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Chapter5-SocialResponsibilityandManagerialEthicsTrue/FalseQuestionsTheclassicalviewoforganizationalsocialresponsibilityisthatmanagementsonlysocialresponsibilityistomaximizeprofits.TruemoderateInthesocioeconomicviewoforganizationalsocialresponsibilitymaximizingprofitsisacompanyssecondpriority.TruemoderateSociallyresponsiblebusinessestendtohavelesssecurelong-runprofits.FalsedifficultThedifferencebetweenanorganizationssocialobligationandsocialresponsivenessishelegalaspect.FalsemoderateValues-basedmanagementisanapproachomanaginginwhichmanagersestablishpromoteandpracticeanorganizationssharedvalues.TrueeasyThoughtheoutcomesarenotperfectlymeasuredthemajorityofresearchstudiesshowapositiverelationshipbetweencorporatesocialinvolvementandeconomicperformance.TrueeasyThemarketapproachtogoinggreeniswhenorganizationsrespondtomultipledemandsofstakeholders.FalsemoderateTheactivistapproachtogoinggreeniswhenanorganizationlooksforwaystorespectandpreservetheearthanditsnaturalresources.TruemoderateEthicsreferstotherulesandprinciplesthatdefinerightandwrongconduct.TruemoderateIntherightsviewofethicsdecision-makersseektoimposeandenforcerulesfairlyandimpartially.FalsemoderateTheintegrativesocialcontractstheoryproposesthatdecisionsshouldbemadeonthebasisofempiricalandnormativefactors.TruedifficultStudieshaveshownthatmostbusinesspeoplecontinuetoholdutilitarianattitudestowardethicalbehavior.TruemoderateInthepreconvenlionalstageofmoraldevelopmentindividualsmakeaclearefforttodefinemoralprinciplesapartfromtheauthorityofthegroupstowhichheybelongorsocietyingeneral.FalsemoderateMultipleChoiceWhichofhefollowingisassociatedwiththeclassicalviewofsocialresponsibilityeconomistRobertReichconcernforsocialwelfarestockholderfinancialreturnmoderatevoluntaryactivitiesethicalbehaviorsThesocioeconomicviewofcorporateresponsibilitysuggeststhat.stockholdersaretheonlyresponsibility.corporationsareindependententities.maximizingprofitsisthefirstprioritywhilesocialresponsibilityisthesecondpriority.corporationsareresponsibletothestateanditscitizensmoderateorganizationshaveanethicalbutnolegalresponsibilitytoanyoneexceptstockholders.isdefinedasabusinessfirmsobligationbeyondthatrequiredbylawandeconomicstopursuelong-termgoalsthataregoodforsociety.SocialobligationSocialresponsibilitymoderateSocialscreeningValue-basedmanagementSocialautonomyWhichofthefollowingtermsreferstowhenafirmmeetsitseconomicandlegalresponsibilitiessocialresponsibilitysocialobligationmoderatesocialresponsivenesssocialdutysocialstandardWhenafirmadvertisesthatitonlyusesrecycledpaperproductsitis.meetingitssocialobligation.meetingsocialresponsibilities.beingsociallyresponsivedifficultpayingattentiontothebottomline.attemptingtodefraudconsumers.OneshouldbecautiousintheinterpretationbutasummaryofmorethanadozenstudiesanalyzingtherelationshipbetweenorganizationalsocialresponsibilityandeconomicperformanceprovideswhatconclusionBeingsociallyresponsiblecausesgoodeconomicperformance.Goodeconomicperformanceallowsfirmstobesociallyresponsible.ThereisapositiverelationshipbetweencorporatesocialinvolvementandeconomicperformancedifficultCorporatesocialinvolvementtendsodevaluestockpriceinthelongrun.Corporatesocialinvolvementtendsoresultinincreasednetincomebutlowerstockprices.a.Socialautonomy
65.WhichofhefollowingisOueregardingsharedcorporatevaluesIndividualsadapteasilytosharedcorporatevalues.Topmanagementdictatessharedcorporatevalues.ItisnoteasytoestablishsharedcorporatevaluesmoderateMostcorporationswillbeunabletosuccessfullyestablishsharedcorporatevalues.Sharedcorporatevaluesnegativelyimpactteamspirit.Theapproachtoenvironmentalissuesiswhenanorganizationobeysrulesandregulationsbutexhibitslittleenvironmentalsensitivity.legalmoderatemarketstakeholderresponsibilityactivistTheapproachtoenvironmentalissuesiswhenorganizationsrespondtoenvironmentalpreferencesoftheircustomers.legalmarketmoderatestakeholderresponsibilityactivistWhichofthefollowingapproachestowardenvironmentalissuesexhibitsthehighestdegreeofenvironmentalsensitivityandisagoodillustrationofsocialresponsibilitylegalapproachmarketapproachstakeholderapproachactivistapproachmoderateWhichofthefollowingisabasicdefinitionofethicsmoralguidelinesforbehaviorrulesforacknowledgingthespiritofthelawrulesorprinciplesthatdefinerightandwrongconductmoderateprinciplesforlegalandmoraldevelopmentThereisnowaytodefineethics.WhichofthefollowingencouragesefficiencyandproductivityandisconsistentwiththegoalofprofitmaximizationutilitarianviewmoderateprincipledviewrightsviewtheoryofjusticeviewintegrativesocialcontractstheoryTherightsviewofethicsisbasedonwhichofthefollowingdecisionsbasedontheiroutcomesorconsequencestheimpositionandenforcementoffairandimpartialrulesrespectandprotectionofindividuallibertiesandfreedomsmoderatetheprocessusedtodeterminethedistributionofresourcestheexistingethicalnormsinindustriesandcorporationsThetheoryofjusticeviewofethicsisbasedonwhichofthefollowingtheprocessusedtodeterminethedistributionofresourcestheexistingethicalnormsinindustriesandcorporationsdecisionsbasedontheiroutcomesorconsequencestheimpositionandenforcementoffairandimpartialrulesdifficultrespectandprotectionofindividuallibertiesandfreedomsTheintegrativesocialcontractstheoryofethicsisbasedonwhichofthefollowingtheprocessusedtodeterminethedistributionofresourcesdecisionsbasedontheiroutcomesorconsequencestheimpositionandenforcementoffairandimpartialrulestheexistingethicalnormsinindustriesandcorporationsdifficultrespectandprotectionofindividuallibertiesandfreedomsApersonalitymeasureofapersonsconvictionsis.moraldevelopment.egostrengthmoderatelocusofcontrol.socialdesirability.self-image.isapersonalityattributethatmeasuresthedegreetowhichpeoplebelievetheycontroltheirownfate.EgostrengthLocusofcontroleasySocialresponsibilitySocialobligationSocialautonomyWhichofthefollowingistrueconcerningtheimpactoforganizationalcultureonethicalbehaviorLowconflicttoleranceleadstoethicalbehavior.AstrongculturewillsupporthighethicalstandardsmoderateConflicttoleranceisrelatedtounethicalbehavior.Aculturethatishighincontroltendstoencourageunethicalbehavior.Noneoftheaboveistrue.AsurveyofvariouscodesofethicsfoundthattheircontenttendedtofallintoallofthefollowingcategoriesEXCEPT:beadependableandorganizationalcitizen.donotdoanythingunlawfulorimproperthatwillharmtheorganization.considerprofitmaximizationtobetheprimaryfocusofthecompanymoderatebegoodtocustomers.EssayQuestionsWHATISSOCIALRESPONSIBILITYInshortessaydiscusssocialresponsibilityandcompareandcontrastsocialobligationandsocialresponsiveness.AnswerSocialresponsibilityaddsanethicalimperativetodothosethingsthatmakesocietybetterandnottodothosethatcouldmakeitworse.Asocialresponsibleorganizationgoesbeyondwhatitmustdobylaworchoosestodoonlybecauseitmakeseconomicsensetodowhatitcantohelpimprovesocietybecausethatstherightorethicalthingtodo.Socialresponsibilityrequiresbusinesstodeterminewhatisrightorwrongandtomakeethicaldecisionsandengageinethicalbusinessactivities.Asocialresponsibleorganizationdocswhatisrightbecauseitfeelsithasaresponsibilitytoactthatway.Socialobligationistheobligationofabusinesstomeetitseconomicandlegalresponsibilities.Theorganizationdoestheminimumrequiredbylaw.Followinganapproachofsocialobligationafirmpursuessocialgoalsonlytotheextentthattheycontributetoitseconomicgoals.Thisapproachisbasedontheclassicalviewofsocialresponsibility;thatisthebusinessfeelsitsonlysocialdutyistoitsstockholders.Incontrasttosocialobligationhoweverbothsocialresponsibilityandsocialresponsivenessgobeyondmerelymeetingbasiceconomicandlegalstandards.Socialresponsivenessreferstothecapacityofafirmtoadapttochangingsocietalconditions.Theideaofsocialresponsivenessstressesthatmanagersmakepracticaldecisionsaboutthesocietalactionsinwhichtheyengage.Asociallyresponsiveorganizationactsthewayitdoesbecauseofitsdesiretosatisfysomepopularsocialneed.Socialresponsivenessisguidedbysocialnorms.Thevalueofsocialnormsisthattheycanprovidemanagerswithameaningfulguidefbrdecisionmaking.moderateInashortessayexplainthefourapproachesthatorganizationscantakewithrespecttoenvironmentalissues.AnswerThefirstapproachsimplyisdoingwhatisrequiredlegally:thelegalapproach.Underthisapproachorganizationsexhibitlittleenvironmentalsensitivity.Theyobeylawsrulesandregulationswillinglyandwithoutlegalchallengeandtheymayeventrytousethelawtotheirownadvantagebutthatstheextentoftheirbeinggreen.Thisapproachisagoodillustrationofsocialobligation:Theseorganizationssimplyarefollowingtheirlegalobligationsofpollutionpreventionandenvironmentalprotection.Asanorganizationbecomesmoreawareofandsensitivetoenvironmentalissuesitmayadoptthemarketapproach.Inthisapproachorganizationsrespondtotheenvironmentalpreferencesofheircustomers.Whatevercustomersdemandintermsofenvironmentallyfriendlyproductswillbewhattheorganizationprovides.Underthenextapproachhestakeholderapproachheorganizationchoosestorespondlomultipledemandsmadebystakeholders.Underthestakeholderapproachthegreenorganizationwillworktomeettheenvironmentaldemandsofgroupssuchasemployeessuppliersorthecommunity.Boththemarketapproachandthestakeholderapproacharegoodillustrationsofsocialresponsiveness.Finallyifanorganizationpursuesanactivistapproachitlooksforwaystorespectandpreservetheearthanditsnaturalresources.Theactivistapproachexhibitsthehighestdegreeofenvironmentalsensitivityandisagoodillustrationofsocialresponsibility.moderateInashortessaydescribethefour-stagemodelofanorganizationsexpandingsocialresponsibility.AnswerAStage1managerwillpromotestockholdersinterestsbyseekingtominimizecostsandmaximizeprofits.AlthoughalllawsandregulationswillbefollowedStagemanagersdonotfeelobligatedtosatisfyothersocietalneeds.ThisisconsistentwithFriedmansclassicalviewofsocialresponsibility.AtStage2managerswillaccepttheirresponsibilitytoemployeesandfocusonhumanresourceconcerns.BecausetheyllwanttorecruitkeepandmotivategoodemployeesStage2managerswillimproveworkingconditionsexpandemployeerightsincreasejobsecurityandthelike.AtStage3managersexpandtheirresponsibilitiestootherstakeholdersinthespecificenvironment—thatiscustomersandsuppliers.SocialresponsibilitygoalsofStage3managersincludefairpriceshigh-qualityproductsandservicessafeproductsgoodsupplierrelationsandsimilaractions.Theirphilosophyisthattheycanmeettheirresponsibilitiestostockholdersonlybymeetingtheneedsoftheirotherconstituents.FinallyStage4characterizestheextremesocioeconomicdefinitionofsocialresponsibility.Atthisstagemanagersfeelaresponsibilitytosocietyasawhole.Theirbusinessisseenasapublicentityandtheyfeciaresponsibilityforadvancingthepublicgood.Theacceptanceofsuchresponsibilitymeansthatmanagersactivelypromotesocialjusticepreservetheenvironmentandsupportsocialandculturalactivities.Theytakethesestancesevenifsuchactionsnegativelyaffectprofits.moderateInashortessaydiscussthefourviewsofethics.Includeadiscussionofthebenefitsanddrawbacksrelatedtoeachofthefourviews.AnswerTheutilitarianviewofethicssaysthatethicaldecisionsaremadesolelyonthebasicoftheiroutcomesorconsequences.Utilitariantheoryusesaquantitativemethodformakingethicaldecisionsbylookingathowtoprovidethegreatestgoodforthegreatestnumber.Utilitarianismencouragesefficiencyandproductivityandisconsistentwiththegoalofprofitmaximization.Howeveritcanresultinbiasedallocationsofresourcesespeciallywhensomeofthoseaffectedbythedecisionlackrepresentationoravoiceinthedecision.Utilitarianismcanalsoresultintherightsofsomestakeholdersbeingignored.Therightsviewofethicsisconcernedwithrespectingandprotectingindividuallibertiesandprivilegessuchastherightstoprivacyfreedomofconsciencefreespeechlifeandsafetyanddueprocess.Thiswouldincludeforexampleprotectingthefreespeechrightsofemployeeswhoreportlegalviolationsbytheiremployers.Thepositivesideoftherightsperspectiveisthatitprotectsindividualsbasicrightsbutithasanegativesidefororganizations.Itcanpresentobstaclestohighproductivityandefficiencyhycreatingaworkclimatethatismoreconcernedwithprotectingindividualsrightsthanwithgettinghejobdone.Thenextviewisthetheoryofjusticeviewofethics.Underthisapproachmanagersaretoimposeandenforcerulesfairlyandimpartiallyanddosobyfollowingalllegalrulesandregulations.Amanagerwouldbeusingthetheoryofjusticeperspectivebydecidingtoprovidethesamerateofpaytoindividualswhoaresimilarintheirlevelsofskillsperformanceorresponsibilityandnotbasingthatdecisiononarbitrarydifferencessuchasgenderpersonalityraceorpersonalfavorites.Usingstandardsofjusticealsohasplusesandminuses.1protectsheinterestsofthosestakeholderswhomaybeunderrepresentedorlackpowerbuitcanencourageasenseofentitlementthatmightmakeemployeesreducerisktakinginnovationandproductivity.Thefinalethicsperspectivetheintegrativesocialcontractstheoryproposesthalethicaldecisionsshouldbebasedonempiricalandnormativefactors.Thisviewofethicsisbasedontheintegrationoftwocontracts thegeneralsocialcontractthatallowsbusinessestooperateanddefinestheacceptablegroundrulesandamorespecificcontractamongmembersofacommunitythataddressesacceptablewaysofbehaving.Thisviewofbusinessdiffersfromtheotherthreeinhatitsuggeststhatmanagersneedtolookatexistingethicalnormsinindustriesandcompaniesinordertodeterminewhatconstitutesrightandwrongdecisionsandactions.difficult。