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Practical CourseCoursewareforEnglishLinguistic•Introduction to Language andLinguistics•Fundamentals ofPhonicsCATALOGUE•Fundamentals ofLexicology目录•Fundamentals ofsyntax•Fundamentals ofSemantics•Fundamentals ofSociolinguistics01Introduction toLanguage andLinguisticsThe Definition and Characteristicsof Language01Definition andCharacteristics02Language is a toolfor humancommunication,used toexpressthoughts,emotions,and information.03Language hascharacteristics such as creativity,sociality,inheritance,and variability.04Language isa symbolicsystem composedof vocabulary,grammar,and pragmatics.The Definitionand Classificationof Linguistics•Definitionandclassification•Linguistics is the scienceof studyinglanguage,exploring theessence,structure,and patterns of changeof language.•Linguistics can be dividedinto twocategories:theoretical linguisticsandapplied linguistics.•Theoretical linguisticsmainly studiesthe inherentlaws anduniversalcharacteristics of language,while appliedlinguistics focuses on thepracticalapplication of language.The researchfields andbranches oflinguisticsResearch Fieldsand BranchesPhonetics:The study of languagepronunciation,phonemes,syllables,and phonology.Lexicology:The study of thecomposition,meaning,evolution,andusage ofvocabulary.The researchfields andbranches oflinguisticsGrammar01The study oflanguagemorphology,syntax,tense,and voice.Sociolinguistics02The studyof the relationship betweenlanguage and society,exploring theimpact oflanguage variation,languagecommunities,and culturalfactors onlanguage.Psycholinguistics03The studyof therelationship betweenlanguage andcognition,exploring languageprocessing processesand psychologicalmechanisms.02Fundamentals ofPhonicsOverviewof PhonicsPhoneticsis the studyofthe Itisabranch oflinguistics thatPhonics playsa criticalrole insoundsused inlanguage,their focuses on thephysical propertieslanguage learning,communication,production,and perceptionof speechsounds,including theirand speechpathwayproduction,acoustic properties,and auditperceptionPhonemes andPhonic AlphabetTheInternational PhoneticAlphabet IPAis astandardizedsystem used to representphonesand otherspeech soundsPhonemesare the basic unitsof soundthatThe IPAsymbols areusedtotransfer thesoundsdistinguishes meaningin languageofdifferent languagesand toprovide acommonnotation forthe descriptionoflanguageSyllable andWord StressAcollapsible isa unitof soundthat insists of anucleus voweland optionalonsetconsonants beforethe voweland codaconsonants afterthe vowelWordstress refers to theemphasis oremphasis placedon specificsyntax within awordAdmission andstress patternscan significantlyaffect themeaning andpromotionof wordsIntroductionand RhythmIntroductionrefers to the pitchvariations in speech thatconvey meaning,attitude,and emphasisRhythminspeechrefers tothe regularpattern ofstressed andunstressedsyndrome thatcreates asense ofcadence andflow inspeechPropose introductionand rhythmare essential for clearand effectivecommunicationin bothspeech andwriting03Fundamentals ofLexicologyOverviewof LexicologyLexicologyis animportant partofLexicology is the studyof thelinguistics,as vocabulary is thestructure,development,and usemostdynamic andchangeableof vocabularyin agiven languageaspectof languageIt focusesonthe relationshipbetween words andtheirmeanings inthe contextoflanguage useCompositionof VocabularyVocabularyis madeup ofindividual words that areselected andused by01speakers of a languageThesize andcomposition ofa languagesvocabularyisconsistently02changing,influenced bycultural,historical,and social factorsThe vocabularyofalanguage canbe groupedinto differentcategories,03such ascontent wordsnouns,verbs,objectives andfunction wordspositions,connections,articlesClassification of WordsClassification of words isa wayofWordclassification helpsus Somecommon ways of classifyinggroupingwords based on theirunderstand the relationships wordsinclude partof speechsemanticor graphicalfeatures betweenwords and how they are classificationnouns,verbs,used inlanguage objectives,etc.and semanticclassificationanimal nouns,abstract nouns,etc.Semantic relationships and semanticfieldsSemantic relationshipsrefer tothe connectionsbetweenthe meaningsof wordsSemanticfields aregroups of wordsthat arerelated toa specificconcept orthemeUnderstanding semanticrelationshipsandfieldsis crucialfor effective communication andaccuratelanguage comprehension04Fundamentals ofsyntaxSyntacticOverviewSynthetic rules define theSyntax isthestudyof howItfocuseson thestructureand organizationof wordscombine toform relationshipsbetween wordswordsin asense grammaticallycorrect andtheir functionswithin asentencessenseSentence structureand componentsApresence isthebasicgraphical unitoflanguage,expressing acomplete thoughtItinsistsofvarious componentssuch as subject,predicate,object,advertisements,and preliminaryphrasesThesubject typicallyrefers tothe personor thingperformingthe action,while thepredicateexpressions theaction orstateSentence Patternsand SentenceCategoriesSentence patternsrefer tothe typicalstructure andorganizationofwordsin asenseThere arevarious attentionpatterns such as simple,complex,complex,and coordinateattentionSentence categoriesare broadcategories thatdescribe thefunctionor typeof presence,such asdeclarative,antagonistic,imperiative,and explicitintentionsSynthetic rulesand transformationsSyntheticrulesdefinethe grammaticallycorrect01ways tocombine wordsinasentenceThey specifytherelationshipsbetweenwordsand02their functions,ensuring thatsenses aregrammaticallywell formedTransformationsare changesmade topresence03structure throughprocesses suchassubjectverbagreement,negotiation,Passification,and relatedclauseformation05Fundamentals ofSemanticsOverviewof SemanticsSemanticsisthestudyofthe meaningsofwordsand01senses ina languageItfocusesontherelationship between formand meaning,02andhowmeans areconveyed throughlanguageThe field of semanticsis closelyrelated toother areasof03linguistics,suchassyntax andpragmaticsLegal and contextual meansLegalmeans arethe Contextmeans arethe Understandingboth legalinheritedmeans ofwords,means thatwords acquireandcontextualmeans isindependentof contextbased onthe situationor essentialfor effectivecontextin whichtheyarecommunicationusedReference andreferentReference referencestotherelationship betweena wordand theobject or conceptit notesReferencereferstothe actualobjectorconcept thata wordnotesUnderstanding thedifference betweenreferences andreferences iscrucialfor comprehendingcomplex sensesand abstractconceptsAssumption andimplicationAssumptions areunstated beliefsor expectationsthat listenersor readersmay haveabout atopicbasedontheir backgroundknowledgeImportations areinferred meansthatarenot explicitlystated butcanbederived fromthegiven informationUnderstandingassumptions andimplications areessentialforeffectivecommunication,asthey cansignificantly impactthe messagethat isconsidered06Fundamentals ofSociolinguisticsOverviewof SociolinguisticsSociolinguisticsisthestudyofhow language andsocietyinteract,and howlanguage variation andchange areinfluenced bysocial factorsItexamines therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture,identity,power,andsocial organizationThefieldofsociolinguistics isconsidered withthe socialmeans anduses oflanguage,as wellas thesocialfactorsthat shapelanguagevariationandchangeLanguage variationand changeLanguagevariation referstoLanguagechange isthe Languagevariation andthedifferent formsand stylesprocess oflinguistic evolutionchange areinfluenced byoflanguage usedby differentthat occursover timeas social,cultural,and historicalgroupsof peoplewithin alanguage usagepatterns shiftfactors,and theycan leadtospeech communityand newlinguistic featuresthe emergenceof newemergedialogues orthe extractionofexisting onesLanguageand socialclassLanguage isoften associated with Socialclass caninfluence Languageuse canalso reflectthesocial classes,with consecutivelanguage usein termsof socialstatus andpowerdialogues orwaysofspeaking vocabulary,grammar,promotion,relationships withina society,withbeing associatedwith specificand otherlinguistic featuressome languagesor dialoguessocialgroups orclasses beingassociatedwithhigherstatus orpower thanothersLanguage andGenderGender rolesand expectationsLanguageandgender canalsoLanguage usecan varycanaffect languageuse,with intersectwith othersocialbetween genders,with somesomelinguistic featuresbeing identitiessuchasrace,ethics,linguistic featuresbeing moremoreacceptable orand socialclass,creatingcommon orassociated withappropriatefor onegender complexpatternsoflinguisticone genderthan anotherthananother variationand discriminationTHANKYOU感谢观看。