华中农业大学微生物英文版课件

Huazhong AgriculturalUniversityMicrobiologyEnglish EditionCourseware•Introduction toMicrobiology•Microbial CellStructure and目录FunctionContents•Microbial Metabolism•Microbial Growthand Control•Microbial GeneticsandEvolution目录•Microbial ApplicationsinContentsAgriculture andBiotechnology01Introduction toMicrobiologyDefinitionand Characteristicsof MicroorganismsDefinitionMicroorganisms are tinyliving organismsthat areinvisible to the nakedeye Theyincludebacteria,viruses,fungi,algae,and protozooaCharacteristicsMicroorganisms are commonlyunicoellar andlake complexissues andorgans Theycansurvive ina widerange ofenvironments,from extremeheat andcold tohigh pressureandsalt concentrationClassificationof MicroorganismsBacteriaViruses FungiBacteriaare single celled Virusesare evensmaller thanFungi areeucaryoticmicroorganisms thatlake abacteria andconsistency ofa microorganisms that includenucleus and otherorganelles proteinshell calleda capsidand years,molds,and roomsTheyThey arethe mostabundant geneticmaterial DNAor RNAplay important roles inmicroorganismson Earthand Theycan onlyreplicate insidecomposition,nutrient cycling,andplay importantroles inboth livingcells andare responsible for foodproductionhuman health and diseasemany humanand animaldiseasesClassification ofMicroorganismsAlgaeAlgae arephotosynthetic eukaryoticmicroorganismsthat can befound inbothfreshwater andmarine environmentsSome algaeare used in theproduction offood,fuel,and otherproductsProtozooaProtozooa aresinglecelledeucaryotic microorganismsthatcanmove usingpseudopodsor ciliaThey arefound inaquatic andsoil environmentsand somespecificationsare parametersof humansor otheranimalsImportance ofMicroorganisms inBiological andAgriculturalSciences•Biotechnology:Microorganismsareusedinbiotechnology toproducea rangeof products,including antibiotics,enzymes,vaccines,andbiofuels•Agriculture:Microorganisms playimportantrolesin soilfertility,plantgrowth,and pestcontrol They also helpin thecomposition of organicmatter and the cyclingof nutrients•Environmental Protection:Microorganismsareresponsibleforthecomposition ofwaste andpollutants,so helpingto cleanup theenvironment•Animal Husbandry:Microorganisms canbe usedas probioticstoimprove animalhealthandproduction efficiencyTheyalsoplayimportant rolesin thedigestion andnutrition ofanimals02Microbial CellStructureand FunctionProkaryoticCellsProkaryotes areunicellular organizations that输入They typicallyhave acircular DNAmolecule that02lake amembrane bound nucleusandother标题is notcomputed withina nucleusinternalorganizations0103Prokaryotes arefurther classifiedas eitherGramThey arethe smallestof thetwo domainsof life04positive orGram negativebased on their cellandinclude bacteriaand archeawallstructure andholding propertiesEukaryoticCellsThey have a moreintegrated cellstructurecompared toprocaryotes,including mitochondria,chloroplasts,and GolgiapparatusEukaryotes aremore complexunilateralorganizationsthatpose amembraneboundnucleusandother internalorganizationsEukaryotes arefurther dividedintoseveral kingdoms,includinganimals,plants,fungi,andpropertiesCell Envelopeand CellWallThe cellenvelope is the outermostlayer ofa cellandconsistency ofthe plasmamembrane andcell wallThecell wall is arigid structurethat providesmechanicalsupport andprotection tothe cellInprocaryotes,the cell walliscomposed ofpeptidoglycan,while eucaryoticcells mayhaveacellbased cellwall orlake acellwallentirelyCell Membranesand CellOrganelles010203Cell membersare semiThey areconsistent ofCell organellesare membranemeasurablelive billsthat regulatephospholipids,proteins,and boundstructures withinthe celltheflow ofmaterials intoand outcarbohydrates thatperform specificfunctionsof thecell essentialfor lifeprocesses03Microbial MetabolismCatabolismand AnabolismCatabolismThebreakdown ofcomplexmolecules intosimpler ones,releasing energyAnabolismThebiosynthesis ofcomplexmolecules fromsimple ones,consulting energyAutomotiveand HeterotrophicMetabolismAutomotive HeterotrophicMetabolismMetabolismMicroorganisms thatcan synthesizeMicroorganisms thatrequire organictheirown organiccompounds fromsubstances astheir sourceof carboninorganicsubstrates andenergyCultivation andRespirationCultivationThe process of growingmicroorganisms ina controlledenvironmentResponseThe processof cellularresponse,which releasesenergy fromthe breakdownoforganicmatter04Microbial GrowthandControlMicrobial Growthand DevelopmentMicrobialGrowth CellDivisionMicroorganisms havethe abilityto Microbialcells dividethrough binarymultipleand growin suitablesession,multiple sessions,or paddingconditionsThe processof microbialVS Theprocessofcell divisionensuresgrowth includesdifferent stagessuch thereproduction andpromotion ofaslag phase,exponential phase,microorganismsseasonal phase,and declinephaseControl ofMicrobial GrowthTemperatureControl PHControlTemperature isone ofthe mostThe pHvalue ofthe environmentcanimportant factorsthat affect microbial alsoaffectmicrobial growth AcademicgrowthHigh orlow temperaturescan oralkaline conditionscan inhibitoreffectively controlmicrobial growthby promotemicrobialgrowth,dependingeither inhibitingor killingon themicrostructure andits tolerancemicroorganisms to pHSterilizationand Pasteurization要点一要点二Sterilization PasteurizationSterilizationis aprocess thatdestroys allliving Pasteurizationis aprocess thatdestroys harmfulmicroorganisms in anobject orenvironment,microorganismsinfood or beverages whileincludingbacteria,viruses,fungi,and sporesIt ispreserving the foods qualityand safetyIt iscurrentlycurrently achievedby heattreatment,radiation,or achievedby heatingthefoodorbeveragesto atheuse ofdefects temperaturethat ishigh enough to killpathogenicmicroorganisms butnot highenoughtoalter theirorganicproperties05Microbial GeneticsandEvolutionMicrobial GenomeStructure andOrganization•Summary:This sectionfocusesonthestructure andorganizationof microbialgenes,including thedifferencesbetweenprokaryotic andeukaryoticmicroorganismsMicrobial GenomeStructure andOrganizationDetails Prokaryoticgenes aregenerally smallandsimple,with circularDNA molecules,whileeukaryotic microorganismshave larger,morecomplex geneswith linearDNAMicrobial genesencode genesthat encodeHorizontal genetransfer,gene duplication,proteins involvedin variouscellular functions,and geneloss arecommon geneticevents insuch as metabolism,cell division,and microbial evolutionreproductionGenetic Recognition and Mutation•Summary:This sectioncovers geneticrecognition,mutation,andtherole oftheseprocesses inmicrobial evolutionGeneticRecognitionandMutation•Details•Genetic recognitionistheprocess bywhich microorganismsidentifyand respondto changes in theirenvironment,such asthepresence ofantibiotics orchanges intemperature orpH•Mutation isa geneticchange thatoccurs duringDNA replicationorrepair,leading tochangesinthe nucleotidesequence ofthegenome•Mutations canbe beneficial,neutral,or harshtothemicrobiology,and canlead toadaptive evolutionin responseto environmentalchangesMicrobialEvolution andTaxonomy•Summary:This sectionexplores therelationship betweenmicrobialevolutionand taxation,includingthe classificationand identificationof microorganismsMicrobialEvolution andTaxonomy•Details•Taxonomy isthe scienceof classificationand namingorganizationsbased ontheir evolutionaryrelationships•Microbial taxationoften dependson geneticsequence analysistodetermine physiologicalrelationships andidentify newspecificationsor general•Microbial evolutionis importantin understandingthe emergenceofnew diseases,the developmentof antimicrobialresistance,and thebiogeochemicalcycles thatshape Earthsenvironment06Microbial ApplicationsinAgriculture andBiotechnologyBiocontrolAgents andBiopoliciesBiocontrol agentsNaturalenergies:Use ofpredictors,parasitoids,and pathogenstocontrol pestsCompetition:Use offast growingor superiorcompetitors toexcludeor reducepest populationsBiocontrolAgents andBiopolicies•Bioprinciples:Use ofmicroorganismsas pests,suchas bacteria,viruses,and fungiBiocontrolAgents andBiopoliciesBiopoliciesIntegrated PestManagement IPM:A holisticapproach thatcombines cultural,biological,andchemical methodsto control pestsArea widepest management:A regionalapproach thataims tocontrolpestsacross awidearea,both throughcoordinated effortsbetween farmersand localgovernmentsBiomedia andBiodegradationBioremedia Phytomedia:Use ofplants toremove pollutantsfromthe environment,suchasheavy metalsandorganic compoundsMicrobialdegradation:Use ofmicroorganisms toBiodegradationbreak down pollutants intonon toxicor lesstoxicsubstancesAerobic degradation:Use ofoxygen dependentAnaerobic degradation:Use ofoxygen dependentmicroorganismsto break downpollutantsmicroorganismstobreakdownpollutants,suchas metalproduction fromorganic waste。