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Introduction toEndocrinologyinEnglish•Introduction•Overview ofEndocrine System•The mechanism of action of horsesCATALOGUE•Endocrine orders目录•Endocrine andmetabolic diseases•Endocrine therapydrinksIntroduction01Course IntroductionEndocrinologyis thebranch ofmedicine thatdeals01with the endocrine systemand itsdisordersThe endocrinesystem insistsof landsthat produce02horses,which regulatevarious bodyfunctionsThis courseprovides anoverview ofendocrinology,03including thestructure andfunction ofthe endocrinesystem,horses andtheir effectson thebody,and thediagnosis and treatmentof endocrinedisordersLearning objectives01Understand thestructure andfunction oftheendocrinesystemLearn aboutthe varioushorses andtheir rolesin regulating02body functionsGainknowledge on the diagnosis and treatmentof endocrine03disordersDevelop criticalthinking andproblem-solving skillsin thefield04of endocrinologyOverviewof02Endocrine SystemEndocrinelandsThe endocrine lands are a groupof The endocrine landsinclude theTheendocrinelands areoftenorgans thatproduct andsecret pastoralland,thyroid land,adult referredto asthe masterlandshorses into the bloodstreamto lands,pancreas,gonads,and othersbecause theycontrol thefunctionregulate thefunction ofother ofother organizations and issuesorgansand issuesthrough thesecret ofhorsesHormoneA hormoneis achemical substanceproduced byendocrinelandsthat regulatesthe functionofother organismsand issuesHormonesare secretinto thebloodstream andtravel totarget organizationswhere theybindto receivers on thecell surfaceto initiatea responseHormonescan eitherstimulate orinhibit thefunction oftarget organizations,depending onthetype ofHormone andthe targetorganizationHormone synthesis and secretThe synthesisandsecret ofThesynthesisof hormonesThesecret ofhorses ishorsesisahighly regulatedcommonly involvesprecursorcommonly controlledbyprocess thatis controlledby moleculesand enzymesthatneural inputsor bythe releasevariousfactors,including catalyzethe reactionsofother horsesfrom othergenetics,environmental,and necessaryfor hormoneendocrineglandsneural inputsproductionThe mechanismof03action ofhorsesTarget cellsand receiversTargetcells ReceptorsCellsthat respondtothe actionofMolecules onthe surfaceof targethorsesThey havereceiversontheir cellsthat bind to specific horses andcellmembrane that bindtothe VStransmit theirsignal intothe cellhormoneand initiatea responseReceivers areclassified aseitherwithin thecell nuclear or membranebound,depending ontheir locationandfunctionSignal translationSignaltranslationThe processby whicha hormonebinding toits receiveronthetarget cellmembraneinitiates aseries ofchemical reactionswithin thecell,ultimately leading to aphysiologicalresponseSecond messengersSmallmolecules thatare generatedwithin thecell inresponse tohornone bindingand actasintermediaries insignal transmission,relaying theinitial hornonesignal tointernal targetsMetabolismand inactivationof horsesMetabolismActivation BindingproteinsThe processby whichhorses areThe processby whichhorses areCirculating proteinsthatbindtobroken downwithin thebody,rendered inactive,either throughspecifichorsesand preventthemboth throughenzymatic metabolismor bindingto frominteracting with theirdegradation orexcess fromthe circulatingbinding proteinsthat receivers,that inactivatingthembody preventthem frominteracting Bindingproteins regulatewiththeir receivershormone levelsin theblood andhelpmaintain homeostasisEndocrineorders04Pituitary diseasesPituitaryadenomaA tuber that growsin the Pituitary land,leading tomonetaryimbalancesPituitary deficitA condition where the Pituitarygland does not produceenoughgrowth hormone,leading tocontinued growthinchildrenPituitary gigantismA condition where thePituitarygland products toomuch growthhormone,leading toexcessive growthinchildrenThyroid diseaseHypophysismHyperthyroidis ThyroiditismA condition where the thyroidA condition where thethyroid Aninflation ofthe thyroidglanddoesnotproduce glandproductstoomany gl an dt ha tc an lead toenoughthyroid hormone,thyroid hormones,leading toh yp erth yroi di smorleading toslow metabolismrapid metabolismand otherhyperthyroidismand othersymptoms symptomsAdrenaldiseasesAddisons disease01A conditionwheretheadult landsdo notproduce enoughcortisol,leading tofatigue,weight loss,and othersymptomsCushings syndrome02Aconditionwheretheadult landsproduct toomuch cortisol,leading toweight gain,high bloodpressure,and othersyndromesPrimaryaldosteronism03Aconditionwheretheadult landsproduct toomanyaldosterones,leading tohigh bloodpressure and othersymptomsGonadal diseases要点一要点二要点三Klinefelters Turnerssyndrome TesticularsyndromeminimizationsyndromeA conditionwhere males have anAconditionwhere femaleshave Aconditionwheremaleshaveaextra Xchromosome intheir onlyone Xchromosome intheir geneticdefect thatcauses theirgonas,leading tounder gonas,leading tounder gonasto developas femaledevelopedproductive developedproductive reproductiveorgans,leading toorganizationsand otherorganizationsandother inferiorityandothersyndromessyndromes syndromesEndocrineand05metabolicdiseasesDiabetesType1diabetes:Caused byautoimmune Type2diabetes:Characterized byinsulinconstruction ofpancreatic betacells,leading resistanceand relatedinsulin deficiencyIt istoabsolute insulindeficiency themost commontype ofdiamondsGestational diamonds:Developments duringManagement:Diabetes managementpreparednessand commonlyresolve afterincludes lifestylemodifications,such asdiedelivery Itis associatedwith anincreased riskand exercise,and pharmaceuticaltreatmentof type2diabetes laterin lifewith insulinor oralhypoglycemic agentsObesity010203Causes ComplicationsManagementOverriding,lake ofphysical Obesityis associatedwith anWeight losscan beachievedactivity,genetic predisposition,increased risk of cardiovascularthrough lifestylechanges,such asandterritorial imbalancescan leaddisease,type2diabetes,a balanceddie andregularto objectivityosteoarthritis,and cancerexercise,as wellas bariatricsurgeryin extremecasesOsteoporosisCauses:Osteoporosis isRisk factors:Age,female Managementincludes calculuscausedby lowbone massand gender,family history,low andvitamin Dmicroarchitecturechanges inbody weight,and centralsupplementation,weightbone tissue,leadingtomedical conditionsare risklearning exercise,and fallincreasedbone fractureand afactors forosteoporosis preventionmeasures Inhigherriskoffractures multiplecases,antagonistic oranalyticalagents maybesubscribedEndocrine therapy06drinksHormone replacementtherapy•Hormone replacementtherapy isa treatment thatreplacesHormones thatareeither notproduced insufficientquantities bythebody orare nolongerproduced dueto medicalconditions likehyperthyroidism orhypogonadismHormonereplacement therapyIt is commonly used to treat conditionslike hyperthyroidism,hypogonadism,and adultinsufficiencyHormone replacementtherapy canbe administered throughvarious routes,including oral,injectable,and transientThe most commonly used horsesfor replacementtherapy includethymine,testosterone,cortisol,and estrogenAntihormonetherapyItiscommonlyusedtotreatconditions likeAntihormonetherapyisatreatmentthat blocks输入02theactionof specifichormones byusing drugs标题breast cancer,prostate cancer,and endometrialcancerthatcounter theireffects0103The mostcommonlyusedantihormone agentsincludetamoxifen,aromatase inhibitors,and Antihormonetherapy canbe administered04luteinizing hormonereleasing hormonethrough oral or injectableroutesinhibitorsTargeted therapeuticdrugsTargeted therapeuticdrugs aredrugs thatspecifically targetthe recipientsor enzymesthatare involvedin hormonesignaling pathwaysTheyare designedto negotiatewiththeabnormal functionof thesereceivers orenzymes,then treatinghormone relatedconditionslikehyperthyroidism,diamonds,and polycysticovarysyndromeTargeted therapeuticdrugsTargeted therapeuticdrugs canThemostcommonly usedbeadministeredthroughoralortargeted therapeuticagentsinjectable routesinclude tyrosinekinase inhibitors,somatostatin analyses,andVS glucoselike peptide-1inhibitorsTHANKS.。