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New EducationPressChongqing SpecialEdition20•Usage ofNouns•Usage ofverbs•Adjectives andAdverbsCATALOGUE•Prepositions and conjunctions目录•Sentence structureand clauses01Usage ofNounsCountable anduncountable nounsCountablenounsNouns thatcan be counted andhavea pluralform.They areusuallyused withnumbers orquantifierssuch asone,two,three.Uncountable nounsNounsthat cannotbecountedormeasured.They are usually usedwithouta pluralform andareoften collectivenouns.The possessivecase of nouns•The possessivecase isused toshow possessionorownership.It isformed byadding anapostrophe andtheletter sto theend of the noun.For example,Johnsbook meansthe bookbelonging toJohn.The roleof nounsin sentences•Nouns canfunction asthe subject,object,or complementin asentence.They canalso beused asmodifiers orcomplementsto describeother elementsin asentence.The roleofnounsdepends on their contextand thegrammaticalstructure of the sentence.02Usage ofverbsThe tenseof verbsSimplepresent tenseFuture tenseused to express an actionthat usedto expressan actionthat willoccursregularly orhabitually.occur in the future.Simple pasttenseusedto expressanaction thatoccurredin thepast.The voiceof verbsActivevoicethe subject of thesentenceperforms the action.Passive voicethe subjectof the sentencereceivestheaction.Auxiliary andModal VerbsAuxiliaryverbshelp formthe tenseand aspectof themain verb,e.g.,have,be,do.Modal verbsexpressthe attitudeor modalofthespeaker,e.g.,can,may,must.03Adjectives andAdverbsThe Usageof AdjectivesPositioningComparison OpinionAdjectives areusuallyplaced Adjectivescan beused inAdjectivesareoften usedtobefore thenoun,e.g.,comparison withother things,express opinions,e.g.,I thinkbeautifulflower.e.g.,this flower is morethis floweris the mostbeautiful thanthat one.beautiful oneIve everseen.The Usageof AdverbsModificationAdverbsmodify verbs,adjectives,or otheradverbs,e.g.,Shesings beautifully.PlacementAdverbs canbe placedat thebeginning,middle,or endof asentence,depending on the emphasisor flowof thesentence.OpinionAdverbs arealso usedtoexpressopinions,e.g.,I stronglybelievethat thisis thebest flowerIve everseen.The comparativeand superlativeforms ofadjectives and adverbsComparativeFormsFor adjectives,adding-erisusually sufficiente.g.,beautiful becomes morebeautiful.For adverbs,adding-ly iscommon e.g.,beautifully becomesmorebeautifully.Superlative FormsForadjectives,adding-est isstandard e.g.,beautiful becomesthemostbeautiful.For adverbs,adding-est isalso commone.g.,beautifullybecomes themost beautifully.Irregular FormsSomeadjectivesandadverbs haveirregular comparativeand superlativeforms,e.g.,good becomesbetter andbest,or badlybecomesmorebadly andworst.Its important to learnthese irregularforms for accurate usage.04Prepositions andconjunctionsThe usage of prepositionsDirection orPositionabove,below,over,across,Place Causeor Reasonalong,down,upin frontof,behind,next to,atbecause of,due to,thanks tothefoot of,in themiddle ofTimeComparisonat,in,on,during,before,after,than,as...as...since,from...to...Theusageof conjunctionsCoordinatingconjunctionsSubordinating conjunctionsCorrelative conjunctions--and,but,or,so-after,before,when,while,not only...but also...,since,unless either...or...,neither...nor...The selectionand useofprepositions andconjunctionsSelecting appropriateUnderstanding thefunction ofPractice andfamiliarity Theprepositionsand conjunctionsprepositionsandconjunctionsmore youuse prepositionsandbased oncontext PrepositionsPrepositions andconjunctions conjunctions,the morefamiliarand conjunctionshave differentplay differentroles insentence youwill becomewith theirusage.meanings andusage indifferent structure.Understanding theirPractice makesperfect,so itiscontexts.It isimportanttochoose functionshelps inselecting theessential topractice usingtheappropriate onesto conveyappropriate onesforagiven prepositionsandconjunctionsinthe intendedmeaning accurately.context.different contexts.05Sentence structureandclausesSimple andcompound sentencesSimplesentenceA sentence with asingle subjectand predicate,without anysubordinate clauses.Example:The catsat onthe mat.Compound sentenceAsentencewithtwo ormore independentclauses,joined byaconjunction ora semicolon.Example:The catsat onthe mat;the doglayonthefloor.Subject clause,object clause,predicate clause,appositive clause•Subject clause:A subordinate clause that functions asthesubjectofthe main clause.Example:What thecat didsubject clausewas sitonthe mat.•Object clause:A subordinateclause that functions asthe objectofthemain clause.Example:The catsubjectsat onthe matobject clause.•Predicate clause:A subordinateclause thatfunctions asthe predicateofthemain clause.Example:The cat,whois sitting onthe mat,is happy.•Appositive clause:A subordinateclause thatfunctions as an appositiveto modify a noun or pronoun in themainclause.Example:The catsubject,which issitting onthe mat,is happyappositive clause.Adjective clausesand adverbialclausesAdjective clauseAsubordinateclausethatfunctionsas anadjective tomodify anounorpronouninthemain clause.Example:The cat,which issittingonthe mat,is happyadjective clause.Adverbial clauseAsubordinateclausethatfunctionsasanadverb tomodifyaverb,adjective,or otheradverbinthemainclause.Example:The catsat onthemat,when suddenlythe dogcame inadverbialclause.THANKS感谢观看。