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《第二章药动学》PPT课件药动学是研究药物在体内吸收、分布、代谢和排泄的过程及其与给药剂量之间的关系的学科药动学的定义What isPharmacokinetics Whyis itImportantPharmacokinetics isthe studyof howUnderstanding pharmacokineticsisdrugs areabsorbed,distributed,crucial foroptimizing drugdosing andmetabolized,and excretedby the body.ensuring effectivetreatment outcomes.Key ConceptsReal-World ApplicationsPharmacokineticparameters,such asPharmacokinetics guidesdosehalf-life andclearance,help quantifyadjustments inspecial populations,suchdrug behaviorin thebody.as childrenand theelderly.药代动力学血药浓度曲线半衰期生物利用度药代动力学曲线描述了药物在体半衰期是药物排除速度的重要参生物利用度是药物经口给药后被内浓度随时间的变化情况数,衡量药物从体内消失一半所吸收的比例,衡量给药途径对药需的时间物的影响药物吸收过程1Passive DiffusionMostdrugs areabsorbed passivelyby diffusingacross cellmembranesfrom highto lowconcentration gradients.2Active TransportSomedrugs aretransported activelywith the help ofcarrierproteins,against concentrationgradients.3Facilitated DiffusionFacilitateddiffusion allowsdrugs topass throughcell membraneswiththehelpof specifictransporter proteins.药物分布过程蛋白结合率血脑屏障组织结合率蛋白结合率是药物与血浆蛋白结血脑屏障是大脑血管与脑细胞之药物在体内结合于组织,影响药合的程度,影响药物在血浆和组间的屏障,限制了药物进入中枢物的分布范围和持续时间织之间的平衡神经系统药物代谢过程1Phase IMetabolismPhase Imetabolism involvesoxidation,reduction,and hydrolysisreactionsthat increasedrug polarity.2Phase IIMetabolismPhase IImetabolism involvesconjugation reactionsthat furtherincreasedrug polarityfor elimination.3Metabolic EnzymesDrugmetabolism isprimarily carriedout byenzymes inthe liver,such ascytochromeP
450.药物排泄过程1Renal ExcretionThekidneys playa vitalrole inexcreting drugsand theirmetabolites throughfiltrationand tubularsecretion.2Biliary ExcretionDrugscan alsobe excretedvia thebile intothe gastrointestinaltract andeliminatedthrough feces.3Pulmonary ExcretionSomevolatile drugscan beexcreted throughthe lungsduring respiration.药动学参数的计算方法Clearance Volumeof AreaUnder theDistributionCurve AUCTherate atwhich a drugis removedfrom thebody.The apparentvolume inThe totalexposure ofaCalculated asthe dosewhichadrugis distributeddrug inthebodyover time.divided bythein thebody.Calculated asCalculated usingconcentrationin plasma.the dosedivided bythe integrationof thedrugconcentration inplasma.concentration-time curve.。