northof China/the wholeof Chinathe Country同位关系ofChina直接作定语通常为习惯搭配或表所属©China线麻墨月季花China grassChina inkChina rose中国海中国联通中国移动China seaChina UnicomChina Mobile中国电信China Telecom
五、名词be+of+这一结构常用来描写一个人或一件物的特征，在向中做表语，也可以做定语此句式常用于以下两种情况名词l.be+of+size,shape,colour,length,width,depth,weight,height.kind.等表示主语与其它事物的尺寸、年龄、体重、颜色等相同或type.age不同，在这一句式中，名词前可用或修饰different thesame Theyare ofthesame height.Im ofyour age.=We areofthesame age.Coins areof differentsizes,weights,shapes andof differentmetals.抽象名词等在此句式中，
2.be+of+importance’use,value.helpjnterest抽象名词前可用等来修饰，表示不同great,no,little,some,any,not much的程度，此时不能省略抽象名词可转化为该名词的形容词形f of+式Sports andgames areof greatimportance.=Sports andgames areveryimportant.
六、名词的所有格在词尾加为表示“所属，所有”1有生命的或被看作有生命的名词的所有格一般在该词尾加如D stheworkers name,the governmentsplan.Womens Day
②表示国家、城市、时间、度量、天体、价值等无生命的名词的所有格力口七如:Chinas industry,the earths satellite,the Partyspolicy,表示某店铺、某人的家或省略上文todays newspaper,two mileswalk
③提到的名词时，名词所有格后面的中心词常省略如the Wangsatmyuncles thebarbersHe boughta bikeat Blacks.The bookis Toms.
④表示多人共同拥有的同一物，在最后一个词尾加表示多人各自拥有3时，须分别加（共同拥有）Mary andJanesroom.（分另拥有）Li Huasand ZhangYings bikes.U
⑤以结尾的复数名词一般加…”以结尾的专有名词加…”或“sSS”如the bovsdesks theteachers bookEngelss works/Engels worksDickens/
⑥复合名词、不定代词、相互代词或以整体形式出现的Dickenss book名词一般在最末单词后加“如:s”my daughter-in-laws housesomebody（）elses bikewhose elsecar=who elsescar.用表示所有格2of
①无生命的名词一般用表示所属关系如:ofthelights ofthe street,the新动力英语高中英语语法精讲精练parks ofthe city,the mapof thecountry
②某些有生命的名词的所有格两者均可，但修饰语较长时，频用of。
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