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专题03阅读理解说明文L【2023届广东省梅州市高三一模英语试题】Whilemostofusareneverwithoutoursmartphonesrobotsmayalsosoonbecomeessentialcompanions.ItcertainlyseemssobasedontherecentexperimentsconductedbyresearchersinJapanwhodevelopedawearablesoftrobotforpatientstouseduringtreatmentssuchasinjections(注射)andotherunpleasanttherapiesinanattempttoeasetheirpainanddefendpeopleagainstanxiety.Onbeingsubjectedtoamoderateheatstimulus(刺激)thestudyparticipantswhoworetherobotexperiencedlesspainthaninthetestsinwhichtheydidnotweartherobot.DuringthecampaigntoencouragevaccinationagainstCOVID-19publichealthofficialsrecognizedthatsomepeoplearesimplyafraidofneedleswhichcontributedtoreducedvaccinationrates.Whiletheproblemsofpatientanxietyandpainduringmedicalprocedureshavebeenwellstudiedthereremainsaneedtotestandimplementsolutionstohelppatients.Thesoftfur-coveredrobotthescientistscalledReliebowasdesignedtobeattachedtotheparticipantshand.Theresearcherstesteditseffectivenessundervariousconditionsbasedontheclenchingoftheparticipanfshandwhileapplyingthepainfulthermalstimulustotheotherarmthatwasnotbeingusedtoholdtherobot.Theresearchersfoundthatholdingtherobothelpedrelievetheexperienceforpatientsregardlessoftheexperimentalconditionsusedandconcludedthatthefeelingsofwell-beingthatcanbecreatedbyhumantouchmayhavealsobeenactivatedbytherobot.Itiswellknownthatinterpersonaltouchcanreducepainandfearandwebelievethatthiseffectcanbeachievedevenwithnonlivingsoftrobots/statesProfessorTanaka.Thismaybeusefulwhenactualhumancontactisnotfeasiblesuchasduringpandemics.FutureversionsoftherobotmightuseacontrolledgazeorevenAR(augmentedreality)technologiestohelpbuildaconnectionwiththepatientordistractthemfrompainperceptioninvarioussituations.WhatisthepurposeoftherobotA.Toassistdoctorsininjectingaccurately.B・Tohelprelievepeoplespainfrominjections.Toevaluatepatientsphysicalandmentalhealth.ToassesstheeffectsofgettingvaccinatedagainstCOVID-
19.HowdoestheroboteasethepainandanxietyofthepatientsTherobotisdesignedtobeattachedtothepatients9hand.Therobofssoftfurgivesthepatientsafeelingsofwell-being.Therobot^^interpersonaltouchcreatesafeelingsofwell-being.Therobotinstructstheresearcherstorelievetheexperienceforpatients.WhatwillresearchersprobablydonextA.Developotherdevicesformedicaltreatment.B-Carryoutmoreandmoretestsontherobot.Evaluatethepossibleriskofusingtherobot.Promotetheapplicationoftherobotworldwide意故选A项
11.推理判断题根据文章最后一段第一句Thereareseveralwaysthatpeoplearetryingtohelpendangeredspeciesrecover.(有几种方法可以帮助濒危物种恢复)及下文所给出的例子可知,作者在下段应该介绍一些其余帮助濒危物种恢复的方法故选A项
6.12023届湖南省郴州市一模】Searchandrescueteamsareoftenaccompaniedbymansbestfriend.Adogssuperiorsenseofsmellcanbecriticaltofindingsurvivorsburiedunderfallenbuildings.Butnowanewanimalisbeingtrainedtoassistsearchandrescueteamsafteranearthquakehitsanditstherat.TheserescueratsarebeingtrainedbyDr.DonnaKeanaresearcherfromGlasgowScotlandwhohasbeenworkingwithratsforyears.KeanexplainedwhysheandhercolleaguesatthenonprofitAP0P0trainratsinsteadofdogs.“Theratshaveacomparablesenseofsmellandthey9rejustastrainableasdogs」shesaid.Theirsizeisusefulbecausetheywillbeabletomovethroughdifferentenvironmentsthatdogsjustwouldntbeableto.”Atthemomenttheratsarewearinghomemadebackpacksthatcontainmicrophonesvideoequipmentandlocationtrackersandthenscientistsaresendingtheseratsintomockdebris(模拟的废墟).Ratswouldbeabletogetintosmallspacestogettovictimsburiedintheruins.Wehavenotbeeninarealsituationyet.wehavegotamockdebrissite.Whenwetrackthebackpackwewillbeabletohearfromwheretheratisinsidethedebris.Keansaid.Wehavethepotentialtospeaktovictimsthroughtherat.”Researcherstrainthemonabasicseriesofbehavior.Trainingstartsoffinareallybasicenvironment:asmallandemptyroom.Thentheygraduallyexpandandincreasethecomplexityinordertomakeitlikereallife.Theycanstartaddingindebrisandmakingthetrainingarealookmorelikeanactualcollapsedbuildingsite.Thetrainingjuststartedandresearchersstillhavetoruntrainingtrialsoutsidetheresearchenvironment.TheyareworkingwithasearchandrescuegroupcalledGEAwhoarebasedinTurkeyacountrywithfrequentearthquakesandhopingthatbynextyeartheyllbeabletotaketheratstoTurkeyfortrials.
8.WhatadvantagedoratshaveoverdogsintherescueworkA.Theyareeasiertotrain.B・Theyhaveabettersenseofsmell.Theyaremoreflexiblewithasmallersize.Theyadapttonewenvironmentsmorequickly.WhatfunctionisexpectedofthebackpackA.Toguideratstofindsurvivors.B・Toprotectratsfrombeinginjured.C.Toprovidesomefoodfortrappedpeople.D.Tohelprescuerscommunicatewithvictims.Whatisparagraph4mainlyaboutTheprocessoftrainingtherats.Thedifficultyofconductingexperiments.Theratsbehaviourinrealcollapsedsites.Theimportanceoftheresearchenvironment.WhatwillresearchersplantodonextUseratsforrescueworkonalargescale.SendratstoTurkeyforfieldexperiments.Conductfurtherstudyondisasterprevention.DevelopthetrackingtechnologytoassistGEA.【答案】
8.C
9.D
10.A
11.B【导语】这是一篇说明文短文介绍了老鼠正在被用于搜救救援中.细节理解题根据第二段Theirsizeisusefulbecausetheywillbeabletomovethroughdifferentenvironmentsthatdogsjustwouldntbeableto.(它们的体型很有用,因为它们能够在不同的环境中移动,而狗则无法做到这一点)可知,在救援工作中,老鼠比狗有优势在于它们尺寸小,更灵活故选C项.推理判断题根据第三段whenwetrackthebackpackwewillbeabletohearfromwheretheratisinsidethedebris.9Keansaidwehavethepotentialtospeaktovictimsthroughtherat.(当我们追踪背包时我们可以听到老鼠在废墟中的位置基恩说,“我们有可能通过老鼠与受害者对话”)可知,预期背包的功能是帮助救援人员与受害者沟通故选D项.主旨大意题根据第四段“Researcherstrainthemonabasicseriesofbehavior.Trainingstartsoffinareallybasicenvironment:asmallandemptyroom.Thentheygraduallyexpandandincreasethecomplexityinordertomakeitlikereallife.Theycanstartaddingindebrisandmakingthetrainingarealookmorelikeanactualcollapsedbuildingsite.”(研究人员对它们进行一系列基本行为的训练训练开始于一个非常基本的环境:一个又小又空的房间然后他们逐渐扩展和增加复杂性,以使它像现实生活他们可以开始添加碎片,让训练区看起来更像一个真正倒塌的建筑工地)由此可知,第四段主要在说训练老鼠的过程故选A项.推理判断题根据最后一段TheyareworkingwithasearchandrescuegroupcalledGEAwhoarebasedinTurkeyacountrywithfrequentearthquakesandhopingthatbynextyeartheyllbeabletotaketheratstoTurkeyfortrials/9(他们正在与一个名为GEA的搜救组织合作他们的总部设在土耳其这是一个地震频繁的国家,他们希望明年能把老鼠带到土耳其进行试验)可知,研究人员下一步计划把老鼠送到土耳其做实地实验故选B项
7.【江苏苏北四市2023年统考一模】Animalscanadaptquicklytosurviveunfavorableenvironmentalconditions.Evidenceismountingtoshowthatplantscantoo.ApaperpublishedinthejournalTrendsinPlantSciencedetailshowplantsarerapidlyadaptingtotheeffectsofclimatechangeandhowtheyarepassingdowntheseadaptationstotheiroffspring(后代).Plantsarefacingmoreenvironmentalstressesthanever.Forexampleclimatechangeismakingwintersshorterinmanylocationsandplantsareresponding.ManyplantsrequireaminimumperiodofcoldinordertosetuptheirenvironmentalclocktodefinetheirfloweringtimeJsaysMartinelliaplantgeneticistattheUniversityofFlorence.Ascoldseasonsshortenplantshaveadaptedtorequireshorterperiodsofcoldtodelayflowering.Thesemechanismsallowplantstoavoidfloweringinperiodswhentheyhavefeweropportunitiestoreproduce.Becauseplantsdonthaveneural(神经的)networkstheirmemoryisbasedentirelyoncellular(细胞的)molecular(分子的)andbiochemicalnetworks.Thesenetworksmakeupwhattheresearcherscallsomaticmemory(体2卅胞记‘忆).ItallowsplantstorecognizetheoccurrenceofapreviousenvironmentalconditionandtoreactaccordinglysaysMartinelli.Thesesomaticmemoriescanthenbepassedtotheplants9offspringviaepigenetics(表现遗传).SeveralexamplesdemonstratetheexistenceofmolecularmechanismsmodulatingplantmemorytoenvironmentalstressesandaffectingtheadaptationofoffspringtothesestressesJsaysMartinelli.GoingforwardMartinellihopestounderstandevenmoreaboutthegenesthatarebeingpasseddown.WeareparticularlyinterestedindecodingtheepigeneticalphabetwithoutchangesinDNAsequence(序歹U)Jhesays.“Thisisespeciallyimportantwhenweconsidertherapidclimatechangeweobservetodaythateverylivingorganismincludingplantsneedstoquicklyadapttosurvive.”
28.WhatadaptationshaveplantsmadetoshortenedcoldseasonsA.Theyhaveshortenedtheirfloweringtime.BTheyhavegotmorechancestoreproduce.C.Theyhaveavoidedfloweringincoldseasons.D.Theyhaveadjustedtheirenvironmentalclock.WhatcanwelearnaboutsomaticmemoryA.Itisentirelybasedonneuralnetworks.B-Itcanhelptheplantsoffspringtosurvive.C.Itcanhelprelieveenvironmentalstresses.D.Itdisturbstheplantsbiochemicalnetworks.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“modulating“meaninparagraph4A.Adjusting.B.Treasuring.C.Recording.D.Sharing.WhichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetextA.PlantsaresmartaboutfloweringtimeB・PlantscanalsoadapttoclimatechangeEnvironmentalstresseschallengeplantsMysteriesofplantgenesaretobeunfolded【答案】
28.D
29.B
30.A
31.B【导语】本文是一篇说明文主要讲述的是植物像动物一样,可以迅速地适应不利的条件,同时分析了植物能快速适应不利条件,并将这些适应传递给下一代的原因.细节理国军题根据第二段中的“Forexampleclimatechangeismakingwintersshorterinmanylocationsandplantsareresponding.Manyplantsrequireaminimumperiodofcoldinordertosetuptheirenvironmentalclocktodefinetheirfloweringtime”…(例如,气候变化使许多地方的冬季缩短,植物正在做出反应”许多植物需要最短的寒冷时间,以便设置环境时钟来定义它们的开花时间,”……厂可知,为了适应缩短的寒冷季节,植物会设置环境时钟来定义开花时间故选D项.推理判断题根据第四段首句“Thesesomaticmemoriescanthenbepassedtotheplants5offspringviaepigenetics(表现遗传).(然后,这些体细胞记忆可以通过表观遗传学传递给植物的后代”可知,这些体细胞记忆通过表现遗传学传给下一代,由此可以判断,体细胞记忆可以帮助下一代生存下来故选B项.词义猜测题根据第二段中的“Ascoldseasonsshortenplantshaveadaptedtorequireshorterperiodsofcoldtodelayflowering.Thesemechanismsallowplantstoavoidfloweringinperiodswhentheyhavefeweropportunitiestoreproduce.(随着寒冷季节的缩短,植物已经适应了需要较短的寒冷时间来延迟开花这些机制允许植物避免在繁殖机会较少的时期开花广可知,这些机制使植物能够调整自己在繁殖机会少的时期避免开花,这是植物调整适应环境变化的结果,划线单词所在的“Severalexamplesdemonstratetheexistenceofmolecularmechanismsmodulatingplantmemorytoenvironmentalstressesandaffectingtheadaptationofoffspringtothesestresses(几个例子表明,存在调节植物记忆对环境胁迫并影响后代对这些胁迫的适应的分子机制厂谈论的是有几种个例子表明存在这样的“分子机制”调节植物记忆来适应环境的变化,与第二段阐述的与“这些机制”允许植物调节花期适应环境的内容相当,故该单词意为“调节”故选A项.主旨大意题根据首段中的“Animalscanadaptquicklytosurviveunfavorableenvironmentalconditions.Evidenceismountingtoshowthatplantscantoo.(动物可以快速适应,以在不利的环境条件下生存越来越多的证据表明,植物也可以广并结合下文围绕该话题举例说明和分析植物能快速适应不利条件的原因可知,本文主要是陈述植物和动物一样能快速适应不利条件故选B项
8.12023届湖南省岳阳市统考一模】AlbertoConejohasnotlivedinChinalongbuthiscontributionsarestronglyfeltnotonlyintheareainwhichheworksasanexpertbutalsointheconstructionofamoreenvironmentallyfriendlyworldasawhole.Oneofthebiggestproblemsfacinghumanityhastodowithcarbondioxideemissions.InthissenseConejohasmadeimportantcontributionsthroughhisresearchtoreduceenergyconsumptioninsteelproductionbyusingfoamyslag(熔渣)asaninsulator(绝缘体)inelectricarcfurnaces(电弧炉).Asthesteelindustryistheonethatemitsthelargestamountofcarbondioxideemissionsintheworld-around7percent“TheworkIdidfocusedonoptimizingtheuseofelectricalenergyandminimizeenergylossesJhesaid.Conejoisnotjustanyman.Hisdedicationandworkhaveearnedhimimportantrecognitionbuttheseachievementshavenotbeenwithoutsacrifices/DuringthattimewetraveledtomanypartsofChina;wewenttoremotevillagesclimbedmountainscrossedriversandlakesandvisitedoldtownsandmuseums“herecalled.AlthoughMexicohadalmosteverything9therewassomethingmissing.ForthisreasonwhentheSchoolofMetallurgicalandEcologicalEngineeringattheUniversityofScienceandTechnologyBeijing(USTB)offeredhimapositionasaresearcherandprofessorunderasix-yearcontracttheMexicandidnothesitatetotaketheflight.TheseeffortsledhimtobeawardedtheChineseGovernmentFriendshipAwardonSeptember30lastyearthehighestdistinctionforforeignerswhohavemadeoutstandingcontributionstothecauseofthecountrysmodernizationreformandopeningup.AlthoughheisawareofhisachievementsConejodoesnothesitatetosaythatthisisalsotheresultofsharedteamwork.Theonlything1cansayisthattherearenoindividualachievementsbuttheresultsofacollectiveeffortbecauseineverythingwedoweusepreviouslydevelopedknowledge.^^WhatisthepurposeofConejosresearchTominimizeenergylossesinelectricityindustry.TomaximizetheprofitofsteelindustryinMexico.TopromoteindustrialcollaborationbetweenChinaandMexico.Tocutdownenergyconsumptioninsteelproduction.Whatdotheunderlinedwordoptimizemeaninparagraph
2.A.Paycloseattentionto.B.lookoutfor.C-Makethebestof.D.Giveriseto.WhatcanbeinferredfromCongoswordsinthelastparagraphA.Individualdedicationhasnothingtodowithhisachievements.B・Theteamsjointeffortcontributestotheiraccomplishments.C.Ifonlytheyusepreviouslydevelopedknowledgetheymustmakeachievements.D.Individualachievementsplayasignificantroleinhiscareer.WhatsthebesttitleofthisarticleChineseGovernmentFriendshipAward-thehighestdistinctionforforeigners.Award-WinningMexican-low-carbonsteelmakingprofessor.CarbonDioxideEmissions-oneofthebiggestproblems.CollectiveEffort-keytooutstandingcontributions.【答案】
8.D
9.C
10.B
11.B【导语】这是一篇说明文文章主要介绍AlbertoConej的研究发现使得钢铁生产中的能源消耗减少,进而减少了碳排放因为他的贡献,去年9月被授予中国政府友谊奖.细节理解题根据第二段的InthissenseConejohasmadeimportantcontributionsthroughhisresearchtoreduceenergyconsumptioninsteelproductionbyusingfoamyslag(熔渣)asaninsulator(绝缘体)inelectricarcfurnaces(电弧炉).(从这个意义上讲,Conejo通过在电弧炉中使用泡沫渣作为绝缘体来降低钢铁生产中的能源消耗的研究做出了重要贡献广可知,Conejo研究的目的是降低钢铁生产中能源的消耗故选D.词句猜测题根据上题分析可知,Conejo研究的目的是降低钢铁生产中能源的消耗由此可知,他所做的工作集中在充分利用电能以及最大限度减少能源损失因此ptimize译为“充分利用故选C.根据最后一段的TheonlythingIcansayisthattherearenoindividualachievementsbuttheresultsofacollectiveeffortbecauseineverythingwedoweusepreviouslydevelopedknowledge.(“我唯一能说的是,没有个人的成就,而是集体努力的结果,因为我们做的每一件事都使用了以前开发的知识”)》推知,Conejo的话表明团队的共同努力有助于他们取得成就故选B.主旨大意题根据第一段AlbertoConejohasnotlivedinChinalongbuthiscontributionsarestronglyfeltnotonlyintheareainwhichheworksasanexpertbutalsointheconstructionofamoreenvironmentallyfriendlyworldasawhole.(AlbertoConejo在中国生活的时间并不长,但他的贡献不仅体现在他作为专家的工作领域,还体现在他为建设一个更环保的世界所做的贡献上)”,第二段的“InthissenseConejohasmadeimportantcontributionsthroughhisresearchtoreduceenergyconsumptioninsteelproductionbyusingfoamyslag(熔渣)asaninsulator(绝缘体)inelectricarcfurnaces(电弧炉).(从这个意义上讲,Conejo通过在电弧炉中使用泡沫渣作为绝缘体来降低钢铁生产中的能源消耗的研究做出了重要贡献广,以及最后一段的“TheseeffortsledhimtobeawardedtheChineseGovernmentFriendshipAwardonSeptember30lastyearthehighestdistinctionforforeignerswhohavemadeoutstandingcontributionstothecauseofthecountrysmodernizationreformandopeningup.(这些努力使他于去年9月30日被授予中国政府友谊奖,这是授予为中国现代化建设和改革开放事业做出杰出贡献的外国人的最高荣誉广可知,文章主要介绍AlbertoConejo的研究发现使得钢铁生产中的能源消耗减少,进而减少了碳排放因为他的贡献,去年9月被授予中国政府友谊奖因此B项“Award-WinningMexican-low-carbonsteelmakingprofessor.可以作为本文的最佳标题故选B
9.12023届辽宁省沈阳市统考一模】InastudyinthejournalScienceresearchersatNorthwesternUniversityinIllinoisreportedthattheyhaddevelopedaneffectiveandinexpensivemethodforbreakingdownchemicalscalledpolyfluoroalkylsubstances(PFAS).PFASfirstcreatedinthe1930sarechemicalcompounds(化合物).Theyareusedtomakeawiderangeofeverydayproductsincludingnonstickpanscarpetingelectronicsandfast-foodwrappers.Oncethechemicalsareintheenvironmenttheyarealmostimpossibletoeliminatebecausetheyaredesignedtoavoidbreakingdown.Researchershavelinkedregularlevelsofexposuretothesechemicalswithseveralhealthproblemsincludingliverdamageanincreasedriskofcancerandreducedimmunity.ScientistshadpreviouslyfiguredouthowtoremovePFASfrompollutedwaterorsoilbutuntilnowhadnosafeandeffectivewaytodestroythemoncetheywereremoved.ThestudyreportedthatwhentheteamboiledPFASmolecules(分子)withtwocommonsubstancesthePFASquicklybrokedownandbecameharmless.In2020WilliamDichtelachemistandprofessoratNorthwesternreadastudyinwhichchemistsattheUniversityofAlbertainCanadafoundaneasywaytobreakdownchainsofmolecules.HeaskedagraduatestudentBrittanyTrangtotrythemethodonPFASmolecules.TranghadspentmonthsinthelabunsuccessfullyattemptingtopullapartPFASandatfirstshethoughtDichtefsideawastoosimpletowork.ButshetrieditboilingPFASwithacommonsolvent(溶齐ll)calleddimethylsulfoxide(DMSO).TrangwasshockedwhentheprocessdestroyedthePFAS.ShelatermixedDMSOwithachemicalcalledsodiumhydroxideandbrokedownPFASevenmorequickly.ThescientistswillworkonwaystodestroyPFASoutsidethelabsolargeamountsofforeverchemicalscanbebrokendownatonce.“ItsahugechallengebutitsinourgraspJDichteltoldTheNewYorkTimes.ScientistsarealsocallingforadecreaseintheamountofPFASbeingreleasedintothenaturalworld.InJunetheUSgovernmentannouncednewplanstomonitorPFASdecreasetheamountreleasedintotheenvironmentandaddresstheeffectsofPFASonhumanhealth..Whatdoestheunderlinedwordeliminate”probablymeaninparagraph2A.Identify.B.Destroy.C.Remove.D.Release..HowdidWilliamDichtelfindthewaytobreakdownchainsofmoleculesA.Hegotinformationfromastudyofothers!B-Heconductedtheexperimentsonhisown.C.HisgraduatestudentBrittanyTrangtoldhim.D.ChemistsattheUniversityofAlbertatoldhim..WhatcanwelearnaboutBrittanyTrangsexperimentA.ShetriedthemethodfromDichtelbutdidntsucceedatfirst.B-ShepulledapartPFASwithherownideaatherfirstattempt.C.ShedevelopedamoreeffectivemethodtobreakdownPFAS.D.ShethoughtDichtePsideawastoosimplesoshedidnttryit..WhatdoscientistsadvocatetothepublicA.AddressingtheeffectsofPFASonhumanhealthandenvironment.B・ReducingtheamountofPFASbeingreleasedintotheenvironment.FindingmoreeffectivewaystodestroyPFASinandoutsidethelab.StoppingtheuseofPFASineverydaylifetoavoidhealthproblems.【答案】
12.B
13.A
14.C
15.B【导语】这是一篇说明文在《科学》杂志上的一项研究中,伊利诺伊州西北大学的研究人员报告说,他们已经开发出一种有效且廉价的方法来分解被称为聚氟烷基物质(PFAS)的化学物质.词句猜测题根据第二段划线词后的句子“becausetheyaredesignedtoavoidbreakingdown.(因为它们的设计是为了避免分解)可知,一旦这些化学物质进入环境,它们几乎不可能被消除所以划线的意思是“消除,与destroy同义故选B项.细节理解题根据第四段“In2020WilliamDichtelachemistandprofessoratNorthwesternreadastudyinwhichchemistsattheUniversityofAlbertainCanadafoundaneasywaytobreakdownchainsofmolecules^^(2020年,西北大学的化学家兼教授威廉・迪希特尔(WilliamDichtel)阅读了一项研究,加拿大阿尔伯塔大学的化学家在该研究中发现了一种分解分子链的简单方法)可知,威廉・迪克特尔是别人的研究中得到了信息以此找到分解分子链的方法的故选A项.细节理解题根据第五段“ButshetrieditboilingPFASwithacommonsolvent(溶剂I)calleddimethylsulfoxide(DMSO).TrangwasshockedwhentheprocessdestroyedthePFAS.ShelatermixedDMSOwithachemicalcalledsodiumhydroxideandbrokedownPFASevenmorequickly.(但她尝试了,用一种叫做二甲基亚碉(DMSO)的普通溶剂煮沸PFAS当这个过程摧毁了PFAS时:Trang感到震惊她后来将二甲基亚碉与一种叫做氢氧化钠的化学物质混合,并更快地分解PFAS)可知,BrittanyTrang开发了一种更有效的方法来分解PFAS故选C项.细节理解题根据最后一段“ScientistsarealsocallingforadecreaseintheamountofPFASbeingreleasedintothenaturalworld.”(科学家们还呼吁减少释放到自然界的PFAS的数量)可知,科学家向公众倡导减少PFAS释放到环境中的数量故选B项
10.【浙江嘉兴2023届统考一模】Inthisperiodofanxietyaboutthesizeofourwaistsandwhatweconsumesimpledietaryrulesareappealing/Eatlikeourancestors9isaparticularlycatchyslogan(口号)toliveby.ButwhoaretheseancestorswearesupposedtofollowAretheyourgreat-great-grandparentscookinghealthythingsOraretheyhairyanimalsweimagine“cavementobeThepopularancientdietblamesmodernhealthproblemsonthebirthofagricultureclaimingthatweshouldsticktoeatingmeatnutsandberries.Thiskindofstoneagetrendisbasedonthefalseassumptionthatpalaeolithic(旧石器时代的)peoplesallatethesamefoodregardlessoftheirlocation.NeverthelessEnglands9000-year-oldCheddarManwouldnothaveeatenthesamefoodsashiscontemporariesontheKenyanplain.Theamountofmeatpeoplesateandhowmuchwasobtainedbyhuntingarealsoupfordebate.Moreoverthestoneagetrendisfocusedonwhatsperceivedtobegoodforourbodieswithoutanyconcernfortherestofnatureincludingotherhumanswhoselivelihoodsarethreatenedbywesternoverconsumption.WereItoeatlikemyPunjabifarminggreat-grandparentsmydietwouldbebasedonthewheatandmilkproductsthatpeopleinthePunjabhavereliedonforprobablyatleastthelasttwothousandyears.Butdeliciousandoriginal”asitmightbeformetofollowitsleadthemoralsofindustriallyfarmedmilkproductsinthe21stcenturymakethesituationmoreconfusingandcomplicated.Nowprobablymorethaneverbeforewhatweeatconnectsustothefateofotherbeingshumanandnon-humanandtothefateofourplanet.Adogmatic(武断的)approachtothiswouldbeamistake.Bettertopreservewhatsworthkeepingandremainclear-eyedaboutourcookingpastmuchofwhichisunknowableimmoralandimpossibletofollowinanycase.
8.WhatdoesthetextconcernA.Anancientstudy.B・Animmoralcase.C.Abalanceddiet.D・Apopularbelief.WhydoestheauthormentionCheddarManinparagraph3Toillustrateanopinion.Topresentafact.Toclarifyaconcept.Tointroduceatheory.Whatdoestheauthorfocusoninparagraph4ATheeatingbehaviorofourgreat-grandparents.B-Theconnectionbetweenfoodchoiceandnature.C.Therelationshipamongeatinghuntingandfarming.D.Theimpactoffoodoverconsumptionontheenvironment.WhatisasuitabletitleforthetextA.Punjabidiet:popularagainB・ShouldweeatlikeourancestorsIsthefateoftheplanetinourhandsOurcookingpast:acomplicatedhistory【答案】
8.D
9.A
10.B
11.B【导语】本文是一篇说明文文章分析了从石器时代到现代等不同时期人类的饮食选择的见解与看法,说明我们最好保留值得保留的东西,并对我们的饮食历史保持清醒的认识.细节理解题根据第一段Inthisperiodofanxietyaboutthesizeofourwaistsandwhatweconsumesimpledietaryrulesareappealing.uEatlikeourancestorsisaparticularlycatchyslogan(口号)toliveby.(在这个对腰围大小和消费的东西感到焦虑的时期,简单的饮食规则很有吸引力“像我们的祖先一样吃饭”是一个特别吸引人的口号户可知,在现代,简单的饮食规则很有吸引力,现在最受欢迎的口号是“像我们祖先那样吃饭”,从而引出本文的话题由此可知本文关注的话题为一种受欢迎的信念故选D项.推理判断题根据第三段中的“NeverthelessEnglands9000-year-oldCheddarManwouldnothaveeatenthesamefoodsashiscontemporariesontheKenyanplain.(然而,拥有9000年历史的英格兰切达人不会吃与他在肯尼亚平原上的同时代人相同的食物厂讲述的是英国九千年前的CheddarMan吃的食物与肯尼亚平原上的同时代人不同,由此可知,此处阐述的是一种观点和看法故选A项.主旨大意题分析段落的结构可知,第四段中的首句“Moreoverthestoneagetrendisfocusedonwhatsperceivedtobegoodforourbodieswithoutanyconcernfortherestofnatureincludingotherhumanswhoselivelihoodsarethreatenedbywesternoverconsumption.(此外,石器时代的趋势集中在被认为对我们身体有益的东西上,而不关心自然界的其他部分,包括其他生计受到西方过度消费威胁的人厂是本段的主题句,此段讲述的是石器时代人们选择的是我们认为对我们身体有益的东西,根本不考虑大自然的其他方面由此可知,该段分析的是石器时代人们对食物的选择与大自然的关系故选B项.主旨大意题根据首段中的“Eatlikeourancestors^isaparticularlycatchyslogan(口号)toliveby.(像我们的祖先一样吃饭”是一个特别吸引人的口号厂引出本文讲述的话题,接下来文章又分析不同时代的人们对饮食观点和看法,再结合文章尾段中的“Bettertopreservewhatsworthkeepingandremainclear-eyedaboutourcookingpastmuchofwhichisunknowableimmoralandimpossibletofollowinanycase.(最好保留值得保留的东西,并对我们的烹饪历史保持清醒,其中大部分是不可知的,不道德的,无论如何都不可能遵循的户可知,我们在对食物作出选择的时候要保持清醒的头脑,不能一味地跟随以前的消费想法,综合以上分析,该段的标题可以为“我们要不要像我们的祖先那样消费?故选B项
11.【2023年广东省深圳市统考一模】ThefirsttimethatImetablindscientist.IworkedinaprogramfordisabledstudentsinterestedinpursuingSTEM(ScienceTechnologyEngineeringMaths)research.Untilthatpointithadneveroccurredtomehowblindstudentswerepreventedfromreceivingscienceeducation.Mydailyexperienceinclassroomsconsistedofprofessorsdrawingandwritingontheboardwiththeassumptionthatstudentsintheclasscouldsee.ButwhataboutthosestudentswhocannotseeorsufferfromvisionproblemsArecentpaperfromBaylorUniversityledbyKatelynBaumerandBryanShawwasinspiredbyexactlythisproblem.Theydesignedastudytoassesswhetherpeoplecouldlearntorecognize3Dmodelslikethoseoftenusedtoteachsciencewiththeirmouthsinsteadofwiththeireyes.A2021paperinNaturefoundthatprimates(灵长类动物)showedthesamebraincircuitactivation(激活)whengraspingobjectswiththeirhandsandwhenmovinganobjectwiththeirtongues.Thisindicatesthattheremaybeunderlyingsimilaritiesofphysicalmanipulations(操纵)ofthehandandthemouth.BaumerandShawfoundthattherewascomparabletouchrecognitionwithhandstomouthmanipulationrecognitionwhenusingthesemodels.365collegestudentsand31primaryschoolstudentsparticipatedinthestudy.Theparticipantswereblindfoldedandthendividedintotwogroupsoneassignedtomanipulateobjectsbyhandandonetomanipulatetheobjectswithonlytheirmouths.Eachparticipantwasgivenasinglemodelproteintostudy.Theythenwereaskedtoidentifywhethereachofasetofeightotherproteinmodelsmatchedtheoriginaltheyweregiven.Theresearchteamsawthatbothagegroupsofstudentswereabletosuccessfullydistinguishbetweenmodels.Moreovertheaccuracyofrecallingthestructureswashigherinpeoplewhoonlyassessedthemodelsthroughmouthmanipulation.Althoughthisstudydidnotinvolveblindorlow-visionstudentsitsetsthebasisforexpandingintothemnext.Itmayofferawaytohavesciencebecomemoreaccessiblewhichistheultimategoal.WhowillmostprobablybenefitfromBaumerandShawsstudyA.Professors.B.Collegestudents.C.Primaryschoolstudents.D.Blindandlow-visionstudents.Whatdoestheauthorintendtodoinparagraph3WhatisthetextmainlyaboutArecentpaperaboutSTEMeducation.Aproteinmodelusedinscienceteaching.Apotentialwayfordisabledstudentstolearnscience.Anacademicprogramforblindscientiststodoresearch.【答案】
8.D
9.B
10.A
11.C【导语】本文是一篇说明文文章主要内容是科学家发现人们用嘴学习可以达到和眼、手一样的效果从而为盲人或弱视人群参与科学学习提供了一种解决办法【详解】1细节理解题根据文章第一段中“Butwhataboutthosestudentswhocannotseeorsufferfromvisionproblems(但是那些看不见或有视力问题的学生怎么办呢?户和第二段中“ArecentpaperfromBaylorUniversityledbyKatelynBaumerandBryanShawwasinspiredbyexactlythisproblem.(由凯特琳・鲍默和布莱恩・肖为主的贝勒大学最近的一篇论文正是受到了这个问题的启发广可知,盲人和弱视学生最有可能从该项研究中受益故选D项
2.推理判断题文章第三段内容主要“A2021paperinNaturefoundthatprimates(灵长类动物)showedthesameWhichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassageHowtoReducePeoplesFearofInjections.AdvancedTechnologyHelpstoCurePatientsBeingAfraidofNeedlesReducedVaccinationRatesWearableSoftRobotHelpsPeopleScareofinjections.【答案】
12.B
13.C
14.A
15.D【导语】本文是一篇说明文文章主要介绍了日本研究人员最近进行的实验,他们开发了一种可穿戴的软体机器人从而保护人们免受焦虑.细节理解题根据文章第一段“ItcertainlyseemssobasedontherecentexperimentsconductedbyresearchersinJapanwhodevelopedawearablesoftrobotforpatientstouseduringtreatmentssuchasinjections(注射)andotherunpleasanttherapiesinanattempttoeasetheirpainanddefendpeopleagainstanxiety.(从日本研究人员最近进行的实验来看,似乎确实如此他们开发了一种可穿戴的软体机器人,供患者在治疗期间使用,如注射和其他令人不快的治疗,试图减轻他们的疼痛,保护人们免受焦虑厂可知,这款机器人可以减轻患者的疼痛故选B.细节理解题根据文章第三段“Theresearchersfoundthatholdingtherobothelpedrelievetheexperienceforpatientsregardlessoftheexperimentalconditionsusedandconcludedthatthefeelingsofwell-beingthatcanbecreatedbyhumantouchmayhavealsobeenactivatedbytherobot.ItiswellknownthatinterpersonaltouchcanreducepainandfearandwebelievethatthiseffectcanbeachievedevenwithnonlivingsoftrobotsJstatesProfessorTanaka.(研究人员发现,无论实验条件如何,抱着机器人都有助于缓解患者的体验,并得出结论,人类触摸所产生的幸福感可能也被机器人激活了田中教授说“众所周知,人与人之间的接触可以减少疼痛和恐惧,我们相信即使是在无生命的软体机器人身上也能达到这种效果可知,这款机器人让人们在触摸它的时候产生了幸福感,从而缓解了疼痛和焦虑故选C.推理判断题根据文章最后一段FutureversionsoftherobotmightuseacontrolledgazeorevenAR(augmentedreality)technologiestohelpbuildaconnectionwiththepatientordistractthemfrompainperceptioninvarioussituations.(未来版本的机器人可能会使用控制凝视甚至AR(增强现实)技术来帮助与患者建立联系或在各种情况下分散他们对疼痛的感知广可推断,研究人员未来会开发一些其他的医疗功能故选A.主旨大意题根据文章第一段“ItcertainlyseemssobasedontherecentexperimentsconductedbyresearchersinJapanwhodevelopedawearablesoftrobotforpatientstouseduringtreatmentssuchasinjections(注射)andotherunpleasanttherapiesinanattempttoeasetheirpainanddefendpeopleagainstanxiety.Onbeingsubjectedtoamoderateheatstimulus(刺激),thestudyparticipantswhoworetherobotexperiencedlesspainthaninthetestsinwhichtheydidnotweartherobot.(从日本研究人员最近进行的实验来看,似乎确实如此他们开发了一种可穿戴的软体机器人,供患者在治疗期间使用,如注射和其他令人不快的治疗,试图减轻他们的疼痛,保护人们免受焦虑在接受适度的热刺激时,佩戴机器人的研究参与者比不佩戴机器人的测试参与者感受到的疼痛要少)”及全文可知,文章主要介绍了一种可穿戴的软体机器人,它们可以帮助那些害怕注射的人们,以缓解他们的焦虑所以“WearableSoftRobotHelpsPeopleScareofinjections.(可穿戴软机器人帮助人们避免打针广作为文章标题最为合适故选Dbraincircuitactivation(激*舌)whengraspingobjectswiththeirhandsandwhenmovinganobjectwiththeirtongues.Thisindicatesthattheremaybeunderlyingsimilaritiesofphysicalmanipulations(操纵)ofthehandandthemouth.(2021年刊登在《自然》上的一篇论文发现灵长类动物用手抓握物体和用舌头移动物体时会显示同样的大脑回路激活机制这说明手和嘴的物理操纵方面存在潜在的相似性厂由此可知,本段主要为研究提供支持信息故选B项
3.推理判断题根据第四段内容“Theparticipantswereblindfoldedandthendividedintotwogroupsoneassignedtomanipulateobjectsbyhandandonetomanipulatetheobjectswithonlytheirmouths.Eachparticipantwasgivenasinglemodelproteintostudy.Theythenwereaskedtoidentifywhethereachofasetofeightotherproteinmodelsmatchedtheoriginaltheyweregiven.(参与者被蒙上眼睛,然后分成两组,一组被分配用手操作物体,另一组只用嘴操作物体每个参与者给予一个单一的模型蛋白质进行研究然后,他们被要求确定另外八种蛋白质模型中的每一种是否与给他们的原始蛋白质模型相匹配厂可知,本段主要介绍了研究者把受试人员分为两组,分别用手和用嘴操纵物体,每位受试者先学习一个蛋白质模型,然后让他们辨认一组八个模型中哪一个符合他们学习的模型,对比结果得出结论,因此主要采用了对比研究方法故选A项4主旨大意题本文主要介绍了科学家研究发现人们用嘴学习可以达到和眼、手一样的效果,从而为盲人或弱视人群参与科学学习提供了一种潜在的解决办法故选C项
12.12023届广东省茂名一模】Scientistsbelievenatureisgoodforourwell-being.ButwhatsthesecretthatbringsaboutthebenefitArecentstudybyresearcherCraigAndersonandhisworkmatessuggestsitcouldbeawe(敬畏)一thatsenseofbeinginthepresenceofsomethinggreaterthanourselvesthatfillsuswithwonder.Thefirstpartofthestudyhadsomepeoplegoonafour-dayriverrafting(漂流)trip.TheyrowedthroughdangerousrapidsintheforestedareasinCalifornia.Theyalsocampedoutinthewild.Beforeandafterthetriptheyreportedontheirwell-beingincludingtheirstresslevelsandsatisfactionwithlife.DuringthetriptheykeptdiariesabouttheirsentimentsincludingwhethertheydfeltawepeacegratitudeJoyorpridethatday.Attheendofthetriptheirwell-beinghadincreasedgreatly.Afterthetriptheresearchersdiscoveredawe一aboveotherpositiveemotions-seemedtoexplaintheimprovement.InthesecondpartAndersonstudiedwhetheraweplayedaroleinmoreordinaryeverydaynatureexperiences.Theanswerisalsoyes.ThisisgoodnewssaysAndersonbecausesometimesitsnotthateasyfbrpeopletohavelongwildernesstrips.YoudonthavetodoamazingexperiencesinnaturetofeelawesaysAnderson/4Bytakingafewminutestoenjoyflowersorasunsetyoualsoimproveyourwell-being/4Andersonsaysthatawemaybenefitwell-beingbycausingasmallself5——asensethatyouwillhavewhenyoureinthepresenceofsomethingbiggerthanyourselfwhichmaymakeworriesandstresseslesssignificantbycomparison.Buthealsosaysthattherecouldbeotherwaysthatnatureexperiencesimproveourwell-beingbesidescausingawe.Forexampletherelatedphysicalexerciseinnaturecouldhavemadeadifferencetoo.AnywayAndersonbelievestheresenoughevidencetoencourageustoaddmorenaturetoourdailylife.^PeopleneedtoslowdownandmakespacefbrthatintheirlivesAndersonsays..WhatdidthestudybyAndersonandhisworkmatesmainlyfindA.Thebenefitsatriphasonpeople.B・Whatintereststravelersinnature.C.Theviewspeoplehaveaboutnature.D.Whatmakesbeinginnaturebeneficial.Whatdoestheunderlinedwordsentiments^inparagraph2meanA.Feelings.B.Desires.C.Discoveries.D.Experiences.HowdoesawetakeeffectaccordingtothetextA.Bystressingthegreatnessofnature.B・Byhelpingpeopleforgettheirworries.C.Byencouragingpeopletobelostinnature.D.Bymakingpeoplesproblemsseemlessserious.WhatdoesAndersonsuggestpeopledoA.Maketimetodoexercise.B.Showrespecttonature.C.Getintouchwithnature.D.Makeacomparisonwithothers.【答案】
8.D
9.A
10.D
11.C【导语】本文是一篇说明文主要讲述了通过研究发现,身处自然界中会让人们感到幸福,这是因为在自然界中产生的敬畏之情发挥着关键作用.推理判断题根据第一段中“Scientistsbelievenatureisgoodforourwell-being.ButwhatsthesecretthatbringsaboutthebenefitArecentstudybyresearcherCraigAndersonandhisworkmatessuggestsitcouldbeawe.(科学家们相信大自然对我们的健康有益但带来好处的秘诀是什么?研究人员CraigAnderso及其同事最近的一项研究表明,这可能令人敬畏)”以及第二段中“Afterthetriptheresearchersdiscoveredawe一aboveotherpositiveemotions一seemedtoexplaintheimprovement旅行结束后,研究人员发现敬畏(高于其他积极情绪)似乎可以解释这种改善户可知,Anderson和同事们的实验表明在自然界中的敬畏之情能够增加人们的幸福感,故可推测,他们通过实验发现了使身处自然界变得有益的因素故选D项.词义猜测题根据画线词下文“Duringthetriptheykeptdiariesabouttheirsentimentsincludingwhethertheydfeltawepeacegratitudejoyorpridethatday.(在旅途中,他们记录了自己的,包括当天是否感到敬畏、平静、感激、喜悦或自豪广可知,“敬畏、平静、感激、喜悦或自豪”这些都是情绪,所以猜测实验要求参与者们记录下自己的“情绪工故选A项.推理判断题根据倒数第二段“Andersonsaysthatawemaybenefitwell-beingbycausingasmallself...whichmaymakeworriesandstresseslesssignificantbycomparison.(安德森说,敬畏可能会导致“渺小的自我“,从而有益于健康……相比之下,这可能会使担忧和压力变得不那么重要广可知,敬畏感可以创造一种“小我”的感觉,让人们感觉身处某些更大的事物面前,自身似乎显得有些渺小,从而使人们在比较之下内心的焦虑和压力显得不那么重要了故选D项.细节理解题根据最后——段中AnywayAndersonbelievestheresenoughevidencetoencourageustoaddmorenaturetoourdailylife.Peopleneedtoslowdownandmakespaceforthatintheirlives/Andersonsays.(无论如何,Anderson相信有足够的证据可以鼓励我们在日常生活中加入更多的自然元素Anderson说,人们需要放慢脚步,在生活中留出空间户可知,Anderson建议人们放慢生活的节奏,腾出时间来接触大自然故选C项
13.【2023年广东省深圳市统考一模】Thetermisspacearchaeology(考古学)”butthefieldismuchmoredowntoEarth.Spacearchaeologistsusesatelliteimageryandotherremote-sensingtechniquestolookforancientsitesonourplanet.AsarchaeologistSarahParcakexplainsinhernewbookArchaeologyfromSpacethesetoolshavetransformedstudiesofancienttimes.Wevegonefrommappingafewdozenancientsitesinonesummer-longarchaeologicalseasontomappinghundredsifnotthousandsofsitesinweeksJshewrites.WithParcakasaguidethebookoffersalivelyinspiringtriparoundtheworldbackintimeandevenintothefuture.Parcakbeginswiththebasicsofspacearchaeologyexplaininghowforexamplesatelliteimagescanrevealthelocationsofwallsorthefoundationofaformerbuilding.Evenlong-buriedruinscanleaveamarkonthesurfaceaffectingthegrowthofvegetation(植被)andsoresultingin“cropmarks^^.Theseoutlinesbecomeapparentfromhighaboveandwithinstrumentsattunedtocertainwavelengthsoflight.InexampleafterexampleParcakdemonstratesthecapabilitiesofdifferenttechnologies.ManyofthebooksstoriesandtalesoffieldworkfocusonwhatParcakhavelearnedaboutancientEgypt.WhilestudiesofmonumentsandtombshaverevealedaspectsofeverydayEgyptianlifesatellitedatahavefilledinsomebiggerpicturedetails.InthefirstsurveyofsettlementpatternsintheancientNileDeltaParcaksteamdiscoveredthatpeoplelargelyabandonedtheregionasaresultofenvironmentalchangeanddroughtsneartheendofEgyptsOldKingdomsome4000yearsago.ItfeelsremarkablytimelyinthiseraofclimatechangereadingwhatcontributedtotheOldKingdomsfall.Parcaknotesthatpartofarchaeology^valueliesinlearninglessonsinresiliency(适应力)frompastsocieties.WhatisthebookArchaeologyfromSpaceaboutA.Searchingforantiquesinspace.B・Archaeologistsconductingresearchinspace.C.AstronautsdoingexperimentsabovetheEarth.D.UsingsatellitetechniquestoexploretheEarth.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword“attunedinparagraph2A.Compared.B.Adjusted.C.Appealed.D.Launched.WhyisthefallofEgyptsOldKingdommentionedinthebookItcanattractreaders9attention.Itisthemostimportantdiscovery.ItwillmakethebookpopularinEgypt.Itcanserveasalessontomodernhumans.WhatisthemainideaofthetextTraditionaltechniquesofarchaeologybecomeoutdated.Cropmarkshelparchaeologistslocateundergroundruins.Satellitesarechanginghowarchaeologistsstudythepast.Archaeologistsarelosingtheirjobsduetonewtechnologies.【答案】
12.D
13.B
14.D
15.C【导语】本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍了ArchaeologyfromSpace一书及其描述的卫星成像和遥感等新技术在考古上的应用.细节理解题根据文章第一段中“Spacearchaeologistsusesatelliteimageryandotherremote-sensingtechniquestolookforancientsitesonourplanet.AsarchaeologistSarahParcakexplainsinhernewbook.ArchaeologyfromSpacethesetoolshavetransformedstudiesofancienttimes.(太空考古学家使用卫星图像和其他遥感技术来寻找我们星球上的古代遗址正如考古学家莎拉・帕尔卡克在她的新书中解释的那样来自太空的考古学,这些工具改变了对古代的研究)“可知,太空考古学家使用卫星图像和其他遥感技术来寻找我们星球的故选D项.词句猜测题根据本句中“instruments”和“certainwavelengthsoflight”可推断,该项技术使用能够适合特定波长的反射光的原理对地下遗址进行探测,所以猜测attune表“调整”的意思故选B项.细节理解题根据文章最后一段中“ItfeelsremarkablytimelyinthiseraofclimatechangereadingwhatcontributedtotheOldKingdomsfall.Parcaknotesthatpartofarchaeologysvalueliesinlearninglessonsinresiliencyfrompastsocieties.(在这个气候变化的时代,阅读古.王国衰落的原因是非常及时的帕尔卡指出,考古学的部分价值在于从过去的社会中学习适应力的课程户可知,我们人类可以从过去社会中学习适应力的课程故选D项.主旨大意题由文章第一段Thetermisspacearchaeology(考古学)”butthefieldismuchmoredowntoEarth.Spacearchaeologistsusesatelliteimageryandotherremote-sensingtechniquestolookforancientsitesonourplanet.AsarchaeologistSarahParcakexplainsinhernewbookArchaeologyfromSpacethesetoolshavetransformedstudiesofancienttimes.(这个术语是“太空考古学”,但这个领域更接近地球太空考古学家使用卫星图像和其他遥感技术来寻找我们星球上的古代遗址正如考古学家莎拉・帕尔卡克在她的新书《来自太空的考古学》中解释的那样,这些工具改变了对古代的研究厂以及后文可知,本文通过介绍Aw/zoeo/ogyfromSpace一书及其描述的卫星成像和遥感等新技术在考古上的应用,说明卫星技术正在改变考古学家研究过去的方式故选C项
14.【2023年江苏省南京市统考一模】Youremotionhelpsyoumakesenseoftheworld.Atthecoreofanemotionisasubjectiveexperienceofthevalenceofit一whatemotionscientistscall“affect(情感).Generallyspeakingaffectiswhatwearemostfocusedon.DoyouhavechocolatecakeinfrontofyouThatsgood!Doyouseeaspideronthetable!Thatsbad!Youraffectivereactionstellyouwhichexperiencesaredesirableandwhicharentbutthetotalemotionalexperienceincludesallyoudoandthink.Youcanlearnalotbyobservinganddescribingthem.Youcanalsolearnalotbyappreciatingtheirsecretlife.Theproblemis:theaffectivefeaturesofemotionstendtodominate.Oursubjectivevalenceofemotionisalmostallwecansee.Whenemotionsareonlyaboutwhatispleasantorunpleasantinsubjectiveexperiencerightnowthemoreimportantfeaturesofemotiondisappear.Ifyoucanslowdownandexpand;ifyoustoprunningorclinging(沉浸其中)andadoptasenseofcuriosityemotionsbecomemoresubtleanddifferent.Whenfearcomesupdontwalkawaysothatfeardissipates.Insteadstay.Allowyourselftofeelthenervousnessthesweatingandeverythingelsethatcomesalongwithit.Itisoneofthehardestthingstodoinlifebutitsalsooneofthemostrewarding.IfyourunyouaretellingbasicpartsofyourbrainIguessthisthreatreallywasreal.Ibetterstayawayfromit.Youaretrainingyourselftofearregardlessofthatsituation.IfyouclingyouaresayingEscapefromthisemotionisathreat,andsinceitisnotahappyexperiencehappinessslipsthroughyourhandslikesand.Notethatyoucannotfoolyourself.Justallowthefullemotion.Youwillneverenterintotheirsecretlifeuntilyoustoprunningorclinging.Tocontrolyourlifeyouneedtoactivelytrainyouremotionstobeyourally(同盟).Observe.Describe.Appreciate.Dothatandyoumayfindyouhavealliesforhealthylivingthatwerethereallalong.Whydoestheauthormentionchocolatecakeandspider“inparagraph1A.Toexplainthecomplexresponseofemotions.B・Toshowthesubjectiveexperienceofemotions.C.Toindicatethegoodnessandbadnessoftheworld.D.Toemphasizethesignificanceofemotionsinlife.WhatistheconsequenceifyoujustfocusonyourpresentfeelingsA.Thepresentfeelingsarelessobvious.B・Thesubjectiveemotionsarelesspowerful.C.Theoverallpictureofemotionsiseasiertoignore.D.Theobservationanddescriptionofemotionsareeasier.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“dissipates”inParagraph4probablyrefertoA.Deepens.B.Spreads.C.Disappears.D.Sticks.WhatisthetextmainlyaboutA.Thesecretofemotions.B.Thesubjectiveexperience.C.Theimportanceofalliesinlife.D.Magicalfunctionsofemotions.【答案】
12.B
13.C
14.C
15.A【导语】这是一篇说明文文章主要介绍了情感的秘密有哪些,包括情绪情感的核心,以及如何更好控制它们,成为情绪的盟友.推理判断题由第一段中的“Atthecoreofanemotionisasubjectiveexperienceofthevalenceofit一whatemotionscientistscall“affect”(t青感).Generallyspeakingaffectiswhatwearemostfocusedon.DoyouhavechocolatecakeinfrontofyouThatsgood!Doyouseeaspideronthetable!Thatsbad!(情绪的核心是对情感价值的主观体验,情感科学家称之为“affect”(情感广一般来说,情感是我们最关注的你面前有巧克力蛋糕吗?太好了!你看见桌子上有蜘蛛吗!太糟糕了!)”可知,情绪的核心是对情感价值的主观体验,后面举例巧克力蛋糕和蜘蛛是为了论述这句话,表现情感的主观体验故选B项.细节理解题由第三段中的Oursubjectivevalenceofemotionisalmostallwecansee.Whenemotionsareonlyaboutwhatispleasantorunpleasantinsubjectiveexperiencerightnowthemoreimportantfeaturesofemotiondisappear.(我们的主观情感价值几乎是我们所能看至U的当情绪只与当前主观体验中的愉快或不愉快有关时,情绪中更重要的特征就消失了广可知,如果你只关注你现在的感受,后果是情绪的整体情况更容易被忽视故选C项.词句猜测题由第四段中的“Ifyoucanslowdownandexpand;ifyoustoprunningorclinging(沉浸其中)andadoptasenseofcuriosityemotionsbecomemoresubtleanddifferent.Whenfearcomesupdontwalkawaysothatfeardissipates.(如果你能放慢速度并扩张;如果你停止奔跑或沉浸其中,并采取一种好奇心,情绪就会变得更加微妙和不同当恐惧出现时,不要走开,以便恐惧dissipates)可知如果你停止沉浸其中并且培养好奇心,情感就会变得微妙和不同,说明恐惧也会变化,变得不恐惧,可得出画线词所在句讲当恐惧来临时,不要逃避恐惧,那么恐惧就会消失,dissipates意为“消失(Disappears)故选C项.主旨大意题由第二段中的“Youcanalsolearnalotbyappreciatingtheirsecretlife.(通过欣赏情感的秘密生活,你也可以学到很多东西)和最后一段中的“Justallowthefullemotion.Youwillneverenterintotheirsecretlifeuntilyoustoprunningorclinging.(只需要充分的情感你永远不会进入它们的秘密生活,除非你停止奔跑或沉浸其中广可知,文章主要介绍了情感的秘密有哪些,包括情绪情感的核心,以及如何更好控制它们,成为情绪的盟友,A项“情感的秘密”符合文意故选A项
15.【湖北省高中名校联合统考一模】EverwonderedwhyyourhotelpoolseemsoverlysmallcomparedtoitswebsitepictureAnewgraphrevealsjusthowfarcompanieswillgotomaketheirproductsseemmoreappealingfromreplacingactualicecreamwithmashedpotatoforamoresolidappearancetousingmotoroilforhoney.Oneofthemostcommonexamplesisthatofadvertisedimagesofhamburgerswhichshowitemsbetweenthebuntobelargerandbrighterthantheyreallyareleadingconsumerstothinkthefoodisfresherthanitreallyis.Frozenfoodpackagesarerepeatoffenderswhichshowthemealsperfectlyplatedwithfreshingredients.Whereanimageincludesingredientsnotincludedinthepurchaseaservingsuggestiondisclaimerisalegalrequirement.Howeverifacustomerfailstonoticethetinycaptiontheyoftenincorrectlyassumethatallillustrateditemsareincluded.Deceptioninadvertisingisnotjustlimitedtofoodproducts.Hotelsandresortsoftenalterimagesorusedeceptiveanglestomanipulatethebuildingsrealsurroundings.Forexampleonehoteladvertisementusedacleverlypositionedlowangletofeaturewhatappearstobeanendlesspool.Intruththepoolissimplyroundinshape.Childrenarealsooftencheatedbycommercials.Whentheyfinallyreceivethattoyoroutdoorpaddlingpooltheyfindthattheproductisfarsmallerthanadvertised.WithnearlyhalfofAmericanconsumersbelievingadvertisingtobefairlyhonest”itseemstheywillcontinuetobetrickedintobuyingdisappointingproducts.Thewriterwritesthefirstparagraphinorderto.A.informanissueB.introducethetopicC.catchreaders9attentionD.deliversomephenomena
5.AccordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingissuesmightconsumershavewithfoodproductsThefoodisnothealthyenough.Itisdifficulttoknowhowtoserveafrozenmeal.Someitemsshownontheboxdisappear.Theburgerbunissmallerthantheywereexpecting.Accordingtothearticlealmost50%ofAmericanbuyers.A.donottrustadvertisingcompaniesB・believethatadvertisingisnothonestenoughC.thinkthattheproductsaredisappointingD.willcontinuebeingdeceivedbyfalseadvertisingTheoverallpurposeofthetextisto.A.persuadepeopletoboycottadvertisingB・praiseadvertisingcompaniesfortheircreativityraisepublicawarenessregardingunreliableadvertisingpromotetheuseofadvertisementsandmarketingmaterial【答案】
4.B
5.C
6.D
7.C【导语】这是一篇说明文文章主要讲的是广告宣传中的欺骗现象.推理判断题根据文章第一段“EverwonderedwhyyourhotelpoolseemsoverlysmallcomparedtoitswebsitepictureAnewgraphrevealsjusthowfarcompanieswillgotomaketheirproductsseemmoreappealingfromreplacingactualicecreamwithmashedpotatoforamoresolidappearancetousingmotoroilforhoney.Oneofthemostcommonexamplesisthatofadvertisedimagesofhamburgerswhichshowitemsbetweenthebuntobelargerandbrighterthantheyreallyareleadingconsumerstothinkthefoodisfresherthanitreallyis.(你有没有想过,为什么你住的酒店的游泳池比网站上的图片看起来太小了?一份新图表揭示了企业为了让产品看起来更有吸引力会做多少努力,从用土豆泥代替真正的冰淇淋来获得更坚实的外观,到用机油来代替蜂蜜最常见的例子之一就是汉堡的广告图片,在广告中,面包夹着的东西比实际更大、更亮,导致消费者认为这些食物比实际更新鲜厂可知第一段举例说明在图片广告中存在着与事实不相符的现象,所以作者写第一段的目的是为了引入话题故选B项.细节理解题根据文章第二段“Frozenfoodpackagesarerepeatoffenderswhichshowthemealsperfectlyplatedwithfreshingredients.Whereanimageincludesingredientsnotincludedinthepurchaseaservingsuggestion“disclaimerisalegalrequirement.Howeverifacustomerfailstonoticethetinycaptiontheyoftenincorrectlyassumethatallillustrateditemsareincluded.(冷冻食品包装是惯犯,包装上的食物都是用新鲜的食材完美包装的如果图片中包含的食材不包含在购买商品中,“食用建议”免责声明是法律要求然而,如果客户没有注意到这个小标题,他们通常会错误地认为所有的插图项目都包括在内厂可知图片中宣传的食材有的可能会不包括在购买商品中,所以顾客会发现包装盒图片上有的东西在实际购买的商品中可能会没有故选C项.推理判断题根据文章最后一段“WithnearlyhalfofAmericanconsumersbelievingadvertisingtobe“fairlyhonest”itseemstheywillcontinuetobetrickedintobuyingdisappointingproducts.(由于近——半的美国消费者相信广告是“相当诚实的“,看来他们将继续被骗去购买令人失望的产品厂可知近一半的美国人依旧相信广告的真实性,所以可以推知50%的购买者将继续被虚假广告所欺骗故选D项.推理判断题文章第一段提出广告图片中存在欺骗的现象,
二、三段举例进行说明,第四段“Childrenarealsooftencheatedbycommercials』孩子们也经常被广告欺骗户进一步告诉我们孩子们也经常被虚假的广告图片所欺骗,广告中的欺骗无处不在,既然如此我们就应该提高警惕,所以作者的写作目的就是为了提高公众对于不可靠广告的认识故选C项
16.【2023年湖北省十堰市统考一模】Thesedaystheresagreenversionofjustabouteverything.TherearecarsthatrunonelectricityandalternativefuelshousesthatarepoweredbysolarenergyandwindfarmsseeminglypoppinguponeveryopenspacefromCaliforniatocoastalJapan.Evendrones(无人机)ategettinginontheaction.Theunmannedairvehiclesarealsobeingputtoenvironmentalusesaroundtheglobe.Theeyeintheskythattheyprovidehelpsresearchersbetterunderstandwhafsgoingonwiththenaturalworldinwhichwelive.Forenvironmentalistsandearthscientiststheflyingmachinescanbesentwayupintheairtorecordsweepingfootageofalargeareatotracktheimpactofthingslikeclimatechangemigrationandtheactsofcuttingdownandburningforesttreeswhichcanbedonewithouthavingtobuyahelicopterrentaplaneortapeavideocameratoabird.Suretheresplentyofsatellitefootagealreadyouttherebutdronesletresearchersaccuratelypositionthedatasetthattheywanttogetaquickercloserlookattheareathattheyrelookingtomonitor.In2013forexampletheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(NASA)sentadroneintotheTurrialbaVolcanoinCostaRicatogatherdataaboutitsemissions.Thetemperatureashheightandgasconcentrationinformationcollectedduringthemissionhelpedearthscientistsdeterminewhichwaythevolcanicandpotentiallypoisonousgaseruptingfromthevolcanowasmovingandtakestepstolimititsenvironmentalimpact.SimilarlyArcticresearchersareusingdronestohelpstudytemperaturechangeandthemeltingofglaciers.Theyusedronesequippedwithinfrared(红夕卜线的)camerastosweepintoplacesthattheymayotherwisenotbeabletoreachtomonitorandcollectdataonthemeltingice.Thesameflyingmachinesmayalsoeventuallybeusedtotransportotherdatacollectiontoolsintothewild..HowdoestheauthorleadinthetopicofthetextA.Bygivingexamples.B.Bylistingdata.C.Bydrawingadistinction.D.Bymakingassumptions..WhatmainlymakesdronesusedtobetterwatchnatureA.Thehighsafety.B・Thehugespace.C.Therecoverycapabilityafterdamage.D.Theabilitytocollectdataatahighaltitude..WhatdothelasttwoparagraphsmainlytellusaboutdronesTheirproductionsteps.Theirpracticalfunctions.Theirpotentialimpactsontheatmosphere.Theirdatasetformotoringtheenvironment.
11.WhichisasuitabletitleforthetextA.Drones:PoisonousB.Drones:Eco-friendlyC.Drones:LimitedD.Drones:Adaptable【答案】
8.A
9.D
10.B
11.B【导语】这是一篇说明文文章主要讲述了无人机在环境保护方面的应用.推理判断题根据第一段中“Thesedaystheresagreenversionofjustabouteverything.TherearecarsthatrunonelectricityandalternativefuelshousesthatarepoweredbysolarenergyandwindfarmsseeminglypoppinguponeveryopenspacefromCaliforniatocoastalJapan.Evendrones(无人机)ategettinginontheaction.(现在,几乎所有东西都有绿色版本从加利福尼亚到日本沿海的每个开放空间似乎都出现了使用电力和替代燃料的汽车、太阳能驱动的房屋和风力发电场就连无人机也加入了行动)可知,本段中作者列举了生活中随处可见的环保行文电动汽车代替燃料汽车,太阳能驱动的房屋和风力发电场,引入了本文的话题故选A.细节理解题根据第二段Theeyeintheskythattheyprovidehelpsresearchersbetterunderstandwhafsgoingonwiththenaturalworldinwhichwelive.Forenvironmentalistsandearthscientiststheflyingmachinescanbesentwayupintheairtorecordsweepingfootageofalargeareatotracktheimpactofthingslikeclimatechangemigrationandtheactsofcuttingdownandburningforesttreeswhichcanbedonewithouthavingtobuyahelicopterrentaplaneortapeavideocameratoabird”(它们提供的空中眼睛帮助研究人员更好地了解我们生活的自然世界正在发生什么对于环境学家和地球科学家来说,这些飞行器可以被送到空中去记录大片区域的影像来追踪气候变化,迁徙以及砍伐和焚烧森林树木的行为,这些都不需要购买直升机,租用飞机或者给鸟类装摄像机)可知,使用无人机可以帮助研究人员更好地了解我们生活的自然世界正在发生什么,可以在空中实现影像采集,追踪气候变化,动物迁徙以及人类对森林的破坏行为故选D.主旨大意题根据倒数第二段中“dronesletresearchersaccuratelypositionthedatasetthattheywanttogetaquickercloserlookattheareathattheyrelookingtomonitor.”(无人机可以让研究人员精确定位数据集,他们希望得到一个更快,更近距离地观察他们要监视的区域)讲述了无人机能实现的功能最后一段中SimilarlyArcticresearchersareusingdronestohelpstudytemperaturechangeandthemeltingofglaciers.”(同样,北极研究人员正在使用无人机帮助研究气温变化和冰川融化)具体说明了无人机在研究气温变化和冰川融化方面的帮助作用所以两段主要说明了无人机的实际生活中的运用故选B.主旨大意题通读全文,结合文章第一段中Thesedaysthere9sagreenversionofjustabouteverything.^^(现在,几乎所有东西都有绿色版本)“Theunmannedairvehiclesarealsobeingputtoenvironmentalusesaroundtheglobe.(无人驾驶飞行器也正在全球范围内用于环境保护)同时根据本段中的举例,引出了文章的话题无人机在环境保护方面的应用第二段提到了无人机可用于观测自然的原因,最后两段阐述了无人机的实际应用所以本文的标题应为用于环境保护的无人机选项B与文意相符,故选B
17.【2023年湖南省部分学校高三一模】Talkingtoyourchildrenaboutthemisinformationtheymayfindonlineisagreatidea.Childrendontalwayshavethejudgmentorcriticalthinkingskillstotestwhattheyreadorwatchbuttheylldeveloptheseabilitiesquicklyifyouhelpthemfigureouthowtoseparatefactfromfiction.Wereheretohelpyoudojustthat!Dontwaitfbryourkidstoapproachyouwithquestionsinsteadtakeafewminutestositdownwiththem.Letthemknowthatthere9salotofcontentoutthereontheInternetandnotallo£itistrue.Witheverythinggoingonintheworldremindyourkidsthattheymightbeseeingalotofconfusingfalseinformationgoingaroundonsocialmediaandotherpartsoftheweb.ItsagoodideatoturnnewsreportsandTVshowsintoteachablemoments.Lookfbrsmallopportunitiestostarthelpfulconversationsaboutmisinformationwithyourkids.TakeaTVshowornewspaperarticleandtransformitintoahelpfuleasywaytounderstandwhatmisinformationisoandhowtoavoidit.Misinformationcanbereallyupsettingandstressfulforyourkidstothinkabout.Letthemknowthatyourealwaysavailabletolistenandanswertheirquestionsiftheyrefeelingconfused.Reassureyourkidsthattherearenostupidquestionsandthatyourealwayswillingtoexplainsomethingforthem.Teachyourkidsafewtrickstofact-checkmisinformationonline.Remindyourkidstobeonthelookoutforstrange-lookingwebsitelikethoseendingwithco.Tellthemtoreadthroughtheheadline.Ifithasalotofmistakesorifitswritteninallcapitallettersthere9sagoodchancethatitmightbemisinformation.Additionallyintroduceyourkidstoofficialwebsiteswhicharequickandeasywaystofact-checkinformation.WhyshouldpeopletalktotheirchildrenaboutonlinemisinformationThereisnoinformationholdingtrueonlineThereisnooneelsewillingtoteachthechildren.Childrenlacktheabilitytojudgetheinformation.Childrencantdevelopthejudgementontheirown.Theapproachmentionedinparagraph4aimsto.A.relievechildrensfinancialburdenB・approachchildrenpositivelytohelpthemC・remindparentstoseizeeverychancetoteachD.encouragechildrentocommunicatewithparentsWhichofthefollowingismostlikelytobemisinformationA.Apassageonthewebsitewvvw.i21st.cn.B・Apassageonthewebsitevvwvv.pep.com.cn.C.ApassagetitledwithOriginsoftheMandelaEffect”.D.ApassagetitledwithSHOK!GASRANOUTYESTERDAY.Whoisthetextintendedfor
2.12023届福建省七地市统考一模】Imaginedrivingbehindahugetruckshootingcloudsofsmokeintotheairwhileyournewfullyelectricvehiclecleansupitscarbonemissions(#F放).Thisdreammaysoonbeareality.AteamofstudentsintheNetherlandshascreatedanelectriccarthatnotonlydoesntproducecarbondioxidewhendrivingbutactuallypullsitoutoftheair.Thetwo-seatersportscarwasdesignedandbuiltinlessthanayearbyateamof32studentsatEindhovenUniversityofTechnology.CalledZEM”whichstandsfor“zeroemissionmobility”thecarisequippedwithspecialdevicesthatremovecarbondioxidefromtheairasitdrives.TheteamsaysifZEMisdrivenabout32000kilometersitcanremove2kilogramsofcarbondioxidefromtheair.Thatsnotahugeamount.Theteamcalculatesthat10ZEMcarsontheroadforayearwouldremoveasmuchcarbondioxideasatypicaltreedoesduringthattime.Howevertheyalsopointoutthatthereareoverabillionpassengercarsintheworldthatcouldbeusingthistechnology.Andifabillioncarswereremovingcarbondioxideinsteadofproducingittheresultwouldbehuge.ZEMalsohasseveralotherinnovationsthathelptomakeitmorecapableofbeingsustained:thecarsframeandpanels(面板)are3Dprintedtoreducewaste;itwasbuiltusingrecycledandrecyclablematerials;anditcanbeeasilytakenapartsothatmanyofitspartscanbereused.ZEMsbatteryisalsoreusableandhasanotherhandyfeature:itcanbechargedwithsolarpanelsonthecarsroof-andcanevenbeusedtoprovidepowertoyourhousewhenthecarisntontheroad.Accordingtothestatisticstransportationwasresponsibleforover20%ofglobalcarbondioxideemissionsin2020—andofthoseemissionscarswereresponsiblefor41%.TheEindhoventeamsaysitsgoalistochallengetheelectriccarindustry:If32studentscanbuildacarlikethisinlessthanayearthensurelycarmanufacturers(生产商)areexpectedtoadopttheseinnovationstoo.WhatisspecialaboutZEMItcanendtheworldsCO2release.B・ItcancutthetrucksCO2emissions.ItcanreducethelevelofCO2intheair.ItcanabsorbdirtyairaswellasCO
2.WhydoestheteamrunthecalculationofZEMinparagraph2A.TodemonstrateasuperbvisionofZEMcars.B・ToexplainhowZEMremovesCO2astreesdo.C.Toillustratetheongoingchangeincarmaking.D.ToshowtheinfluenceofZEMonthecarmarket.WhatdoweknowaboutallthecomponentsofZEMA.Theyareofhighquality.B.Theyareeasytoprocess.C.Theyareconvenienttoprint.D.Theyareenvironmentallyfriendly.WhatdoestheEindhoventeamhopetoachieveinthefutureA.Sharpdeclineinfuelconsumption.B.MassproductionofZEMcars.【答案】
8.C
9.D
10.D
11.A【导语】本文是说明文文章介绍了家长教育孩子辨别网络信息真伪的方法【详解】
1.细节理解题根据第一段第二句Childrendontalwayshavethejudgmentorcriticalthinkingskillstotestwhattheyreadorwatchbuttheylldeveloptheseabilitiesquicklyifyouhelpthemfigureouthowtoseparatefactfrom行ction.(孩子们并不总是有判断力或批判性思维能力来测试他们所读或所看的内容,但是如果你帮助他们弄清楚如何区分事实和虚构,他们将很快发展这些能力户可知,我们要和孩子谈论网上的错误信息,这是因为孩子们缺少辨别网络信息真伪的能力故选C.推理判断题根据第四段“Misinformationcanbereallyupsettingandstressfulforyourkidstothinkabout.Letthemknowthatyourealwaysavailabletolistenandanswertheirquestionsiftheyrefeelingconfused.Reassureyourkidsthattherearenostupidquestionsandthatyourealwayswillingtoexplainsomethingforthem.(错误的信息对你的孩子来说是非常令人沮丧和有压力的让他们知道,如果他们感到困惑,你随时可以倾听并回答他们的问题让你的孩子放心,没有什么愚蠢的问题,你总是愿意为他们解释一些事情y可推知,作者所列方法的目的是减轻孩子心理负担,让他们大胆与父母沟通故选D.细节理解题根据第五段中Ifithasalotofmistakesorifitswritteninallcapitallettersthere9sagoodchancethatitmightbemisinformation.(如果它有很多错误,或者它是用大写字母写的,很有可能是错误的信息户可以判断,标题全是大写字母且有错误的文章传达的往往是错误信息故选D.推理判断题通读全文,尤其是第一段中“Talkingtoyourchildrenaboutthemisinformationtheymayfindonlineisagreatidea.(和你的孩子谈论他们可能在网上发现的错误信息是一个很好的主意广可知,本文主要是写给父母的故选A
18.12023年江苏省新高考统考一模】Thearrivalofspringhasseeminglyunchangeableresults-lengtheningdaysblossomingplantsandagreatincreaseinbeesactivity.Butnewresearchfindsthatmanyspeciesofbirdsarenestingandlayingeggsnearlyamonthearlierthantheydidacenturyago.Thesespeciesincludingbluejaysyellowwarblersandfieldsparrowsarenowlayingtheirfirsteggs25daysearlieronaveragethantheywere100yearsagotheresearchhasfound.Theheatingoftheatmosphereduetotheburningoffossilfuelsisseeminglychangingaprocessthatlongappearedunshakeable.ThestudypublishedintheJournalofAnimalEcologydrewuponrecordsofbirds7eggsgatheredduringaperiodfromabout1880to1920whenpeoplecouldrampantly(3昌獗的)collectthemfromnestswithoutpunishment.Theserecordslargelyconsistingofboxesofeggswithhand-writtenlabelsdescribingthetypeofbirdandwhentheeggswerecollectedwerecomparedwithmodernnestingdatacheckedbyresearcherswhousedmirrorsmountedonlongpolestoobservehigh-upnests.Amodelbuiltbytheresearchersrevealedthatbirdsmovingtheirnestingdatesforwardhasbeencloselycorrelatedwithrisingcarbondioxidelevelsintheatmospherealeadingdriverofrisingglobaltemperatures.Birdschoosewhentonestinlinewithotherdevelopmentsinspringsuchasthebudding(发芽)ofplantsandtheincreaseininsectnumbers.Theseinteractionsofnaturearebeingunpickedbyclimatechange-intheUSbearsareemergingfromhibernationearlierandcheirypeachpearappleandplumtreesareblossomingweeksearlierthantheyoncedid.IntheUKplantsfloweredafullmonthearlierbetween1987and2019thantheydidbefore1986recentresearchfound.“Ifyoureabirdandyounestearlieryouputyourselfatriskofthesecoldsnaps(寒流)thatcanstillarriveinspringwhichthenaffectstheplantsandinsectsJsaidBates.Thatthenimpactsthereproductivesuccessofthebirds.Springsarebecomingmorevolatile(反复无常)andthatistakingitstoll.”WhatmightberesponsibleforthebirdsearliernestandlayingeggsHowdidtheresearchersgettheirfindingByreferringtopreviousresearches.BBymonitoringbirdsbehaviour.Byinvestigatingbirds9habitats.Bycomparingdatafromdifferentperiods.WhyarebearsandplantsmentionedinPara.6A.Toexplainarule.B.Toclarifyaconcept.C.Toproveastatement.D.Tomakeaprediction.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrasetakingitstoll“inthelastparagraphmeanA.Upsettingbalanceofnature.B.Shapinglandscape.C.Receivingattention.D.Causingloss.【答案】
28.B
29.D
30.C
31.D【导语】这是一篇说明文文章主要介绍了气候变迁造成鸟类提前筑巢和下蛋的情况.细节理解题根据第二段中“Theheatingoftheatmosphereduetotheburningoffossilfuelsisseeminglychangingaprocessthatlongappearedunshakeable.(燃烧化石燃料导致的大气变暖,似乎正在改变一个长期以来看似不可动摇的过程)“可知,全球变暖也许导致了这些鸟更早的筑巢和产卵故选B项.推理判断题根据第三段匚P“Theserecordslargelyconsistingofboxesofeggswithhand-writtenlabelsdescribingthetypeofbirdandwhentheeggswerecollectedwerecomparedwithmodernnestingdatacheckedbyresearcherswhousedmirrorsmountedonlongpolestoobservehigh-upnests.(这些记录主要由——盒鸡蛋组成,上面有手写的标签,描述了鸟类的类型和收集鸡蛋的时间研究人员将这些记录与现代筑巢数据进行了比较,研究人员使用安装在长杆子上的镜子来观察高处的巢穴)”可推知,研究人员通过比较不同时期的数据来得到他们的发现故选D项.推理判断题根据倒数第二段中Birdschoosewhentonestinlinewithotherdevelopmentsinspringsuchasthebuddingofplantsandtheincreaseininsectnumbers.Theseinteractionsofnaturearebeingunpickedbyclimatechange-intheUSbearsareemergingfromhibernationearlierandcherrypeachpearappleandplumtreesareblossomingweeksearlierthantheyoncedid.(鸟类根据春天的其他情况来选择筑巢时间比如植物发芽和昆虫数量的增加这些自然界的相互作用正被气候变化破坏——在美国,熊更早地从冬眠中醒来,樱桃、桃子、梨、苹果和李树的开花时间比以前提前了几周户可推知,后面的熊和植物例子是说明这一点的故选C项.词句猜测题根据最后一段中“IfyoureabirdandyounestearlieryouputyourselfatriskofthesecoldsnapsthatcanstillarriveinspringwhichthenaffectstheplantsandinsectsJsaidBates.Thatthenimpactsthereproductivesuccessofthebirds.(“如果你是一只鸟,提早筑巢,你就会面临春天仍然可能到来的寒流的风险这会影响植物和昆虫,”贝茨说这会影响鸟类的繁殖成功率)”可知,此处讲的是造成的影响由此推知,takingitstoll为“造成损失”的意思,与D项Causingloss”造成损失”意思一致故选D项
19.12023届广东省深圳市大湾区高三一模英语试题】Althoughweallexperiencefailureinourliveswedontallreacttoitinthesameway.Aninterestingresearchhasemphasizedthenotionthattherearesomepeoplewhoembracechallengesanddisappointmentsasopportunitiestore-focustheirthinking.Thesearepeoplewithagrowthmindset.Thenthereareotherpeoplewhoseefailureasacompletefailure.Theybelievethattheyneverhadthetalentanywayandtheyprobablyneverwill.Thesearepeoplewithafixedmindset.PsychologistDweckhasstudiedthesemindsetsandprovidedevidencethatmostpeopleintentionallyplacethemselvesinoneofthosetwogroups.Thegrouptowhichyouassignyourselffrequentlydetermineshowyoureacttochallenges.Ifyouexperiencefailureandgiveupyouhaveconvenientlyassignedyourselftothefixedgroup.Ifyouexperiencefailureandregarditasasteppingstoexthenyouhaveplacedyourselfintothegrowthgroup.Accordingtotheresearchpeopleinthegrowthgrouptendtogeneratemorecreativeideasthanthoseinthefixedgroup.ToillustrateconsiderThomasEdison.Inthe19thcenturyEdisonattemptedtoimprovethelightbulbandexperimentedwithnumerousmaterials.Overathousandtrialshemanagedtodiscoveranelementsustaininglight.AreporteronceaskedhimJitseemsasthoughyouvetriedmanytimesandcontinuetofaileachtime.WhyisthatEdisonanswered、havenotfailed.Tvejustfound10000waysthatwontwork.Instudiesofcreativepeoplepsychologistsdiscoveredthatadistinguishingfeatureseparatingthemfromthenon-creativeisthattheymakelotsofmistakesandcontinuetoworkthroughthem.Mostpeopleconsidersuccessandfailureaspolaropposites.Inrealitytheyarebothpartsofthesameprocess..WhatmightpeoplewithagrowthmindsetagreewithA.Challengesarewelcomed.B・Mistakescanbeavoided.C.Successisduetogoodluck.D.Onlytalentleadstosuccess..Whatdoestheunderlinedphraseasteppingstoneinparagraph2refertoA.Aroadtonowhere.B・Achallengeintheway.C.Anoutcometoexpect.D.Achancetoadvance..WhydoestheauthormentionThomasEdisoninparagraph3A.Tomakeaprediction.B・Topresentafact.C・Tosupportaviewpoint.D.Toclarifyaprinciple..WhatisthemainideaofthetextA.Howpeopleinterpretfailureoftendeterminestheircreativeoutput.B・Learningfromsuccessplaysanimportantpartinimprovingcreativity.Growthmindsetpeopleseechallengesdifferentlyfromfixedmindsetones.Whichgrouppeopleputthemselvesindecideshowtheyreacttochallenges.【答案】
8.A
9.D
10.C
11.A【导语】本文为一篇说明文文章指出人们对失败的理解、态度会决定会影响到他们的创造性产出,相比轻言放弃的固定型思维的人,具有成长型思维的人用发展的眼光看待失败,更具有创造力.推理判断题根据第二段最后一句Ifyouexperiencefailureandregarditasasteppingstonethenyouhaveplacedyourselfintothegrowthgroup.(如果你经历过失败,并将其视为一次提升自己的机会,那么你已经将自己置于成长型群体中)“,以及第三段第一句Accordingtotheresearchpeopleinthegrowthgrouptendtogeneratemorecreativeideasthanthoseinthefixedgroup.(根据研究,成长组的人往往比固定组的人产生更多的创造性想法户可知,对于成长性思维的人来说,失败只是一个垫脚石,从失败中他们能生成更多创新的点子,所以具有成长型思维的人愿意接受挑战,故选A项.词句猜测题根据第二段最后一句Ifyouexperiencefailureandgiveupyouhaveconvenientlyassignedyourselftothefixedgroup.Ifyouexperiencefailureandregarditasasteppingstonethenyouhaveplacedyourselfintothegrowthgroup.(如果你经历了失败,放弃了,你就很方便地把自己分配到固定的群体如果你经历过失败,并将其视为asteppingstone那么你已经将自己置于成长型群体中厂可知,固定型思维的人遇到失败就放弃,而与之相对的是,成长型思维的人把失败当作有帮助的,可以促进发展,可推知划线短语asteppingstone和D项“Achancetoadvance.(一次提高的机会)”意思相近,故选D项.推理判断题根据第三段Accordingtotheresearchpeopleinthegrowthgrouptendtogeneratemorecreativeideasthanthoseinthefixedgroup.(根据研究,具有成长型思维的人往往比固定型思维组的人产生更多的创造性想法)“可知,这句话为段首核心观点下文“ToillustrateconsiderThomasEdison.Inthe19thcenturyEdisonattemptedtoimprovethelightbulbandexperimentedwithnumerousmaterials.Overathousandtrialshemanagedtodiscoveranelementsustaininglight.AreporteronceaskedhimJitseemsasthoughyouvetriedmanytimesandcontinuetofaileachtime.WhyisthatEdisonansweredhavenotfailed.Tvejustfound10000waysthatwon*work/(为了说明这一点,以托马斯・爱迪生为例在19世纪,爱迪生试图改进灯泡,并试验了许多材料经过一千多次试验,他终于发现了一种维持光的元素一位记者曾经问他‘你似乎已经尝试了很多次,但每次都失败了为什么呢?‘爱迪生回答说‘我没有失败我发现了一万种行不通的方法’户可知,此处为典型举例表述,结合其内容可知,作者提到爱迪生是以其为例来支撑本段首句提出的观点故选C项.主旨大意题通读全文,本文第
一、二段主要介绍了具有成长型思维的人和具有固定型思维的人对待失败的截然不同的态度和反应;第
三、四段论证了具有成长型思维的人,善于用发展的眼光看待失败,相比轻言放弃的固定型思维的人,更具有创造力,可本文的大意为对失败的理解、态度会决定会影响到他们的创造性产出故选A项
20.12023届广东省惠州市高三一模】Earthquakescannotbeforecastbutengineerscanprepareforthem.Seismic-isolation(地震B苗离)systemsbuiltintothebasesofcertainbuildingsinhigh-riskareasusecomplexstructuresofconcreterubberandmetaltoreducequakedamagebyabsorbingthegroundshorizontalshaking.Butsuchadaptationsareexpensive.EngineerJianZhangoftheUniversityofCaliforniasaysbuildingseismicisolation-systemcanincreaseconstructioncostsbyupto20percent.Althoughthesesystemsmightsavemorethantheycostovertimebuildersinsomeregionsmaynothavethebudgetforthematpresent.Anewseismic-isolationmethodusesthephysicsofrollingtocreatealower-costalternativewithreadilyavailablematerials:recycledtennisballs.EveryoneplaystennisandtheydontknowwhattodowiththetennisballsaftereachgameJsaysETHZurichseismicengineerMichalisVassiliou.Vassiliousteambaseditsmethodonanearlyformofseismic-isolationthatrollsashakingbuildingtoastopthewayaskaterinahalf-pipeeventuallycomestorest.Byseparatingabuildingfromthegroundwithalayerofspheres(球体),rollingisolationchangesunstablehorizontalshakingintoagentlerockingmotion.Thismethodwasusedin5000-year-oldPeruvianpyramidsbuttodaybuildersfavorexpensivestandardizedisolationsystems.Fortheirmoderntakeonrollingseismic-isolationtheresearchersinjectedconcrete-likemixesintohundredsofballsthathadlosttheirbounce.Theybuiltaninexpensivemodelconsistingoffourfilledtennisballssandwichedbetweentwoconcreteslabs(厚板),andtheyfoundthatitwithstoodearthquakeshakingwhilesupportingeightkilonewtonsofforceperball-abouttwicewhatisolationsystemsmightexperienceunderone-storyhouses.Zhangsaysthattheworkisworthwhileandthatsuchtechnologymightserveanunmetneed.Butshenotesthattheresultsareprimary.Vassiliouagrees;nextstepswillmeancreatingandtestingalargermodelwithhundredsoftennisballsataresearchcenterinearthquake-proneCuba-anexampleofaplacewheresuchsystemscouldmakeisolationpracticableinordinaryconstruction..WhydotheengineersadoptrecycledtennisballsA.Toimprovetheperformanceoftennisballs.B・Tohelpdealwiththetennisballsaftermatches.Tosimplifythecomplexstructuresofbuildings.Tocuttheexpenseofseismic-isolationbuilding.
13.WhateffectcouldthenewmethodachieveA.Recyclinguselesstennisballs.B.Transformingtheshakingintoagentleone.C.Withstandingearthquakeshaking.D.Enablingahousetosupportmuchmoreforce..WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesZhang9sattitudetowardsthenewtechnologyA.Doubtful.B.Unclear.C.Objective.D.Approving..WhatisthemainideaofthetextA.ResearchersarecreatingandtestingmodelsinCuba.B・Engineersareexploringwaysofearthquakeforecasts.Alow-costdesignhelpsshakingbuildingsrolltoastop.Recycledtennisballscouldprotectbuildingsfromdisasters.【答案】
12.D
13.B
14.C
15.C【导语】本文是一篇说明文文章介绍了一种新的隔震方法利用滚动的物理特性,用现成的材料(回收的网球)创造一种成本较低的替代方案.细节理解题根据第三段Anewseismic-isolationmethodusesthephysicsofrollingtocreatealower-costalternativewithreadilyavailablematerials:recycledtennisballs.(一种新的隔震方法利用滚动的物理特性,用现成的材料(回收的网球)创造一种成本较低的替代方案)”可知,工程师们使用回收的网球是为了降低隔震建筑的费用故选D.细节理解题根据第四段Byseparatingabuildingfromthegroundwithalayerofspheres(球体)rollingisolationchangesunstablehorizontalshakingintoagentlerockingmotion.(通过用一层球体将建筑物与地面隔开(球体),滚动隔离将不稳定的水平振动变为轻微的摇摆运动)”可知,这种新型方法可将震动转化为轻柔的震动故选B.推理判断题根据最后一段“Zhangsaysthattheworkisworthwhileandthatsuchtechnologymightserveanunmetneed.Butshenotesthattheresultsareprimary.(张说,这项工作是值得的,这样的技术可能服务于一个未满足的需求但她指出,结果是初步的)”可知,张既肯定这项工作是值得的,但同时也承认这项结果是初步的,所以他对这项新技术持客观公正的态度故选C.主旨大意题本文前两段指出建筑隔震系统增加建筑成本,从而引出第三段话题——一种新的隔震方法下文继续阐述该方法的设计原理和隔震效果解释这种新型隔震方法C项“Alow-costdesignhelpsshakingbuildingsrolltoastop(一种低成本的可以帮助摇晃的建筑物停卜来的设计)”最能概括文章主旨故选CoC.Bigsuccessinbeatingothercarmakers.D.Dramaticchangesintransportation.【答案】
8.C
9.A
10.D
11.B【导语】这是一篇说明文文章主要介绍了荷兰的一个学生团队发明了一种叫做ZEM的电动汽车,这种汽车不仅在驾驶时不产生二氧化碳,而且实际上可以从空气中提取二氧化碳.细节理解题根据第二段中“CalledZEM”whichstandsforzeroemissionmobility”thecarisequippedwithspecialdevicesthatremovecarbondioxidefromtheairasitdrives.(这种汽车被称为ZEM意思是零排放机动性”,它配备了特殊装置,在行驶过程中可以去除空气中的二氧化碳户可知,ZEM的特殊之处在于它能降低空气中的二氧化碳含量故选C.推理判断题根据第二中“TheteamsaysifZEMisdrivenabout32000kilometersitcanremove2kilogramsofcarbondioxidefromtheair.Thatsnotahugeamount.Theteamcalculatesthat10ZEMcarsontheroadforayearwouldremoveasmuchcarbondioxideasatypicaltreedoesduringthattime.(研究小组说,如果ZEM行驶约32000公里,它可以从空气中清除2公斤的二氧化碳这不是很多研究小组计算出,10辆ZEM汽车在公路上一年清除的二氧化碳排放量相当于一棵普通树一年吸收二氧化碳的量户可推知,研究团队在第二段计算ZEM吸收二氧化碳的量是为了表明对ZEM汽车的美好憧憬,故选Ao.细节理解题根据第三段“ZEMalsohasseveralotherinnovationsthathelptomakeitmorecapableofbeingsustained:thecarsframeandpanels(面板)are3Dprintedtoreducewaste;itwasbuiltusingrecycledandrecyclablematerials;anditcanbeeasilytakenapartsothatmanyofitspartscanbereused.ZEMsbatteryisalsoreusableandhasanotherhandyfeature:itcanbechargedwithsolarpanelsonthecarsroof-andcanevenbeusedtoprovidepowertoyourhousewhenthecarisntontheroad.(ZEM还有其他一些创新,有助于使其更具可持续性汽车的车架和面板是3D打印的,以减少浪费;它使用可循环回收利用的材料制造;它可以很容易地拆卸,其中许多部件可以重复使用ZEM的电池也是可重复使用的,而且还有一个方便的特点它可以用车顶上的太阳能电池板充电,甚至可以在汽车不在路上的时候为你的房子提供电力户可知,ZEM的所有零部件都是环保的,故选D.推理判断题根据最后一段中“TheEindhoventeamsaysitsgoalistochallengetheelectriccarindustry:If32studentscanbuildacarlikethisinlessthanayearthensurelycarmanufacturers(生产商)areexpectedtoadopttheseinnovationstoo.(Eindhoven的研究小组表示,他们的目标是挑战电动汽车行业如果32名学生能在不到一年的时间里制造出这样一辆汽车,那么汽车制造商肯定也会采用这些创新广可知,Eindhoven团队的目标是挑战电动汽车行业,由此可推知,Eindhoven希望在未来实现ZEM汽车的大量生产,故选B
3.12023届广东省佛山市统考一模】Itsnosecretnowthatthemoretimewespendonsocialmediathemorewefeeldissatisfiedwithourselves.Wetendtocompareourselvestoinfluencesandcelebrities-soitseasytounderstandhowthatcanaffectourconfidence.ButhowoftenhaveyoufoundyourselfcomparingyourlifetoyourfriendsEngagingwithsocialmediasharedbyourfriendscanbemoredamagingthanlookingatcontentsharedbycelebritiesnewresearchhasfound.Thestudylookingathowsocialmediaaffectsbodyimagefoundthatanysocialmediaengagementwassignificantlyassociatedwithlowerappearancesatisfaction”.Additionallyitfoundthatengagingwithcontentpostedbypeopletheparticipantsknewwasmorethantwiceasdamagingaslookingatcontentpostedbystrangersincludingcelebrities.VirenSwamiProfessorofSocialPsychologyatAngliaRuskinUniversitybelievesthisispartlybecauseweknowitshardtoattainthelivesofcelebritiesorinfluencesbutwhenwerecomparingourselvestoourfriendsitfeelslikeweshould-orcould-livethewaytheydo.“Onepossibleexplanationisthatpeoplemayperceiveapostshowingappearanceasbeingmuchmoreattainableifitcomesfromsomeonetheyknowaddingexpectationorpressureonthepersonengaginginthepost“hesaid.“Atthesametimepeoplemaybemorecriticallyengagedwithpostsbythelikesofmodelsandcelebritiesandthereforeperceivetheimagestheysharetobemoreunrealistic.Thisisnotjustconfinedtobodyimagethough.Weallhaveoneareainourlivesthattriggers(触发)us.Maybeyouvebeensearchingforanewjobfbrmonthsandyoufindyourselfonsocialmediaenvyingyourschoolfriendwhojustlandedtheirdreamrole.Maybe...Allthisistosaytheobvious:weonlyseepartofpeopleslives-andifitsgettingyoudownyoureprobablycomparingyourinsidestootherpeoplesoutsides.Everyonehastheirstrugglesandlifeisindeednotperfectfbranyone.Soputdownyourphonegetofflinebethankfulandtrytoliveyourownlife.WhatdidthenewstudyfindA.Socialmediainvitesunfavorablecomments.B・Friendspostsaffectusmorethancelebrities
5.C.Celebritieshaveanegativeinfluenceonourlife.D.Bodyimagecausesmoreconcernthansociallife.WhyarewemorelikelytocomparewithourfriendsaccordingtoSwamiA.Theyserveasrolemodels.B-Weknowthewaytheylive.C.Theirlifestylesareaccessible.D.Wearecuriousabouttheirlife.WhatdoestheunderlinedwordinParagraph6probablymeanA.Restricted.B.Related.C.Devoted.D.Exposed.WhatdoestheauthorsuggestpeopledoA.Findyourdreamandfightforit.B・Stopcomparingandbeyourself.Begratefulandleadaperfectlife.Stopcomplainingandgetdowntowork.【答案】
8.B
9.C
10.A
11.B【导语】这是一篇说明文主要介绍了一项新研究新研究发现朋友的帖子对人们的影响比名人的更大让人们更容易与朋友进行比较但是作者建议人们放下手机,心存感激,努力过自己的生活.细节理解题文章第二段讲至『Engagingwithsocialmediasharedbyourfriendscanbemoredamagingthanlookingatcontentsharedbycelebritiesnewresearchhasfound.(一项新的研究发现,与看名人分享的内容相比,参与朋友分享的社交媒体可能更具破坏性广可知新研究发现朋友的帖子对我们的影响比名人的更大,故选B.推理判断题文章第二段讲到“VirenSwamiProfessorofSocialPsychologyatAngliaRuskinUniversitybelievesthisispartlybecauseweknowitshardtoattainthelivesofcelebritiesorinfluencesbutwhenwerecomparingourselvestoourfriendsitfeelslikeweshould-orcould-livethewaytheydo.(AngliaRuskin大学社会心理学教授VirenSwami认为,这部分是因为我们知道很难获得名人或影响力的生活,但当我们将自己与朋友进行比较时,感觉我们应该或者可以像他们那样生活)”可知根据Swam的说法,我们更容易与朋友进行比较是因为他们的生活方式更容易见得到,故选Co.词义猜测题文章划线单词下一句讲至『Weallhaveoneareainourlivesthattriggers(触发)us.Maybeyouvebeensearchingfbranewjobformonthsandyoufindyourselfonsocialmediaenvyingyourschoolfriendwhojustlandedtheirdreamrole.(我们的生活中都有一个领域触发了我们也许你已经找了好几个月的新工作,你在社交媒体上发现自己,羡慕你的学校朋友,他刚刚找到了他们梦想中的角色户可知划线单词所在句子的意思是但这不仅仅局限于身体形象所以第六段中带下划线的单词可能的意思是“受限制的、故选Ao.推理判断题文章最后一段讲到“Everyonehastheirstrugglesandlifeisindeednotperfectforanyone.Soputdownyourphonegetofflinebethankfulandtrytoliveyourownlife.(每个人都有自己的奋斗,生活对任何人来说都不完美所以,放下手机,下线,心存感激,努力过自己的生活户可知作者建议人们停止比较,做你自己,故选B
4.12023届河北省唐山市保定市2地统考一模】PreferyourcoffeeblackThenyouprobablylikedarkbitterchocolateaccordingtonewresearchidentifyingagenetic(基因的)basisfbrthosepreferences.IfthatsyouthencongratulationsyouaretheluckygeneticwinnerofafeaturethatmayofferyouaboosttowardgoodhealthaccordingtocaffeineresearcherMarilynCornelisanassociateprofessorofpreventivemedicineatNorthwesternUniversityFeinbergSchoolofMedicine.Studiesfindappropriateamountsofblackcoffeebetween3and5cupsdailyhasbeenshowntolowertheriskofcertaindiseasesincludingParkinsonsheartdiseasesType2diabetesandseveraltypesofcancer.Butthosebenefitsarelikelytobemorepionouncedifthecoffeeisfreeofallofthemilksugarsandotherfatteningflavoringswetendtoadd.“Weknowtheresgrowingevidencesuggestingtheresabeneficialimpactofcoffeeconsumptiononhealth.Butreadingbetweenthelinesanyoneadvisingsomeonetoconsumecoffeewouldtypicallyadvisethemtoconsumeblackcoffeeduetothedifferencebetweenconsumingblackcofleeandcoffeewithmilkandsugar“Cornelissaid.Oneisnaturallycaloriefree.Thesecondcanaddpossiblyhundredsofcaloriestoyourcoffeeandthehealthbenefitscouldbequitedifferent.sheadded.InpreviousresearchCornelisandherteamdiscoveredthatageneticvariant(变异)maycontributetowhysomepeopleenjoymanycupsofcoffeeadaywhileothersdonot.Peoplewiththegenemetabolize(第il冻代谢)caffeinefastersothestimulatingeffectswearofffasterandtheyneedtodrinkmorecoffee“shesaid.InanewstudypublishedinScientificReportsCornelisanalyzedmoreprecisetypesofcoffeedrinkersseparatingblackcoffeeloversfromcreamandsugar(ormore)lovers.uWefoundcoffeedrinkerswiththegeneticvariantthatreflectsafastermetabolismofcaffeinepreferbitterblackcoffeeJCornelissaid.“Wealsofoundthesamegeneticvariantinpeoplewhopreferplainteaoversweetenedandbitterdarkchocolateoverthemoremellowmilkchocolate.
8.WhydosomepeoplepreferbitterchocolateTheyareaffectedbytheirgenes.Theyknowitbenefitstheirhealth.Theyvegotthehabitsincechildhood.Theyareinfluencedbytheirfriends.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“pronounced“inparagraph2probablymeanA.Complex.B.Changeable.C.Obvious.D.Fundamental.WhatcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphA.Peopleoftengivemisleadingsuggestions.B-Peopleshouldchoosecalorie-freecoffee.C.Theeffectofcoffeeonhealthisoverstated.D.Sugarandmilkaredamagingourhealthsecretly.WhatsthetextmainlyaboutA.Howtokeephealthy.B.Howtomakecoffee.C.Whychocolategetspopular.D.Whypeoplelikeblackcoffee.【答案】
8.A
9.C
10.B
11.D【导语】本文是一篇说明文文章介绍研究人员研究为什么有人喜欢喝黑咖啡,原来他们是有基因偏爱的
8.细节理解题根据第一段“PreferyourcoffeeblackThenyouprobablylikedarkbitterchocolateaccordingtonewresearchidentifyingagenetic(基因的)basisforthosepreferences.(喜欢你的咖啡黑吗?那你可能会喜欢又黑又苦的巧克力吧,根据最新的研究,确定了这些偏好的遗传基础广可知有些人喜欢苦巧克力是受到基因影响,故选A
9.词义猜测题根据划线词上文“Studiesfindappropriateamountsofblackcoffeebetween3and5cupsdailyhasbeenshowntolowertheriskofcertaindiseasesincludingParkinsonsheartdiseasesType2diabetesandseveraltypesofcancer.(研究发现,适量的黑咖啡(每天3到5杯)已被证明可以降低某些疾病的风险,包括帕金森氏症、心脏病、2型糖尿病和几种癌症户和下文的But以及画线单词下文“ifthecoffeeisfreeofallofthemilksugarsandotherfatteningflavoringswetendtoadd.(如果咖啡中没有牛奶、糖和其他我们倾向于添加的增肥调味品厂可知,如果咖啡中不含牛奶、糖和其他我们倾向于添加的增肥调味品,这些好处可能会更明显因此划线词pronounced意为“明显的”和Obvious(明显的)同义,故选C
10.推理判断题根据第三段“Weknowtheresgrowingevidencesuggestingthere9sabeneficialimpactofcoffeeconsumptiononhealth.ButreadingbetweenthelinesanyoneadvisingsomeonetoconsumecoffeewouldtypicallyadvisethemtoconsumeblackcoffeeduetothedifferencebetweenconsumingblackcoffeeandcoffeewithmilkandsugarJCornelissaid.Oneisnaturallycaloriefree.Thesecondcanaddpossiblyhundredsofcaloriestoyourcoffeeandthehealthbenefitscouldbequitedifferent.^^sheadded.(“我们知道,越来越多的证据表明,喝咖啡对健康有益但言外之意是,任何建议人们喝咖啡的人通常都会建议他们喝黑咖啡,因为黑咖啡和加牛奶和糖的咖啡之间存在差异”“一种是天然无卡路里的第二种咖啡可能会给你的咖啡增加数百卡路里的热量,而且对健康的益处可能大不相同她补充道厂可推断人们应该选择无卡路里的咖啡故选B
11.主旨大意题通读全文,尤其最后一段“InanewstudypublishedinScientificReportsCornelisanalyzedmoreprecisetypesofcoffeedrinkersseparatingblackcoffeeloversfromcreamandsugar(ormore)lovers.Wefoundcoffeedrinkerswiththegeneticvariantthatreflectsafastermetabolismofcaffeinepreferbitterblackcoffee“Cornelissaid.Wealsofoundthesamegeneticvariantinpeoplewhopreferplainteaoversweetenedandbitterdarkchocolateoverthemoremellowmilkchocolate.”(在《科学报告》上发表的一项新研究中,科内利斯分析了更精确的咖啡饮用者类型,将黑咖啡爱好者与加奶油和糖(或更多)的爱好者区分开来科内利斯说:“我们发现,携带咖啡因代谢较快基因变异的咖啡饮用者更喜欢苦的黑咖啡”我们还在那些喜欢纯茶而不是甜的、苦的黑巧克力而不是更醇厚的牛奶巧克力的人身上发现了同样的基因变异可知文章介绍为什么有人喜欢喝黑咖啡,原来他们是有基因偏爱的故选D
5.[2023届河北省名校联考一模】Scientiststodayareconcernedaboutthegrowingnumberofspeciesintheworldthatmaysoonbecomeextinct.TheUnitedNationsalongwithmanygovernmentsaretryingtosavetheseendangeredspecies.Tohelpresolvethisissuescientistshavebeentryingtolearnwhyspeciesbecomeendangered.IntheUnitedStateslossofhabitatsisthemainreasonforspeciesbecomingendangered.Aspopulationsgrowandcitiesortownsexpandnatureisdestroyedandtheecosystemisaffected.Evensmallchangesinonepartofanecosystemcanhaveabigimpactonanotherpartofit.Forexampledeforestationmayresultinachangeingroundtemperaturewhichmaykilloffacertainkindofplantintheforest.Animalsthateatthisplantmaysuddenlyfindthatthereisnoavailablefoodsotheystarvetodeath.Anotherpossiblecauseofendangeredorextinctspeciesisclimatechangeandrisingsealevels.AstheEarthgetswarmerthishasprofoundeffectsonanimalandplantlifeeverywhere.Forexamplerisingsealevelsmakecoastalareasunfitforbirdstolivein.Warmertemperaturesmelttheicewherepolarbearslivewreckingtheirhabitatandmakingitharderforthemtofindfood.Therisingseasalsomakeitharderforpolarbearstoswimfromthecoldwaterstofrozenpacksoficesomanyofthemdrown.Thereareseveralwaysthatpeoplearetryingtohelpendangeredspeciesrecover.Ecologistsstudydifferentspeciesandtrytofindoutmoreinformationaboutthemtotryandhelp.InFinlandforexamplescientistsfoundthataadecreaseinthenumberofbogs(沼泽)wasresponsibleforthefallingbutterflypopulation.Oncetheyunderstoodthistheycouldmanagethebutterflypopulationandhelpitrecover.Governmentsarealsopassinglawstoprotectendangeredanimals.OneexampleofthisisanareanearHawaiiwithaseriouslylowfishpopulation.TheUnitedStatesgovernmenthasmadeitillegalforfishingboatstoenterthisarea.Whatcanweinferfromparagraph2MostendangeredspeciesarelocatedintheUnitedStates.CitiesandtownsintheUnitedStatesaregrowingtoofast.Ecosystemchangescanresultinhabitatlossandanimaldeath.Moretreesneedtobeplantedtopreventanimalsfromdyingout.Whatdoestheunderlinedwordwrecking“inparagraph3meanA.Conserving.B.Damaging.C.Providing.D.Dominating.WhichisthebesttitleforthistextWhatwilltheauthorprobablydiscussintheparagraphthatfollowsA.Someotherwaystohelpendangeredspeciesrecover.B・Abriefdiscussionofpolarbearsandtheirdiethabits.TheimpactoffishinglawsonthedevelopmentofHawaii.Variousopinionsanddebatesconcerningthecauseofglobalwarming.【答案】
8.C
9.B
10.A
11.A【分析】本文为一篇说明文,介绍了珍惜物种濒临灭绝的原因,同时提出了一些帮助濒危物种恢复的方法.推理判断题根据文章第二段关键句Evensmallchangesinonepartofanecosystemcanhaveabigimpactonanotherpartofit.”(生态系统的一个部分即使很小的变化也会对另一部分产生巨大的影响)及下文给出的例子“Forexampledeforestationmayresultinachangeingroundtemperaturewhichmaykilloffacertainkindofplantintheforest.Animalsthateatthisplantmaysuddenlyfindthatthereisnoavailablefoodsotheystarvetodeath.(例如,森林砍伐可能导致地温的变化,这可能杀死森林中的某种植物吃这种植物的动物可能会突然发现没有可用的食物,所以它们会饿死)可以推测,生态系统的变化会导致栖息地的丧失和动物的死亡故选C项.词义猜测题根据文章第三段关键句Warmertemperaturesmelttheicewherepolarbearslivewreckingtheirhabitatandmakingitharderforthemtofindfood.(温暖的温度融化了北极熊生活的地方的冰,它们的栖息地,使它们更难找到食物)可以推测,此处为分词作结果状语,高温融化了北极熊生活环境中的冰,破坏了它们的栖息地,因此wrecking与damaging意思一致故选B项.主旨大意题根据文章第一段关键句Scientiststodayareconcernedaboutthegrowingnumberofspeciesintheworldthatmaysoonbecomeextinct.TheUnitedNationsalongwithmanygovernmentsaretryingtosavetheseendangeredspecies.(如今,科学家们对世界上物种数量的增长感到担忧,这些物种可能很快会灭绝联合国和许多国家的政府正在努力拯救这些濒临灭绝的物种)并结合全文内容可知,此文主要目的为呼吁我们应该拯救濒危物种A选项“SavingEndangeredSpecies”(拯救濒危物种)作为本题的标题,符合文。