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2023名校版高考英语阅读理解精读附答案FormorethanadecadeateamofresearchershavestudiedthedynamicsoftheGreenlandIceSheetasitrespondstoawarmingclimate.Butwhilemuchoftheirfocushasbeenonwatersimpactsonicesheetchangetheirmostrecentresearchfindingshaveoverturnedtheorderoftheirthinking.MeierbachtolHarperandtheirteamdiscoveredthatchangesintheicesheethavearealimpactonthemassivegroundwatersystemunderlyingGreenland.Thislatestdiscoveryoccurredthankstoamarriageofdrillingtechniques.Internationalcooperatorsmadeanangledhole650metersthroughbedrockunderneathaGreenlandglacier(冰川)tomeasuregroundwaterconditionsundertheice.Meanwhileresearchersdrilled32holesfromatoptheglacierthroughnearlyakilometeroficetomeasurewaterconditionsattheareabetweeniceandbedrockwhichformsanimportantboundarycontrollinggroundwaterflowbelow.Afterdrillingtheteamfixedsensorsintheicecolumnandattheicesheetbedtomeasureicedynamicsandwaterconditionsaswaterflowsundertheice.〃Bystudyingareascoveredbyice10000yearsagowehaveknownthatthehugemassandvastamountsofwaterfrommeltingicecanimpacttheunderlyinggroundwater/1Meierbachtolsaid.sgenerallyacceptedthatthegroundwaterissleepingoverdecadestocenturiesanditsresponsetoicesheetchangeislong:thousandsofyears.Butwhatweveshownhereisthatitisimmediate/1ThisnewunderstandingcouldhaveimportantsubsequenteffectsonhowGreenland7sthinningimpactstheArctic.Thethinningicecouldreducetherateofgroundwaterflowtotheoceanchangingthewatertemperatureandsalinity(盐度)balancethatisimportantforoceancirculation(循环)patterns.Z/InthinkingaboutthecomplexfeedbacksfromGreenlandsongoingchangewehavereallyignoredthegroundwatercomponent/7Harpersaid.HowdotheresearchersfeelabouttheresultoftherecentstudyA.Satisfied.Disappointed.Surprised.Doubtful.WhatcontributesmosttothenewresearchabouttheGreenlandIceSheetFixingsensorsintoicesheet.Closeinternationalcooperation.Advancedrockdrillingtechnology.Acombinationoftwodrillingapproaches.WhatisamisunderstandingofthegroundwaterunderglaciersIthasaverylargevolume.Itisinactiveforalongtime.Itscomponentiscomplex.Itstemperatureischangeable.WhichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetextWaterImpactstheGreenlandsIceSheetLonglastingEffectsofGlobalWarmingontheArcticNewlyDiscoveredGroundwaterResourcesinGreenlandGreenlandsGroundwaterChangeswithThinningIceSheetC
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11.DMachinepartscaneasilywearorcrack.Ifengineershadtheirwaymachineswouldhavenomovingpartsatall.Perhapsjustonemovingcomponentwouldbeanacceptablesolution.Suchmachinesarenowbeginningtoappear.Alloysofgalliumthatmeltbelowroomtemperaturearechosen.Theyhavethreeproperties:thehighestsurfacetensionsofanyknownliquidgoodelectricalconductivityandextremechemicalreactivityintheformofawillingnesstodonateelectrons—aprocessknownasoxidation—tonearbysubstances.KouroshattheUniversityofNewSouthWalesusedthesepropertiestodesignamachinewithasinglemovingpart:acontinuous-flowreactor.Thisdeviceisacircular14cm-longtrackforreactantstoflowaround.Itwasinterruptedbyasinglecavitycontainingadropletofliquidmetalconnectedtoanelectricalpowersource.Anelectricalcurrentappliedtothedropletproducesachangeinitssurfacetension.Thatinturnleadstoapressuredifferencestrongenoughtopullreactantsacrossallowingelectrondonationtohappenandthedesiredchemicalreactiontooccur.Thedeformationofthedropletasittensesandrelaxeswithinitscavitypumpstheresultantchemicalawayallowingfreshreactantstoflowinandtheprocesstobeginagain.Theforcesproducedbysurfacetensiondominateatsmallscales.Atlargerscalestheyaren7tsuperiortothosegeneratedbyelectromagnetismonwhichconventionalmotorsrely.Thismeansthatliquidmetalengineeringwillbemostusefulforobjectsthatareroughlycentimetre-sizeandbelow.Asthisiswheremaintenanceandrepairsarethemostdemandingandcostlysuchafeatureisgoodnews.Andeventhoughtheywilllikelybelimitedtosmallerdevicestheappealofliquidmetalsiseasytosee.Theyexperiencenoneofthewear-and-tearthateventuallycausesmachinepartstobreakdown.Anydamagetheysufferisnaturallyself-healing.Galliumalloysmoreoverareeasytomakeharmlesstothetouch.Justtheticketinotherwordsforcreativeengineers.WhichisoneofthecharacteristicsofgalliumalloysTheirsurfacetensionsarelow.Theyarealwaysreadytoattractelectrons.Electriccurrentspassthroughthemeasily.Theychangetoliquidsonlybelowroomtemperature.Whathappenstotheliquidmetalwhenconnectedtoelectricityinparagraph3A.Itispulledaway.B.Itproducesnewchemicals.C.Itsshapechanges.D.Itflowsaroundthetrack.Whatdoestheunderlinedwordthoseinparagraph4refertoA.Motors.B.Forces.C.Machines.D.Objects.WhatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkaboutconcerningliquidmetalsTheirlimitations.Theirapplications.Theiradvantages.Theirfunctions.
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15.C。