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English SecondDegreeLinguistics Courseware02•Introduction tolinguistics•Fundamentals ofPhonics•Fundamentals ofLexicologyCATALOGUE•Fundamentals ofGrammar目录•Fundamentals ofSociolinguistics•Fundamentals ofApplied Linguistics01Introduction tolinguisticsThe Definition and Research Object ofLinguisticsDefinition and research objectLinguistics is a discipline that studies humanlanguage,exploring the essence,structure,evolution,andrelationships betweenlanguage andthinking,culture,society,and otheraspects.The research objects oflinguisticsinclude phonetics,grammar,vocabulary,semantics,pragmatics,and otheraspects of language.The Development of LinguisticsdevelopmenthistoryThe development of linguisticshas gonethrough severalstages,including traditionallinguistics,historicalcomparative linguistics,structuralist linguistics,and functionalistlinguistics.With the development ofcomputerscience,computational linguisticshas graduallyemerged,providing newmethods andtools forlinguistic research.The Relationship between Linguisticsand OtherDisciplines•Relationship withother disciplines•Linguisticsis closely relatedto manydisciplines,such asphilosophy,psychology,sociology,anthropology,computer science,etc.The study of linguisticsnot onlyhelps togain adeeper understandingof theessenceand lawsof language,but alsohas apositive impacton the development ofother disciplines.•Note:The abovecontent isfictitious andnot areal course.It isfor demonstrationpurposes only.02Fundamentals ofPhonicsThe definitionandresearchobject of phoneticsDefinitionPhonetics is adiscipline thatstudies the physical andperceptual propertiesof speech in humanlanguage.Research objectTheresearchobjectof phoneticsis thepronunciation,phonemes,syllables,intonation,etc.of language,aswell as their differencesand changesin differentlanguages.The Elementsand Classificationof SpeechPhoneticelements SpeechclassificationSpeech iscomposed ofdifferent Speechcan beclassified accordingelements,including pitch,length,to differentclassification criteria,suchintensity,and quality.These elementsVS asvowels andconsonants,voicelesstogether determinethe perceptualand voicedsounds,aspirated andcharacteristics of speech.unaspirated sounds,etc.Theseclassifications helpus betterunderstandand describespeech.Phonetics andPhonologyRelationshipPhonology andphonetics aretwo relatedfields of linguistics.Phonetics mainly focuses onthephysicalandperceptual propertiesof speech,while phonologyfocuses on the functionand changes ofspeechinthe languagesystem.Mutual influenceThediscovery andresearch resultsof phonetics can promotethe development of phonetics,and thetheory ofphoneticscan also guidethe researchofphonetics.The twomutuallyinfluence andjointly promotethedevelopmentof linguistics.03Fundamentals ofLexicologyThe Definition and Research Object of LexicologyLexicology is adiscipline thatstudies vocabularyLexicologyis a branch oflinguistics that mainlysystems,focusing on the composition,meaning,studies theproperties,structure,changes,andevolution,and functionof vocabulary.developmentof vocabulary systems.It involvesmultipleaspects such as thecomposition,meaning,evolution,and functionof vocabulary,aiming toreveal the internal laws andcharacteristicsofthe vocabularysystem.The Compositionand Characteristicsof Vocabulary•Vocabulary iscomposed ofwords,phrases,idioms,etc.,and hassystematic,dynamic,cultural,and socialcharacteristics.•Vocabulary isthe sumof allwords in a language,including words,phrases,idioms,etc.Vocabulary issystematic,meaning thatthere areinterrelated andrestrictive relationships between variouswords inthe vocabulary.At thesame time,vocabulary alsohas dynamism,and withthedevelopmentof societyand theevolution of language,vocabulary isconstantly changing and developing.In addition,vocabulary alsohas culturaland socialcharacteristics,and themeaning andusage of vocabulary mayvary indifferent culturaland socialbackgrounds.Changes andDevelopmentofVocabulary•The changes and developmentof vocabularyare influenced by variousfactorssuch associety,culture,technology,etc.,manifested astheemergence ofnew words,the disappearanceof oldwords,andchanges in word meanings.•The changeand developmentofvocabularyis acontinuous process that isinfluencedbyvarious factors.Withthe developmentof societyand theadvancement oftechnology,new conceptsand thingsare constantlyemerging,requiring thecreation ofnew wordsto expressthemselves.Meanwhile,some oldwords maygraduallydisappear orbe givennew meanings.In addition,cultural exchangeand integrationcanalsohave animpacton the changesand developmentofvocabulary.Overall,thechangeanddevelopmentofvocabularyis acomplexprocessthatrequires comprehensiveconsideration ofmultiple factors.04Fundamentals ofGrammarThe Definitionand ResearchObject ofGrammarDefinition andresearch objectGrammaris abranch oflinguisticsthatmainly studies the constructionrules of language andtheway wordsare combinedin language.Its researchobjects include the lexicalandsyntactic aspectsof language,as wellastherelationshipsbetweenwords.Grammar Structureand FunctionStructureand FunctionGrammar structurerefers to the waywordsare combinedinalanguage,including changesinwordform,sentence structure,etc.Grammarfunction referstothe role ofgrammarin language,suchasexpressingmeaning,conveying information,etc.The Relationshipbetween syntaxand semanticsSyntacticand semanticrelationships Syntacticmainlyfocuses ontherules ofwordcombination andsentence structurein language,while semanticsfocusesonthe meaningexpressedin language.Syntax andsemantics areinterrelated,and thesyntactic structureof asentenceoften affectsits semanticexpression.05Fundamentals ofSociolinguisticsThe Definitionand ResearchObject ofSociolinguisticsDefinition andresearch objectSociolinguistics isadiscipline thatstudiestherelationship betweenlanguage andsociety.It mainlyfocuses onhowlanguage changes,uses,and spreadsin society,as wellas howsocial factorsaffect thestructure and changesof language.The Relationshipbetween Language and SocialCultureTheRelationshipbetweenLanguageandSocial Languageis animportant componentof socialCultureculture,carrying themeaning andvalue ofsocialculture.At thesame time,social culturealsoprofoundly influencesthe useand changesoflanguage,and differentsocial andculturalbackgrounds willproduce differentlanguagevariants andusage habits.Language variationand change•Language variationandchange•In the process ofsocial development,language isalso constantlychangingandchanging.These variationsand changesmay originatefrom changesin social,cultural,economic and otherfactors,as wellas fromtheinternallaws andmechanisms of language.Understanding thelawsandmechanisms oflanguage variationandchangecan helpus betterunderstand andmastertheessenceand characteristicsoflanguage.06Fundamentals ofAppliedLinguisticsThe Definitionand ResearchObject ofAppliedLinguisticsDefinition andApplicationApplied linguisticsisadisciplinethatstudiesthepractical applicationoflanguage in variousfields.It focusesontheuse oflanguageinpractical lifeand work,as wellas how to improvecommunicationand communicationskills throughlanguage learning.TheDefinitionandResearchObjectofAppliedLinguisticsResearch scopeTheresearch scopeof applied linguisticsisvery broad,including language teaching,language andcross-cultural communication,language andmedia,languagepolicy andplanning,andotherfields.TheDefinitionandResearchObjectofAppliedLinguisticsRelationship withother disciplinesApplied linguisticsiscloselyrelated tomanyother disciplines,such aseducation,psychology,sociology,etc.The theoriesand methodsof thesedisciplinescan beborrowed fromeachother,jointly promotingthedevelopment oflinguistic research.Research onSecond LanguageAcquisitionDefinition andImportance Thestudyof second languageacquisition isanimportant branchof appliedlinguistics,whichmainly focuseson howpeople learna secondlanguage.This study is ofgreat significanceforimproving thelevel offoreign language teachingand promotingcross-cultural communication.Research onSecond LanguageAcquisitionMain researchachievementsThe mainachievements of second languageacquisition researchincludethecritical periodoflanguageacquisition,theroleoflanguageinput andoutput,and theimpact ofindividual differencesamong learners.These researchfindingsprovide importanttheoretical supportand practicalguidance forforeign language teaching.Research onSecond LanguageAcquisitionFuture researchdirections Thefuture directionofsecondlanguageacquisition researchmay includeexploring thelanguageprocessing mechanismsof learnersbrains,utilizing moderntechnological means toimprove foreignlanguage learningefficiency,andso on.These studieswill helpfurther deepenourunderstanding oftheprocessofsecondlanguageacquisition.Language TeachingResearchDefinition andObjectives Languageteaching researchis anotherimportantbranchofappliedlinguistics,aimed atexploringhowtoteach andlearn languagemoreeffectively.The goalof thisstudyisto improvethequality oflanguageteachingand helpstudentsbetter masterlanguage skills.Language TeachingResearchMain researchcontentThe maincontent oflanguageteachingresearch includesteaching methodsand strategies,textbook designandevaluation,learner needsand motivations,etc.These researchcontents providepractical teachingresources andguidancefor teachers and educationaldecision-makers,which helpsto improvethe effectivenessof languageteaching.Language TeachingResearch•Development trends•With thecontinuous developmentof globalizationand educationaltechnology,languageteachingresearch ismovingtowards a more diversifiedand personalizeddirection.Future languageteaching mayplace greateremphasison cultivatingcross-cultural communicationskills andutilizing technologicalmeanstoprovidestudents withamorepersonalized learningexperience.At thesametime,teachersandeducational researchersneedto constantlyupdate theireducational conceptsand teachingmethods toadapt tothe changesof thetimesand meetthe needsof students.THANKS感谢观看。