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有机化学英文课件chapter10有机化学英文课件#Chapter10-Introduction toAcids andBasesDefinition ofAcids andBases1Arrhenius DefinitionAnacid is a substancethat increasesthe concentration of hydrogen ions H+in aqueoussolution,while a base isa substancethat increasestheconcentration ofhydroxide ionsOH-in aqueoussolution.2Bronsted-Lowry DefinitionAnacid isa protonH+donor,and a base isa protonacceptor.3Lewis DefinitionAnacid isan electronpair acceptor,and abase isan electronpair donor.Acid-Base Equilibria1Ionization EquilibriaAcids and basesundergo reversibleionization in water,forming H+and OH-ions.2Strengths ofAcids andBasesThe strengthof an acid orbase isdetermined bythe extentofionization inwater.Strong acidsand basesionize completely,whileweak acidsand basesonly partiallyionize.3Conjugate Acid-Base PairsInanacid-base reaction,the aciddonates aproton tothe base,forming aconjugate acid-base pair.Acid-Base Propertiesof OxidesandHydroxidesAcidic Oxidesand HydroxidesOxidesand hydroxidesthat produceacids whendissolved inwater,such assulfuricacid SO3and hydrochloricacid HCl.Basic Oxidesand HydroxidesOxidesand hydroxidesthat producebases whendissolved inwater,such assodiumhydroxide NaOHand calciumoxide CaO.Amphoteric Oxidesand HydroxidesOxidesand hydroxidesthat canact asboth acidsand bases,depending onthereaction conditions,such asaluminum hydroxideAlOH3and zincoxideZnO.Acid-Base Behaviorin WaterAcid-Base pHand CalculatinAcid-BaseEquilibria pOHg pHand IndicatorsinWater DefinitionpOHIndicators aressubstancesthatWater pHisaThe pHischange colorinundergoes measureof thecalculated usingresponsetoautoprotolysis,hydrogenionthe formula:pHchanges inpH.where oneconcentration=-log[H+],They can bewater moleculein a solution,where[H+]isused toacts as anacid whilepOH isa thedeterminetheand donatesa measureof theconcentrationacidity orprotonH+to hydroxideionofhydrogenbasicity of aanother waterconcentration.ions.Similarly,solution.molecule,which ThepH scalepOH=-actsasabase.ranges from0log[OH-].to
14.Acid-Base Titration1Titration CurveAgraph thatshows thechange inpH ofasolutionas anacid orbaseis addedduring a titration.2Equivalence PointThepoint inatitrationwhere themoles of acid areequal tothemoles ofbase,resulting ina neutralsolution.3Types ofAcid-Base TitrationThereare varioustypes ofacid-base titrations,including strongacid-strong base,weak acid-strong base,strong acid-weak base,and weak acid-weak basetitrations.Acid-Base Propertiesof SaltsSalts of Strong Acids and Salts of Weak AcidsandStrong BasesStrong BasesSalts formed from the reaction ofa Saltsformed from the reaction of astrong acid and a strong base are weakacid and astrongbase arebasicneutral inwater.inwater.SaltsofStrongAcidsandSaltsofWeakAcidsandWeakWeak BasesBasesSalts formedfromthe reactionofaSaltsformedfromthereactionofastrongacidanda weak baseareweakacidandaweakbasecanacidic inwater.exhibit bothacidic andbasicproperties inwater.Acid-Base Behaviorin OrganicChemistryAcid-Base Acidityand Importance ofProperties ofBasicity TrendsAcid-BaseFunctional inOrganic ChemistryinGroups ChemistryOrganicSynthesisFunctional groupsin Theacidity orbasicityorganic compoundscan oforganic compoundsAcid-base reactionsactas eitheracids orcan beinfluenced byplaya vitalrole inbases,depending onfactors such asorganic synthesis,thereactionconditions.hybridization,allowing theformationFor example,carboxylic electronegativity,andof newcompounds andacidscan donatea resonanceeffects.the modificationofproton H+and actasfunctional groups.acids.Applications ofAcid-BaseChemistry1Acid-Base Extraction2Acid-Base CatalysisAtechnique usedto separateand Acid-base catalystscan increasepurifycompounds basedon theirthe rateof chemicalreactions byacid-base properties.facilitating thetransfer ofprotons.3Acid-Base Neutralization4Acid-Base ReactionsinBiological SystemsThereaction betweenan acidandabaseto forma saltand Acid-base reactionsplay awater.crucial rolein maintainingthepH balancein biologicalsystems,such asthe humanbody.ConclusionSummary ofImportanceofFutureKey ConceptsAcid-Base DevelopmentsinChemistry inAcid-BaseAcids andbases canVariousFields Chemistrybedefined byvarioustheories,and theirAcid-base chemistryOngoing researchbehaviorcanbeis essentialin aimsto explorenewstudied indifferent disciplinessuchasacid-base reactionscontexts.chemistry,biology,and understandthemedicine,and intricaciesofacid-environmental basebehavior atthescience.molecular level.。