计算机系统结构2英文课件

Computer SystemArchitecture2目录•Introduction•Fundamentals ofComputerHardware•Fundamentals ofComputerSoftware•Classification ofComputerArchitecture目录•Instruction Systemand AssemblyLanguage•Parallel processingand multi-coretechnology•Performance evaluationofcomputer systems目录•Computer SystemSecurity andProtection01IntroductionCourse Introduction•Computer systemarchitecture is an importantbranch of computerscience andengineering,mainly studyingthe composition,structure,and performance of computerhardware andsoftware.•This coursewill introducethe basiccomponents of computer systems,including processors,memory,input/output systems,etc.,as wellas performanceevaluation andoptimization methodsfor computer systems.•Through thestudy ofthis course,students willbe ableto deeplyunderstand thebasic principles and workingmechanismsof computer systems,master thedesign andoptimization skillsof computer systems,and layasolid foundationfor furtherlearning ofother coursesin computerscience andengineering.Learning objectivesMaster the performanceevaluation andoptimizationmethods ofcomputer systems,and understandhow toimprove theperformance and efficiencyof computersystems.Masterthebasic composition and structureofCultivate studentsinterest andability incomputer systems,understand thebasiccomputer systemdesign andoptimization,principlesandworking mechanismsoflaying asolid foundationfor furtherlearning ofprocessors,memory,and input/output systems.other coursesin computerscience andengineering.02Fundamentals ofComputerHardwareLogic gatecircuitLogic gatecircuit is a fundamentalCommon logic gate circuitsinclude ANDcomponentofcomputerhardware,used togates,OR gates,NOT gates,etc.,which canimplementlogic operationsand signalbe combinedto achievemore complexlogicconversion.functions.The workingprinciple oflogic gatecircuits isThe power consumption,speed,andbased onBoolean algebra,which representsreliability oflogicgatecircuits areimportantthe logicalstate throughthe highand lowfactors that affect computerperformance.levels ofinput andoutput.Central ProcessingUnit CPU01020304The CPU is thecore TheCPUiscomposed ofThe performanceindicators The design ofmulti-corecomponent of a computerarithmetic units,controllers,of theCPU includeclock CPUscan improve thesystem,responsible for registers,etc.,and frequency,instruction set,processing powerofexecuting instructionsin communicateswith cachesize,etc.,which computers,but italsocomputer programs.memory and other determinethe processingincreases thecomplexity ofhardwaredevices through a speedand efficiencyof thedesign andthe difficultyofbus.computer.power management.Storage•Memory is a hardwaredevice used in a computer tostore dataandprograms.•There arevarious types of memoryin computers,such asRAM,ROM,Flash,etc.,depending onstoragespeed,capacity,and price.•The performanceindicators of memory includeread andwrite speed,capacity,and reliability,which arecrucial for the performanceand stability ofcomputers.•With thedevelopment oftechnology,new typesofmemorysuch asphase changememory andresistivevariable memory are beingdeveloped,which havehigher performanceand lowerpowerconsumption.BusA bus is acommunication channelused incomputersystemsto connectvarioushardware devices.Buses can be dividedinto high-speed busesand low-speed buses based ontransmissionrates,and addressbuses,data buses,and controlbusesbasedonconnected devices.Thedesignof abusiscrucialfortheperformanceandstabilityof a computer,as itneedsto meetthe communicationneeds ofvarious hardwaredevices andhas acertaindegree ofscalability andflexibility.03Fundamentals ofComputerSoftwareOperating systemOperatingSystem DefinitionAnoperating systemis softwareusedina computersystem tomanage hardwareandsoftware resources,provide aunified interfacefor upperlevel softwareto use.Operating systemfunctionsThe mainfunctions ofan operatingsystem includeprocess management,memory management,file management,and devicemanagement.Classification ofoperating systemsBasedon theoperating environment,operating systemscanbe divided intodesktopoperating systems,server operatingsystems,and embeddedoperatingsystems.Compilation principleIntroductionto CompilationPrinciplesCompilation principlesare thediscipline thatstudies howto converthigh-level languagesource codeintoexecutable machinecode.Compilation processThecompilation processusually includesstages such as lexicalanalysis,syntax analysis,semantic analysis,intermediate code generation,optimization,and objectcodegeneration.The applicationof compilationtechnologyCompilation technologyis notonly usedin compilerdesign,but alsowidely usedin fieldssuchas codeoptimization andprogram staticanalysis.Data Structureand AlgorithmsDatastructure definition:Data Common data structures:Algorithm Definitionandstructure isthe waydata isCommondatastructures includeClassification:An algorithmis aorganized,which determinesthe arrays,linked lists,stacks,queues,set ofproblem-solving stepsthatway datais storedand accessedtrees,graphs,etc.have input,output,and explicitinacomputer.termination conditions.Algorithms canbe dividedintogreedy algorithms,dynamicprogramming,divide andconqueralgorithms,etc.based ontheircharacteristics.04Classification ofComputerArchitectureVon Neumannarchitecture•Definition:Von Neumannarchitecture,alsoknown asPrinceton architecture,is acomputerarchitecture thatstores programsand datain thesamememory andis accessedthrougha singlebus.Von Neumannarchitecturecharacteristic Memoryis unified,containingprograms and data.Instructions and data aretransmittedInstructions and data areshared inthroughthe samebus.the samememory,allowing themtoaccess eachother.Harvard Architecture•Definition:Harvard architecture,also knownas Harvardarchitecture,is a type ofcomputer architecturethatstores programsanddatain twoindependent memoryunits,each withits own bus.Harvard Architecture01characteristic02Program memoryanddatamemoryareseparate.03Each memoryhas itsownbus,which allowsinstructions anddatato betransmitted simultaneously.04Since instructionsanddataare storedin differentmemory,they donot interferewith eachother.Pipeline technology•Definition:Pipeline technology,also knownas pipelinetechnology,isacomputer architecturetechnique thatdividesthe executionprocess ofacomputerintomultiple stages,each stageperforming different tasks.Pipeline technology0102characteristic Pipelinetechnology can improve theexecution efficiencyofcomputers becauseit canprocess multipleinstructionssimultaneously.Pipeline technologyItcan divideinstructions intomultiplestages,each stageexecutingdifferenttasks.Due to the abilityof pipelinetechnologyto processmultipleinstructions simultaneously,it canimprovethe throughputofcomputers.05Instruction SystemandAssemblyLanguageInstruction SystemInstructionset architecture:The instructionset architecturedefinesthe setof instructionsthatacomputer canunderstand01and execute.Different instructionset architectureshavedifferent characteristicsand applicablescenarios,such asx86,ARM,etc.Instruction Format:Each instructionhas aspecific format,including opcodes,registers,memory addresses,andother02parts.The opcodespecifies theinstruction type,and theregistersand memoryaddresses specifythe operands.Instruction classification:Instructions canbedividedintoarithmetic instructions,logic instructions,control instructions,03etc.Each typeof instructionhas itsspecific functionandpurpose.Instruction execution:The computerreads instructionsfrom04memory,decodes instructions,executes instructions,andstores theresults backin memoryorregisters.Assembly LanguageAssemblylanguage definition:Assemblylanguage isatypeof computerprogramminglanguage thatusesmnemonics toreplace thebinary codeofThe relationshipbetween assemblyAdvmaanctahginees loafnagsusaegmeb.Alys lsaenmgbulayglea:n guageislanguage andmachine language:Asseeamsibelry tloa nregauda,g wercitaen,apnrdo vdideebucgo nthtraonlAssemblylanguage correspondsone-to-capmabaiclihtiinese tlhanatguaraeg cel,o wsehrileto ahlsaor dpwroavreidtinhgan aonewith machinelanguage,and eachhighhi-glehveerl lleavnegluoaf gaebss,t wrahcitlieonal sthoaonp mtimacihziinngeassembly language instructioncan beprolganragmuapgeer.formance.In somespecificapplication scenarios,such assystemconverted intoa machinelanguageprogramming,embedded systeminstruction.Therefore,assembly languageDisadvantagesof assemblylanguage:Assemblydevelopment,etc.,assemblylanguageis stillhasplatform dependency,and differentlanguageis difficultto writeand maintain,andwidely used.computer architecturesrequire theuse oflacksthe abstractionand encapsulationdifferentassembly languages.capabilities ofhigh-level languages,resulting inpoorcode readabilityand maintainability.Inaddition,the platformdependency ofassemblylanguage alsolimits itsapplication scope.06Parallel processingandmulti-coretechnologyParallel processingImplementationmethod:Parallel processingcanDefinition:Parallel processingisacomputer technology输入be implementedin variousways,such as02that allowsmultiple tasksor operationsto beexecuted标题multithreading,multiprocessing,multitasking,simultaneously toimprove overallprocessing speed.etc.0103Challenge:Parallel processingrequires complexprogramming Advantage:Parallel processingcan significantlyimprovethe04models andalgorithm designsto fullyutilize multipleprocessing performance ofcomputersystems,especially when dealing withunitsand avoidissues suchas datacompetition anddeadlocks.large-scale datasetsor performingcomplex computingtasks.Multi coretechnology0102Definition:Multicore Implementationmethod:Atechnology isa technologymulti-core processorcan bethatintegrates multiplecomposed ofmultiple coresprocessorcores ontoasingleonasingle chip,each ofwhichchip.can independentlyperformtasks oroperations.Advantages:Multi coreChallenge:Multi coreprocessorscanimprovethe processorsrequire efficientperformanceand efficiencyof threadmanagement andtaskcomputer systems,especially schedulingmechanisms to0304whendealingwith fullyutilize multiplecores andmultitaskingand complexavoid resourceconflicts andcomputing.performance bottlenecks.07Performanceevaluation ofcomputersystemsBenchmark testing programDefinition:A benchmarktest programisa01standardized setof testsused totest theperformance ofacomputersystem.Purpose:The benchmark testingprogramaims to02provide anobjective andcomparable methodtoevaluate theperformanceofcomputersystems.Common benchmarktesting programsinclude03processor benchmarktesting suchas SPECintandSPECfp,memory benchmarktesting suchasSTREAM,disk benchmarktesting suchas HDTach,etc.System performanceevaluation methods010203Definition:System performancePurpose:The systemperformance Commonevaluation methodsevaluationmethods area setof evaluationmethod aimsto includebenchmarktesting,techniques andtools used to providea comprehensiveand simulation,analytical models,etc.evaluate theperformanceofaccurate methodto evaluatethe Thesemethods canbe selectedcomputersystems.performanceofcomputersystems.and usedaccording todifferentneeds andscenarios toobtain themostaccurate performanceevaluationresults.08Computer SystemSecurityandProtectionComputer virusesand protectionComputerVirusesComputer virusesare maliciousprograms thatattach themto otherprograms orfiles andreplicate,causing damageto theaffected systemProtectionAgainst VirusesAntivirussoftware isused todetect andremove computerviruses froma systemIt usesvarioustechniques suchas signaturebased detection,heuristic analysis,and behaviorbaseddetection toidentify andidentify virusesNetworkAttack andProtectionNetwork AttacksNetworkattachments areattachments togain unauthorizedaccess toacomputer systemor networkresources Commontypesofnetworkattachments includephishing,malware,and Denialof ServiceDoSattachmentsProtection AgainstNetwork AttacksMeasuressuchasfirewalls,intrusion detectionsystems IDS,and securenetworkdesign canbe implementedto preventnetwork attacksRegularupdates andpatches arealso essentialto keepsystems secureDataencryption anddecryptionData EncryptionDecryptionEncryption isthe process of convertingplain textDecryption isthe reverseprocessofencryption,data intociphertext usingan encryptionwhere ciphertextis convertedback toplaintextalgorithm anda keyThis ciphertextcan onlybe using the decryptionalgorithm andthe keyuseddecrypted backtotheoriginal datausingtheduring encryptionEncryption isusedtoprotectcorresponding decryptionalgorithm andthe sensitivedata duringtransmission andstorage,same keyensuring onlyauthorized individualscan accessitTHANKS。