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SECTION1:QUESTIONS1-13READINGPASSAGE1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below.WilliamGilbertandMagnetismAThe16thand17thcenturiessawtwogreatpioneersofmodernscience:GalileoandGilbert.Theimpactoftheirfindingsiseminent.GilbertwasthefirstmodernscientistalsotheaccreditedfatherofthescienceofelectricityandmagnetismanEnglishmanoflearningandaphysicianatthecourtofElizabeth.Priortohimallthatwasknownofelectricityandmagnetismwaswhattheancientsknewnothingmorethanthatthelodestonepossessedmagneticpropertiesandthatamberandjetwhenrubbedwouldattractbitsofpaperorothersubstancesofsmallspecificgravity.Howeverheislesswellknownthanhedeserves.BGilbertsbirthpre-datedGalileo.BorninaneminentlocalfamilyinColchesterCountyintheUKonMay241544hewenttogrammarschoolandthenstudiedmedicineatStJohnsCollegeCambridgegraduatingin
1573.LaterhetravelledinthecontinentandeventuallysettleddowninLondon.CHewasaverysuccessfulandeminentdoctor.AllthisculminatedinhiselectiontothepresidentoftheRoyalScienceSociety.HewasalsoappointedpersonalphysiciantotheQueenElizabethIandlaterknightedbytheQueen.Hefaithfullyservedheruntilherdeath.HoweverhedidntoutlivetheQueenforlonganddiedonNovember301603onlyafewmonthsafterhisappointmentaspersonalphysiciantoKingJames.DGilbertwasfirstinterestedinchemistrybutlaterchangedhisfocusduetothelargeportionofmysticismofalchemyinvolvedsuchasthetransmutationofmetal.HegraduallydevelopedhisinterestinphysicsafterthegreatmindsoftheancientparticularlyabouttheknowledgetheancientGreekshadaboutlodestonesstrangemineralswiththepowertoattractiron.InthemeantimeBritainbecameamajorseafaringnationin1588whentheSpanishArmadawasdefeat-edopeningthewaytoBritishsettlementofAmerica.Britishshipsdependedonthemagneticcompassyetnooneunderstoodwhyitworked.DidthePoleStarattractitasColumbusoncespeculated;orwasthereamagneticmountainatthepoleasdescribedinOdysseywhichshipswouldneverapproachbecausethesail-orsthoughtitspullwouldyankoutalltheirironnailsandfittingsFornearly20yearsWilliamGilbertconductedingeniousexperimentstounderstandmagnet-ism.HisworksincludeOntheMagnetMagneticBodiesandtheGreatMagnetoftheEarth.Americatodropsignificantlyduetoincreased36Questions37-40ChoosethecorrectletterABCorD.Writeyouranswersinboxes37-40onyouranswersheet.37WhydoalotofscientistsdiscreditthedatacollectedbyamateursAScientificmethodswerenotusedindatacollection.BAmateurobserversarenotcarefulinrecordingtheirdata.CAmateurdataisnotreliable.DAmateurdataisproducedbywrongcandidates.38MarkSchwartzusedtheexampleofleavestoillustratethatAamateurrecordscantbeused.Bamateurrecordsarealwaysunsystematic.Cthecolourchangeofleavesishardtoobserve.Dvaluableinformationisoftenprecise.39HowdothescientistssuggestamateurdatashouldbeusedAUsingimprovedmethodsBBeingmorecarefulinobservationCUsingrawmaterialsDApplyingstatisticaltechniquesindatacollection40WhafstheimplicationofphenologyfbrordinarypeopleAItempowersthepublic.BItpromotespublicrelations.CItwarnspeopleofanimalinfestation.DItraisesawarenessaboutclimatechangeinthepublic.参考答案VivixixiviiTRUETRUENOTGIVEN多选11-13CMetalscanbemagnetized.DStarsareatdifferentdistancesfromtheearth.ETheearthwobblesonitsaxis.YESYESNoNOTGIVENYESNOTGIVEN1976and
199521.2000floods
22.1998and
200223.19901856FranceDBCHGEDAbee-keepingnoteslifecyclesdroughtsCDADGilbertsdiscoverywassoimportanttomodemphysics.Heinvestigatedthenatureofmagnetismandelectricity.Heevencoinedtheword“electric”.Thoughtheearlybeliefsofmagnetismwerealsolargelyentangledwithsuperstitionssuchasthatrubbinggarliconlodestonecanneutraliseitsmagnetismoneexamplebeingthatsailorsevenbelievedthesmellofgarlicwouldeveninterferewiththeactionofcompasswhichiswhyhelmsmenwereforbiddentoeatitnearashipscompass.Gilbertalsofoundthatmetalscanbemagnetisedbyrubbingmater-ialssuchasfurplasticorthelikeonthem.Henamedtheendsofamagnetnorthpoleand“southpolelThemagneticpolescanattractorrepeldependingonpolarity.Inadditionhoweverordinaryironisalwaysattractedtoamagnet.Thoughhestartedtostudytherelationshipbetweenmagnetismandelectricitysadlyhedidntcompleteit.Hisresearchofstaticelectricityusingamberandjetonlydemonstratedthatobjectswithelectricalchargescanworklikemagnetsattractingsmallpiecesofpaperandstuff.ItisaFrenchguynamedduFaythatdiscoveredthatthereareactuallytwoelectricalchargespositiveandnegative.FHealsoquestionedthetraditionalastronomicalbeliefs.ThoughaCopernicanhedidntexpressinhisquintessentialbeliefswhethertheearthisatthecentreoftheuniverseorinorbitaroundthesun.Howeverhebelievedthatstarsarenotequidistantfromtheearthbuthavetheirownearth-likeplanetsorbitingaroundthem.Theearthitselfislikeagiantmagnetwhichisalsowhycompassesalwayspointnorth.Theyspinonanaxisthatisalignedwiththeearthspolarity.Heevenlikenedthepolarityofthemagnettothepolarityoftheearthandbuiltanentiremagneticphilosophyonthisanalogy.Inhisexplanationmagnetismisthesouloftheearth.Thusaperfectlysphericallodestonewhenalignedwiththeearthspoleswouldwobbleallbyitselfin24hours.Furtherhealsobelievedthatthesunandotherstarswobblejustliketheearthdoesaroundacrystalcoreandspeculatedthatthemoonmightalsobeamagnetcausedtoorbitbyitsmagneticattractiontotheearth.Thiswasperhapsthefirstproposalthataforcemightcauseaheavenlyorbit.GHisresearchmethodwasrevolutionaryinthatheusedexperimentsratherthanpurelogicandreasoningliketheancientGreekphilosophersdid.Itwasanewattitudetowardsscientificinvestigation.Untilthenscientificexperimentswerenotinfashion.Itwasbecauseofthisscientificattitudetogetherwithhiscontri-butiontoourknowledgeofmagnetismthataunitofmagnetomotiveforcealsoknownasmagneticpotentialwasnamedGilbertinhishonour.Hisapproachofcarefulobservationandexperimentationratherthantheauthoritativeopinionordeductivephilosophyofothershadlaidtheveryfoundationformodernscience.Questions1-7ReadingPassage1hassevenparagraphsA-G.Choosethecorrectheadingforeachparagraphfromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumberi-xinboxes1-7onyouranswersheet.ListofheadingsiEarlyyearsofGilbertiiWhatwasnewabouthisscientificresearchmethodiiiThedevelopmentofchemistryivQuestioningtraditionalastronomyvPioneersoftheearlyscienceviProfessionalandsocialrecognitionviiBecomingthepresidentoftheRoyalScienceSocietyviiiThegreatworksofGilbertixHisdiscoveryaboutmagnetismxHischangeoffocusParagraphAParagraphBParagraphCParagraphDParagraphEParagraphFParagraphGQuestions8-10DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1Inboxes8-10onyouranswersheetwriteTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENIfthereisnoinformationonthisHeislessfamousthanheshouldbe.HewasfamousasadoctorbeforehewasemployedbytheQueen.Helostfaithinthemedicaltheoriesofhistime.Questions11-13ChooseTHREElettersA-F.Writeyouranswersinboxes11-13onyouranswersheet.WhichTHREEofthefollowingarepartsofGilbertsdiscoveryAMetalcanbetransformedintoanother.BGarliccanremovemagnetism.CMetalscanbemagnetized.DStarsareatdifferentdistancesfromtheearth.ETheearthwobblesonitsaxis.FTherearetwochargesofelectricity.QUESTIONS14-26READINGPASSAGE2Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26whicharebasedonReadingPassage2below.The2003HeatwaveItwasthesummerscientistsnowrealisewhenglobalwarmingatlastmadeitselfunmistakablyfelt.Weknewthatsummer2003wasremarkable:BritainexperienceditsrecordhightemperatureandcontinentalEuropesawforestfiresragingoutofcontrolgreatriversdryingtoatrickleandthousandsofheat-relateddeaths.Butjusthowremarkableisonlynowbecomingclear.ThethreemonthsofJuneJulyandAugustwerethewarmesteverrecordedinwesternandcentralEuropewithrecordnationalhighsinPortugalGermanyandSwitzerlandaswellasinBritain.Andtheywerethewarmestbyaverylongway.OveragreatrectangularblockoftheearthstretchingfromwestofParistonorthernItalytakinginSwitzerlandandsouthernGermanytheaveragetemperatureforthesummermonthswas
3.78℃abovethelong-termnormsaidtheClimaticResearchUnitCRUoftheUniversityofEastAngliainNorwichwhichisoneoftheworldsleadinginstitutionsforthemonitoringandanalysisoftemperaturerecords.Thatexcessmightnotseemalotuntilyouareawareofthecontext-butthenyourealiseitisenormous.Thereisnothinglikethisinpreviousdataanywhere.ItisconsideredsoexceptionalthatProfessorPhilJonestheCRUsdirectorispreparedtosayopenly-inawayfewscientistshavedonebefore-thatthe2003extrememaybedirectlyattributednottonaturalclimatevariabilitybuttoglobalwarmingcausedbyhumanactions.Meteorologistshavehithertocontentedthemselveswiththeformulathatrecenthightemperaturesareconsistentwithpredictions^ofclimatechange.Forthegreatblockofthemap-thatstretchingbetween35-50Nand0-20E-theCRUhasreliabletemperaturerecordsdatingbackto
1781.Usingasabaselinetheaveragesummertemperaturerecordedbetween1961and1990departuresfromthetemperaturenormor“anomalies”overtheareaasawholecaneasilybeplotted.Asthegraphshowssuchisthevariabilityofourclimatethatoverthepast200yearstherehavebeenatleasthalfadozenanomaliesintermsofexcesstemperature-thepeaksonthegraphdenotingveryhotyears-approachingorevenexceeding2℃.Buttherehasbeennothingremotelylike2003whentheanomalyisnearlyfourdegrees.“Thisisquiteremarkable/ProfessorJonestoldTheIndependent.veryunusualinastatisticalsense.Ifthisserieshadanormalstatisticaldistributionyouwouldntgetthisnumber.Thereturnperiod[howoftenitcouldbeexpectedtorecur]wouldbesomethinglikeoneinathousandyears.Ifwelookatanexcessabovetheaverageofnearlyfourdegreesthenperhapsnearlythreedegreesofthatisnaturalvariabilitybecauseweveseenthatinpastsummers.Butthefinaldegreeofitislikelytobeduetoglobalwarmingcausedbyhumanactions.Thesummerof2003hasinasensebeenonethatclimatescientistshavelongbeenexpecting.Untilnowthewarminghasbeenmanifestingitselfmainlyinwintersthathavebeenlesscoldthaninsummersthathavebeenmuchhotter.LastweektheUnitedNationspredictedthatwinterswerewarmingsoquicklythatwintersportswoulddieoutinEuropeslower-levelskiresorts.Butsoonerorlatertheunprecedentedhotsummerwasboundtocomeandthisyearitdid.OneofthemostdramaticfeaturesofthesummerwasthehotnightsespeciallyinthefirsthalfofAugust.InParisthetemperatureneverdroppedbelow23℃
73.4°Fatallbetween7and14Augustandthecityrecordeditswarmest-evernighton11-12Augustwhenthemercurydidnotdropbelow
25.5℃
77.9°F.Germanyrecordeditswarmest-evernightatWeinbietintheRhineValleywithalowestfigureof
27.6℃
80.6°Fon13Augustandsimilarrecord-breakingnighttimetemperatureswererecordedinSwitzerlandandItaly.The15000excessdeathsinFranceduringAugustcomparedwithpreviousyearshavebeenrelatedtothehighnight-timetemperatures.Thenumbergraduallyincreasedduringthefirst12daysofthemonthpeakingatabout2000perdayonthenightof12-13Augustthenfelloffdramaticallyafter14Augustwhentheminimumtemperaturesfellbyabout5℃.Theelderlyweremostaffectedwitha70percentincreaseinmortalityrateinthoseaged75-
94.ForBritaintheyearasawholeislikelytobethewarmesteverrecordedbutdespitethehightemperaturerecordon10Augustthesummeritself-definedastheJuneJulyandAugustperiod-stillcomesbehind1976and1995whentherewerelongerperiodsofintenseheat.“Atthemomenttheyearisoncoursetobethethirdhottesteverintheglobaltemperaturerecordwhichgoesbackto1856behind1998and2002butwhenalltherecordsforOctoberNovemberandDecemberarecollateditmightmoveintosecondplace/1ProfessorJonessaid.Thetenhottestyearsintherecordhaveallnowoccurredsince
1990.ProfessorJonesisinnodoubtabouttheastonishingnatureofEuropeansummerof
2003.Thetemperaturesrecordedwereoutofallproportiontothepreviousrecordhesaid.“Itwasthewarmestsummerinthepast500yearsandprobablywaybeyondthat.Itwasenormouslyexceptional.1HiscolleaguesattheUniversityofEastAnglia*sTyndallCentreforClimateChangeResearcharenowplanningaspecialstudyofit.ItwasasummerthathasnotbeenexperiencedbeforeeitherintermsofthetemperatureextremesthatwerereachedortherangeanddiversityoftheimpactsoftheextremeheatsaidthecentresexecutivedirectorProfessorMikeHulme.“Itwillcertainlyhaveleftitsmarkonanumberofcountriesastohowtheythinkandplanforclimatechangeinthefuturemuchasthe2000floodshaverevolutionisedthewaytheGovernmentisthinkingaboutfloodingintheUK.The2003heatwavewillhavesimilarrepercussionsacrossEurope.1Questions14-19DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage2Inboxes14-19onyouranswersheetwriteYESifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthewriterNOifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthewriterNOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis14Theaveragesummertemperaturein2003isalmost4degreeshigherthantheaveragetemperatureofthepast.Globalwarmingiscausedbyhumanactivities.Jonesbelievesthetemperaturevariationiswithinthenormalrange.Thetemperatureismeasuredtwiceadayinmajorcities.Thereweremilderwintersratherthanhottersummers.Governmentsarebuildingnewhigh-altitudeskiresorts.Questions20-21AnswerthequestionsbelowusingNOMORETHANTWOWORDSAND/ORNUMBERSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes20-21onyouranswersheet.WhataretheothertwohottestyearsinBritainbesides200320Whathasalsoinfluencedgovernmentpolicieslikethehotsummerin200321Questions22-25CompletethesummarybelowusingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes22-25onyouranswersheet.Theothertwohottestyearsaroundtheglobewere22Thetenhottestyearsonrecordallcomeaftertheyear23Thistemperaturedatahasbeengatheredsince24Thousandsofpeoplediedinthecountryof25Question26ChoosethecorrectletterABCorD.Writeyouranswerinbox26onyouranswersheet.26WhichoneofthefollowingcanbebestusedasthetitleofthispassageAGlobalWarmingBWhatCausedGlobalWarmingCTheEffectsofGlobalWarmingDThatHotYearinEuropeQUESTIONS27-40READINGPASSAGE3Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.AmateurNaturalistsFromtheresultsofanannualAlaskanbettingcontesttosightingsofmigra-torybirdsecologistsareusingawealthofunusualdatatopredicttheimpactofclimatechange.ATimSparksslidesasmallleather-boundnotebookoutofanenvelope.Thebooksyellowingpagescontainbee-keepingnotesmadebetween1941and1969bythelateWalterCoatesofKilworthLeicestershire.Headdsittohisgrowingpileoflocaljournalsbirdwatchers*listsandgardeningdiaries.Wereuncoveringaboutonemajornewrecordeachmonth/hesaysnlstillgetsurprised/1AroundtwocenturiesbeforeCoatesRobertMarshamalandownerfromNorfolkintheeastofEnglandbeganrecordingthelifecyclesofplantsandanimalsonhisestate-whenthefirstwoodanemonesfloweredthedatesonwhichtheoaksburstintoleafandtherooksbegannesting.SuccessiveMarshamscontinuedcompilingthesenotesfor211years.BTodaysuchrecordsarebeingputtousesthattheirauthorscouldnotpos-siblyhaveexpected.Thesedatasetsandotherslikethemareprovingin-valuabletoecologistsinterestedinthetimingofbiologicaleventsorphen-ology.Bycombiningtherecordswithclimatedataresearcherscanrevealhowforexamplechangesintemperatureaffectthearrivalofspringal-Iowingecologiststomakeimprovedpredictionsabouttheimpactofclimatechange.Asmallbandofresearchersiscombingthroughhundredsofyearsofrecordstakenbythousandsofamateurnaturalists.Andmoresystematicprojectshavealsostartedupproducinganoverwhelmingresponse.nTheamountofinterestisalmostfrightening1saysSparksaclimateresearcherattheCentreforEcologyandHydrologyinMonksWoodCambridgeshire.CSparksfirstbecameawareofthearmyofHclosetphenologists”ashede-scribesthemwhenaretiringcolleaguegavehimtheMarshamrecords.Henowspendsmuchofhistimefollowingleadsfromonehistoricaldatasettoanother.Asnewsofhisquestspreadspeopletiphimofftootherhistoricalrecordsandmoreamateurphenologistscomeoutoftheirclosets.TheBrit-ishdevotiontorecordingandcollectingmakeshisjobeasier-onemanfromKentsenthim30years*worthofkitchencalendarsonwhichhehadnotedthedatethathisneighboursmagnoliatreeflowered.DOtherresearchershaveuneartheddatafromequallyoddsources.RafeSa-garinanecologistatStanfordUniversityinCaliforniarecentlystudiedrecordsofabettingcontestinwhichparticipantsattempttoguesstheexacttimeatwhichaspeciallyerectedwoodentripodwillfallthroughthesurfaceofathawingriver.ThecompetitionhastakenplaceannuallyontheTenanaRiverinAlaskasince1917andanalysisoftheresultsshowedthatthethawnowarrivesfivedaysearlierthanitdidwhenthecontestbegan.EOverallsuchrecordshavehelpedtoshowthatcomparedwith20yearsagoaraftofnaturaleventsnowoccurearlieracrossmuchofthenorthernhemi-spherefromtheopeningofleavestothereturnofbirdsfrommigrationandtheemergenceofbutterfliesfromhibernation.Thedatacanalsohintathownaturewillchangeinthefuture.Togetherwithmodelsofclimatechangeamateurs*recordscouldhelpguideconservation.TerryRootanecologistattheUniversityofMichiganinAnnArborhascollectedbirdwatchers1countsofwildfowltakenbetween1955and1996onseasonalpondsintheAmeri-canMidwestandcombinedthemwithclimatedataandmodelsoffuturewarming.Heranalysisshowsthattheincreaseddroughtsthatthemodelspredictcouldhalvethebreedingpopulationsattheponds.*ThenumberofwaterfowlinNorthAmericawillmostprobablydropsignificantlywithglobalwarmingnshesays.FButnotallprofessionalsarehappytouseamateurdata.nAlotofscientistswonttouchthemtheysaytheyretoofullofproblemssaysRoot.Becausedifferentobserverscanhavedifferentideasofwhatconstitutesforexampleanopensnowdrop.Thebiggestconcernwithadhocobservationsishowcarefullyandsystematicallytheyweretaken/saysMarkSchwartzoftheUniversityofWisconsinMilwaukeewhostudiestheinteractionsbetweenplantsandclimate.“Weneedtoknowprettypreciselywhatapersonsbeenobserving-iftheyjustsayInotedwhentheleavescameoutitmightnotbethatuseful.1Measuringtheonsetofautumncanbeparticularlyproblem-aticbecausedecidingwhenleaveschangecolourisamoresubjectivepro-cessthannotingwhentheyappear.GOverallmostphenologistsarepositiveaboutthecontributionthatama-teurscanmake.Theygetattherawpowerofscience:carefulobservationofthenaturalworld1saysSagarin.Buttheprofessionalsalsoacknowledgetheneedforcarefulqualitycontrol.Rootforexampletriestogaugethequalityofanamateurarchivebyinterviewingitscollector.nYoualwayshavetoworry-thingsastrivialasvacationscanaffectmeasurement.Idisregardalotofrecordsbecausetheyrenotrigorousenough/shesays.Otherssuggestthattherightstatisticscanironoutsomeoftheproblemswithamateurdata.TogetherwithcolleaguesatWageningenUniversityintheNetherlandsenvironmentalscientistArnoldvanVlietisdevelopingstatisticaltechniquestoaccountfortheuncertaintyinamateurphenologicaldata.Withtheen-thusiasmofamateurphenologistsevidentfrompastrecordsprofessionalresearchersarenowtryingtocreatestandardisedrecordingschemesforfu-tureefforts.Theyhopethatwell-designedstudieswillgenerateavolumeofobservationslargeenoughtodrownouttheidiosyncrasiesofindividualrecorders.Thedataarecheaptocollectandcanprovidebreadthinspacetimeandrangeofspecies.nICsverydifficulttocollectdataonalargegeo-graphicalscalewithoutenlistinganarmyofobserverssaysRoot.HPhenologyalsohelpstodrivehomemessagesaboutclimatechange.HBe-causethepublicunderstandtheserecordstheyacceptthemsaysSparks.Itcanalsoillustratepotentiallyunpleasantconsequencesheaddssuchasthefindingthatmoreratinfestationsarereportedtolocalcouncilsinwarmeryears.Andgettingpeopleinvolvedisgreatforpublicrelations.nPeoplearethrilledtothinkthatthedatatheyvebeencollectingasahobbycanbeusedforsomethingscientific-itempowersthem*saysRoot.Questions27-33ReadingPassage3haseightparagraphsA-H.WhichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformationWritethecorrectletterA-Hinboxes27-33onyouranswersheet.ThedefinitionofphenologyHowSparksfirstbecameawareofamateurrecordsHowpeoplereactedtotheirinvolvementindatacollectionThenecessitytoencourageamateurdatacollectionAdescriptionofusingamateurrecordstomakepredictionsRecordsofacompetitionprovidingcluestoclimatechangeAdescriptionofaveryoldrecordcompiledbygenerationsofamateurnaturalistsQuestions34-36CompletethesentencesbelowwithNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes34-36onyouranswersheet.WalterCoatessrecordslargelycontaintheinformationof34RobertMarshamisfamousforrecordingthe35ofanimalsandplantsonhisland.AccordingtosomephenologistsglobalwarmingmaycausethenumberofwaterfowlinNorth。
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