考研英语一试题

考研英语

（一）试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET

1.10pointsAncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.nBut_1someclaimstothecontrarylaughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes_2short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels3_heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto_4__agoodlaughisunlikelytohave_5benefitsthewaysaywalkingorjoggingdoes._6_insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthemasexercisedoeslaughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe_7_studiesdatingbacktothe1930sindicatethatlaughter_8musclesdecreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown.Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_9_theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anywaytheactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof10feedbackthatimproveanindividualsemotionalstate._11oneclassicaltheoryofemotionourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted12physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry13theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow.Althoughsadnessalso14tearsevidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow_15muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwiirzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto_16apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile-orwiththeirlipswhichwouldproducean_17expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirenthusiasticallytofunnycatoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown19thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround_20_thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood..[A]measurable[B]manageable[CJaffordable[DJrenewable.[A]lnturn[B]lnfact[C]lnaddition[D]lnbrief.[A]opposite[B]impossible[C]average[D]expectedauthoritiesofwhatispossible.SectionIIIWritingPartADirections:WritealettertoafriendofyourstorecommendoneofyourfavoritemoviesandgivereasonsforyourrecommendationYourshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheleter.User“LIMINGinstead.Donotwritertheaddress.10pointsPartBDirections:Writeanessayof160—200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushoulddescribethedrawingbrieflyexplainitsintendedmeaningandgiveyourcomments.YourshouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET

2.20points2011年考研英语一参考答案阅读的答案5cbdba610bdaac15dcbca16——20cdadb完形的标准答案[C]despite[D]produce[B]boosting[B]sustain

5.[A]measurable[B]lnfact[A]oppositeDjrelaxes[C]moderate[A]physical[B]Accordingto[C]in[D]because[C]precedes[B]from[D]hold[A]disappointed[D]reacted[A]suggesting[CJSimilarly新题型答案G-B-D-E-A-C-F出处ProfessionalisingtheprofessorThedifficultiesofanAmericandoctoralstudentUniversityeducationinAmericaFeb25th2010翻译的答案

1、爱伦的贡献在于为我们提供了一个能分析和揭示错误性质的假设，这个假设就是我们不是机器人，所以我们能控制我们的思想

2、尽管仅凭借意识我们就能保持着控制的感觉，但实际上我们一直面临着一个问题，那就是为什么不能完成这件事情或那件事情

3、这似乎能为必要时的忽视找到合理的解释，同时也能合理解释剥削，上层人士的优越感和底层人们的自卑感

4、环境似乎是为了选出强者，只要我们感觉受了委屈，那么我们就不可能有意识地努力逃离我们的旧处境

5、好的一面在于我们处在这样的一个位置，在这里我们知道所有事情都取决于自己;以前我们面对的是一系列限制，而现在我们成「权威小作文范文DearLucyIamwritingthislettertostronglyrecommendyouamovieIhaverecentlywatched.ThisisaFrenchmoviecalleduleschorisesandIcannotwaittoshareitwithyou.Themovingtouchesmegreatlyfirstbecauseofitsheart-warmingplot.Ittalksaboutasalvationstorysetin1930sinacountryschoolwhereateacherClementMathieuchangedthefateofagroupofrebelliouschildrenthroughmusic.Thethemeconveyedbythismovieislovehopeandforgivenessandwhilewatchingitmyheartwastrulyfilledupwiththesepositiveemotions.Anotherhighlightofthismovieisitsbeautifulbackgroundmusic.Icannotfindamoreenjoyablethingthanlisteningtothepureandheavenlysoundofchildrenschoir.IhavealwaysknownthatwehavesimilartasteformoviesoIstronglyrecommendyouwatchitandIbelieveitwilltouchyourheartasithasmine.YourssincerelyLiMing大作文范文Asisshowninthispicturetwofriendsaretakingsightseeingbyboatwhileamanispaddlingforthem.Asthesetwotouristsarehappilyeatingsomesnackstheydiscardthewasteintotherivercasually.Notfarawayfromthemwecanseetheriveristeamedwithallkindsofgarbageincludingfoodbasketfoodpackagingbottleslunch-boxandwatermelonpeel.Whatadisgustinganddepressingscene!Thispicturegivesemphasisontheneedtoimprovethecitizensmannersinscenicspots.OvertheseyearsChinesepeopleslivingstandardshavegreatlyimprovedallowingagreatnumberofpeopletotaketheirownadventuresoutside.Butjustasapparentaspeoplesdesiretogooutfortouringistheirignoranceoftheirobligationtoprotectnaturalbeauty.Thegarbagelitteredeverywherethestainsofspittingandchewinggumsonthefloorthenamescarvedonsomestatuesandsomeotheruncivilbehavior;notonlydamagethenaturalsurroundingscauseinconvenienceanddiscomforttoothertouristsbutalsodegradeChinasimageasanation.Thereforetoenhancethecivilmannersinattractionsisinnosenseanactofonesownithasfar-reachingimplicationstoourwholenation.Inmyopiniontoeliminatebadmannersinplacesofinterestfirstlawsandregulationsmustbesetupandfirmlyimplemented.Inadditionanation-widecampaignmustbelaunchedtoenhancepeoplesawarenessoftheimportanceofprotectingenvironmentwhiletakingatourandtogivethemsometipsonimprovingtheirbehaviorssuchasbringingagarbagebagalongwiththemandspitinginthetissuepaperetc.

8.[A]hardens[BJweakens[C]tightens[DJrelaxes2O.[A]Eventually[BjConsequently[C]Similarly[D]ConverselySectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A][B][C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET

1.40pointsText1ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin

2009.Forthemostparttheresponsehasbeenfavorabletosaytheleast.Hooray!Atlast!wroteAnthonyIbmmasiniasober-sidedclassical-musiccritic.OneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprisehoweveristhatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasiniwhohadadvocatedGilbertJsappointmentintheTimescallshim“anunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim.AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulezthatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise.FormypartIhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.TobesureheperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositionsbutitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHalloranywhereelsetohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelforbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetimeattentionandmoneyoftheart-lovingpublicclassicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahousesdancetroupestheatercompaniesandmuseumsbutalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Thererecordingsarecheapavailableeverywhereandveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantodaysliveperformances;moreovertheycanbe“consumed“atatimeandplaceofthelistenerschoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbertsowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRossaclassical-musiccritichasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicinto“amarkedlydifferentmorevibrantorganization.°ButwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifferenceMerelyexpandingtheorchestrasrepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceedtheymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmericasoldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopstoattract.WelearnfromPara.lthatGilbertsappointmenthas[A]incurredcriticism.[B]raisedsuspicion.[C]receivedacclaim.[D]arousedcuriosity.IbmmasiniregardsGilbertasanartistwhois[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.Theauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoers[A]ignoretheexpensesofliveperformances.[B]rejectmostkindsofrecordedperformances.[C]exaggeratethevarietyofliveperformances.[D]overestimatethevalueofliveperformances.AccordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingistrueofrecordingsATheyareofteninferiortoliveconcertsinquality.[BJTheyareeasilyaccessibletothegeneralpublic.[C]Theyhelpimprovethequalityofmusic.[DJTheyhaveonlycoveredmasterpieces.RegardingGilbert*sroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonictheauthorfeels[Ajdoubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[Djpuzzled.Text2WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugusthisexplanationwassurprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuseshecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving“topursuemygoalofrunningacompany.wBroadcastinghisambitionwas“verymuchmydecision/*McGeesays.WithintwoweekshewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroupwhichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember

29.McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkindofcompanyhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.AndMcGeeisntalone.InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesatAvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsetoshareholderpressureexecutiveswhodontgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.Aturbulentbusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementscloudtheirreputations.Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakeholddeputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter;CEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhadaccordingtoLiberumResearch.Astheeconomypicksupopportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders.Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKorn/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:1cantthinkofasinglesearchI*vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst.vThosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaventalwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeagesayingshewantedtobeaCEO.ItwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange.RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytookthatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater.Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone.Thetraditionalrulewasitssafertostaywhereyouarebutthatsbeenfundamentallyinvertedvsaysoneheadhunter.Thepeoplewhovebeenhurttheworstarethosewhovestayedtoolong.MWhenMcGeeannouncedhisdeparturehismannercanbestbedescribedasbeing[Ajarrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.AccordingtoParagraph2seniorexecutivesquittingmaybespurredby[A]theirexpectationofbetterfinancialstatus.[B]theirneedtoreflectontheirprivatelife.C]theirstrainedrelationswiththeboards.[DJtheirpursuitofnewcareergoals.Theword44poached”Line3Paragraph4mostprobablymeans[A]approvedof.[Bjattendedto.[C]huntedfor.[Djguardedagainst.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat[A]topperformersusedtoclingtotheirposts.[B]loyaltyoftopperformersisgettingout-dated.[C]topperformerscaremoreaboutreputations.[D]itssafertosticktothetraditionalrules.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext[A]CEOs:WheretoGo[B]CEOs:AlltheWayUp[C]TopManagersJumpwithoutaNet[D]TheOnlyWayOutforTopPerformersText3Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.Nolonger.Whiletraditional44paidMmedia-suchastelevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements-stillplayamajorrolecompaniestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“owned”mediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachthebroadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmediasuchmarketersactastheinitiatorforusersresponses.Butinsomecasesonemarketersownedmediabecomeanothermarketerspaidmedia-forinstancewhenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrendwhichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancyeffectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.JohnsonJohnsonforexamplehascreatedBabyCenterastand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincomethepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjectivegivescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompaniesmarketingandmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned.Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmoreandmorediversecommunicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquickermorevisibleandmuchmoredamagingways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anassetorcampaignbecomeshostagetoconsumersotherstakeholdersoractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworksforinstancearelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem.Ifthathappenspassionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproductsputtingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacasethecompanysresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtfulandthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotorforexamplealleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsecampaignwhichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg.Consumersmaycreate41earnedmediawhentheyareobsessedwithonlineshoppingatcertainWebsites.inspiredbyproduct-promotinge-mailssenttothem.eagertohelptheirfriendspromotequalityproducts.enthusiasticaboutrecommendingtheirfavoriteproducts.AccordingtoParagraph2soldmediafeatureasafebusinessenvironment.randomcompetition.strongusertraffic.flexibilityinorganization.TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedmediainviteconstantconflictswithpassionateconsumers.canbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmarketing.mayberesponsibleforfiercercompetition.deserveallthenegativecommentsaboutthem.ToyotaMotorsexperienceiscitedasanexampleofrespondingeffectivelytohijackedmedia.persuadingcustomersintoboycottingproducts.cooperatingwithsupportiveconsumers.takingadvantageofhijackedmedia.WhichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyaboutAlternativestoconventionalpaidmedia.Conflictbetweenhijackedandearnedmedia.Dominanceofhijackedmedia.Popularityofownedmedia.Text4ItsnosurprisethatJenniferSeniorsinsightfulprovocativemagazinecoverstoryuIloveMyChildrenIHateMyLife“isarousingmuchchatter-nothinggetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthanacompletelyfulfillinglife-enrichingexperience.RatherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserableSeniorsuggestsweneedtoredefinehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoment-to-momentjoyweshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhardSeniorwritesthat44theverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight.wThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.Therearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptive-andnewlysingle-momSandraBullockaswellastheusualuJenniferAnistonispregnantnews.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymomormom-to-besmilingonthenewsstands.Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreationisitanywonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killingItdoesntseemquitefair;thentocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildren.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldnthavehadkidsbutunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives.OfcoursetheimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealisticespeciallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouplessingleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthereconsideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;yettohearSandraandBritneytellitraisingakidontheir“own”read:withround-the-clockhelpisapieceofcake.ItshardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butitsinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-freehappiness-enhancingparenthoodaren*tinsomesmallsubconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperienceinthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgetting“theRachelmightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston.36JenniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticlethatraisingachildcanbring[A]temporarydelight[B]enjoymentinprogress[C]happinessinretrospect[D]lastingreward

37.WelearnfromParagraph2that[A]celebritymomsareapermanentsourceforgossip.[B]singlemotherswithbabiesdeservegreaterattention.[C]newsaboutpregnantcelebritiesisentertaining.[D]havingchildrenishighlyvaluedbythepublic.

38.ltissuggestedinParagraph3thatchildlessfolksAareconstantlyexposedtocriticism.[B]arelargelyignoredbythemedia.[C]failtofulfilltheirsocialresponsibilities.[DJarelesslikelytobesatisfiedwiththeirlife..AccordingtoParagraph4themessageconveyedbycelebritymagazinesis[Ajsoothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[DJmisleading..Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph[AJHavingchildrencontributeslittletotheglamourofcelebritymoms.[B]Celebritymomshaveinfluencedourattitudetowardschildrearing.C]Havingchildrenintensifiesourdissatisfactionwithlife.[D]Wesometimesneglectthehappinessfromchildrearing.PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagrapharegiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsEandGhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET

1.10pointsNodisciplineshaveseizedonprofessionalismwithasmuchenthusiasmasthehumanities.YoucanMrMenandpointsoutbecamealawyerinthreeyearsandamedicaldoctorinfour.Buttheregulartimeittakestogetadoctoraldegreeinthehumanitiesisnineyears.NotsurprisinglyuptohalfofalldoctoralstudentsinEnglishdropoutbeforegettingtheirdegrees.Hisconcernismainlywiththehumanities:Literaturelanguagesphilosophyandsoon.Thesearedisciplinesthataregoingoutofstyle:22%ofAmericancollegegraduatesnowmajorinbusinesscomparedwithonly2%inhistoryand4%inEnglish.However;manyleadingAmericanuniversitieswanttheirundergraduatestohaveagroundinginthebasiccanonofideasthateveryeducatedpersonshouldposses.Butmostfinditdifficulttoagreeonwhata“generaleducation”shouldlooklike.AtHarvardMrMenandnotes41thegreatbooksarereadbecausetheyhavebeenread”-theyformasortofsocialglue.Equallyunsurprisinglyonlyabouthalfendupwithprofessorshipsforwhichtheyenteredgraduateschool.Therearesimplytoofewposts.ThisispartlybecauseuniversitiescontinuetoproduceevermorePhDs.Butfewerstudentswanttostudyhumanitiessubjects:Englishdepartmentsawardedmorebachelorsdegreesin1970-71thantheydid20yearslater.Fewerstudentsrequiresfewerteachers.Soattheendofadecadeoftheses-writingmanyhumanitiesstudentsleavetheprofessiontodosomethingforwhichtheyhavenotbeentrained.OnereasonwhyitishardtodesignandteachsuchcoursesisthattheycancutacrosstheinsistencebytopAmericanuniversitiesthatliberal-artseducationsandprofessionaleducationshouldbekeptseparatetaughtindifferentschools.Manystudentsexperiencebothvarieties.AlthoughmorethanhalfofHarvardundergraduatesendupinlawmedicineorbusinessfuturedoctorsandlawyersmuststudyanon-specialistliberal-artsdegreebeforeembarkingonaprofessionalqualification.BesidesprofessionalizingtheprofessionsbythisseparationtopAmericanuniversitieshaveprofessionalisedtheprofessor.Thegrowthinpublicmoneyforacademicresearchhasspeededtheprocess:federalresearchgrantsrosefourfoldbetween1960and1990butfacultyteachinghoursfellbyhalfasresearchtookitstoll.Professionalismhasturnedtheacquisitionofadoctoraldegreeintoaprerequisiteforasuccessfulacademiccareer:aslateas1969athirdofAmericanprofessorsdidnotpossessone.ButthekeyideabehindprofessionalisationarguesMrMenandisthat“theknowledgeandskillsneededforaparticularspecializationaretransmissiblebutnottransferable.MSodisciplinesacquireamonopolynotjustovertheproductionofknowledgebutalsoovertheproductionoftheproducersofknowledge.ThekeytoreforminghighereducationconcludesMrMenandistoalterthewayinwhich“theproducersofknowledgeareproduced.Otherwiseacademicswillcontinuetothinkdangerouslyalikeincreasinglydetachedfromthesocietieswhichtheystudyinvestigateandcriticize.Academicinquiryatleastinsomefieldsmayneedtobecomelessexclusionaryandmoreholistic.YetquitehowthathappensMrMenanddosenotsay.ThesubtleandintelligentlittlebookTheMarketplaceofIdeas:ReformandResistanceintheAmericanUniversityshouldbereadbyeverystudentthinkingofapplyingtotakeadoctoraldegree.Theymaythendecidetogoelsewhere.ForsomethingcurioushasbeenhappeninginAmericanUniversitiesandLouisMenandaprofessorofEnglishatHarvardUniversitycaptureditskillfully.G-

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75.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET

2.10pointsWithitsthemethat“Mindisthemasterweaver/creatingourinnercharacterandoutercircumstancesthebookAsaManThinkingbyJamesAllenisanin-depthexplorationofthecentralideaofself-helpwriting.46Allenscontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare-thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts-andrevealitserroneousnature.Becausemostofusbelievethatmindisseparatefrommatterwethinkthatthoughtscanbehiddenandmadepowerless;thisallowsustothinkonewayandactanother.HoweverAllenbelievedthattheunconsciousmindgeneratesasmuchactionastheconsciousmindand47whilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusionofcontrolthroughtheconsciousmindaloneinrealitywearecontinuallyfacedwithaquestion:WhycannotImakemyselfdothisorachievethat”SincedesireandwillaredamagedbythepresenceofthoughtsthatdonotaccordwithdesireAllenconcluded:Wedonotattractwhatwewantbutwhatweare.*Achievementhappensbecauseyouasapersonembodytheexternalachievement;youdon*tget”successbutbecomeit.Thereisnogapbetweenmindandmatter.\PartofthefameofAllensbookisitscontentionthat“Circumstancesdonotmakeapersontheyrevealhim.”48Thisseemsajustificationforneglectofthoseinneedandarationalizationofexploitationofthesuperiorityofthoseatthetopandtheinferiorityofthoseatthebottom.Thishowever;wouldbeaknee-jerkreactiontoasubtleargument.Eachsetofcircumstanceshoweverbadoffersauniqueopportunityforgrowth.Ifcircumstancesalwaysdeterminedthelifeandprospectsofpeoplethenhumanitywouldneverhaveprogressed.Infat49circumstancesseemtobedesignedtobringoutthebestinusandifwefeelthatwehavebeen“wronged”thenweareunlikelytobeginaconsciousefforttoescapefromoursituation.Neverthelessasanybiographerknowsapersonsearlylifeanditsconditionsareoftenthegreatestgifttoanindividual.ThesoberingaspectofAllensbookisthatwehavenooneelsetoblameforourpresentconditionexceptourselves.50Theupsideisthepossibilitiescontainedinknowingthateverythingisuptous;wherebeforewewereexpertsinthearrayoflimitationsnowwebecomel.[A]among[BJexcept[CJdespite[Djlike

2.[A]reflect[BJdemand[CJindicate[D]produce

3.[A]stabilizing[B]boosting[C]impairing[DJdetermining

4.[A]transmit[B]sustain[C]evaluate[D]observe

9.[A]aggravate[Bjgenerate[CJmoderate[D]enhance

10.[A]physical[B]mental[CJsubconscious[Djinternalll.[A]Exceptfor[BjAccordingto[C]Dueto[DAsfor

12.[A]withB]on[C]inD]at

13.[A]unless[B]until[C]if[D]because

14.[A]exhausts[B]follows[C]precedes[D]suppresses

15.[A]into[B]from[C]towards[D]beyond

16.[A]fetch[B]bite[CJpick[D]hold

17.[A]disappointed[B]excited[C]joyful[Djindifferent

18.[A]adapted[Bjcatered[C]turned[D]reacted

19.[A]suggestingB]requiring©mentioning[Djsupposing。