高考英语外刊阅读训练之阅读理解：业余天文学家的贡献讲义

高考英语外刊阅读训练一一阅读理解:业余天文学家的贡献改编自AsteroidcollisionshowshowmuchamateurastronomershavetoofferLastSeptember;NASAsDoubleAsteroidRedirectionTestDARTspacecraftintentionallycollidedwithanasteroidandmanytelescopesweretrainedontheevent.Amongthesetelescopeswerethoseoperatedbyamateurastronomerswhoareskilledskywatchersbutdonotworkfull-timeinastronomy.SomeoftheseteamsonFrance7sReunionislandandoneinNairobiwereabletowatchtheimpactinrealtime.TheobservationsmadebytheseamateurastronomerscontributedtoastudypublishedinNaturewhichdescribedhowtheasteroidnamedDimorphosbecametemporarilybrighterandredderasthespacecrafthititThiseventisyetanotherexampleofthecontributionthatamateurastronomershavemadetounderstandingcelestialphenomena.Inthepasttheyhavehelpedastronomersbetterunderstandvariablestarsclassifygalaxiesandevensearchforextraterrestrialsignals.Amateurastronomershavediscoveredcometsandothercelestialoccurrencesidentifiedpreviouslyunknownobjectsandobservedoldphotographsofthenightskytouncovernewphenomena.Thecoordinationbetweenamateurandprofessionalresearchersisnotuniquetoastronomy.InJanuaryInJanuaryresearchersreleasedBirdFlowamodelthatpredictswhereNorthAmericanbirdspecieswillmigratetousingrecordsfromanonlinedatabasecalledeBirdwhichreceivesmillionsofcontributionseachyearfromamateurornithologists.社区科学受益于从多个贡献者收集数据从而允许进一步校准和确认观测结果Communitysciencebenefitsfromgatheringdatafrommultiplecontributorsallowingforfurthercalibrationandconfirmationofobservations.在DART撞击事件中，业余科学家迅速收集、分发和发布信息是有价值的，其他团队继续监测DART小行星系统，以完善我们对其绕日轨道的理解InthecaseoftheDARTimpacttherapidgatheringdistributionandpublicationofinformationbytheamateurscientistswasvaluableandotherteamscontinuetomonitortheDARTasteroidsystemtorefineourunderstandingofitsorbitaroundthesun.随着科学变得越来越专业化，越来越依赖于特定的仪器，人们很容易忽视业余科学家的作用Assciencebecomesmorespecializedanddependentonspecificinstrumentsitistemptingtodismisstheroleofamateurscientists.然而，更多的在职研究人员应该考虑如何创造性地利用业余同事的热情来协助观察和数据分析Howevermoreworkingresearchersshouldconsiderhowtheycancreativelyharnesstheenthusiasmoftheiramateurcolleaguestoassistwithobservationsanddataanalysis.下次有人在寻找观察伙伴或帮助分析数据时，他们应该考虑求助于业余科学家ThenexttimesomeoneislookingforanobservationpartnerorhelpwithanalyzingdatatheyshouldconsiderturningtoanamateurscientistresearchersreleasedBirdFlowamodelthatpredictswhereNorthAmericanbirdspecieswillmigratetousingrecordsfromanonlinedatabasecalledeBirdwhichreceivesmillionsofcontributionseachyearfromamateurornithologists.Communitysciencebenefitsfromgatheringdatafrommultiplecontributorsallowingforfurthercalibrationandconfirmationofobservations.InthecaseoftheDARTimpacttherapidgatheringdistributionandpublicationofinformationbytheamateurscientistswasvaluableandotherteamscontinuetomonitortheDARTasteroidsystemtorefineourunderstandingofitsorbitaroundthesun.Assciencebecomesmorespecializedanddependentonspecificinstrumentsitistemptingtodismisstheroleofamateurscientists.Howevermoreworkingresearchersshouldconsiderhowtheycancreativelyharnesstheenthusiasmoftheiramateurcolleaguestoassistwithobservationsanddataanalysis.Thenexttimesomeoneislookingforanobservationpartnerorhelpwithanalyzingdatatheyshouldconsiderturningtoanamateurscientist【重点词汇】spacecraft/speis.kraeft/n.太空飞8台asteroid/aes.tsr.oid/n.〃\彳亍星telescope/tel.s.sksup/n.望远镜amateur/aem.s.tsr/adj.业余的；n.业余爰好者skywatcher/skai.wdtjsr/n.观测天空的人astronomy/sstron.s.mi/n.天文学impact/im.paekt/n.冲击;vt.撞击observation/icb.za1vei.Jbn/n.观察，观测variable/ves.ri.s.bl/adj.变化的；n.星变classify/1klaes.i.fa1/vt.分类extraterrestrial/lek.stra.tares.tri.9l/adj.地球外的signal/《ig.nal/n.信号;vt.发信号comet/kom.it/n.彗星occurrence/skAr.sns/n.发生出现coordinate/koob r.da.neit/v.f办调配合researcher/risal.tjbr/n.研究人员migratory/mai.grs.tsr.i/adj.迁移的；n.迁移动物database/dei.ts.beis/n.数据库ornithologist/|Oi.ni0Dl.a.dsist/n.鸟类学家communityscience/ksmju^ns.tisaisns/社区科学calibration/ikael.ibrei.^n/n.校准confirmation/|kon.f8n/n.确认distribution/|dis.tribju:.j8n/n.分发分配specific/spasif.ik/adj.特定的instrument/in.strs.msnt/n.仪器enthusiasm/inOju^zi.aez.sm/n.热情colleague/kol.i:g/n.同事observationpartner/|Dbz81veijbnpa:tnar/观测伙伴dataanalysis/deltaanaelasis/数据分析refine/rifain/vt.改进精炼calibrationandconfirmationofobservations校准和观测确认gatherdata/gaedsdei.ts/收集数据dependenton/dipendsnton/依赖于dismiss/dismis/vt.忽略，不考虑harness/ha:.ms/vt.利用，控制workingresearcher/wai.kirjrisai.tjbr/职业研究员oldphotographs/soldfso.ts.graefs/老照片uncover/An%avq17Vt.揭露，揭开NorthAmerican/no r0ameriksn/北美的eBird/i.b3d/爰鸟网celestial/ssles.ti.sl/adj.天体的，天上的temporarily/tem.psr.er.sli/adv.暂时地previously/priwi.ss.li/adv.以前，预先unknownobject/Annsonobdsikt/未知物体searchfor/s3tjfo r/寻找valuablecontribution/vaeljusblksntribjujn/有价值的贡献furthercalibration/出演kaelibreijbn/更进一步的校准【阅读理解练习题】WhatdidamateurastronomersdoduringtheeventinSeptemberTheyintentionallycollidedwithanasteroid.TheywatchedtheimpactofDARTspacecraftonanasteroidandmadeobservations.Theysearchedforextraterrestrialsignals.Theydiscoveredcometsandothercelestialoccurrences.Answer:B解析文章第一段提到了许多的望远镜关注着DART飞船与小行星碰撞的事件，其中包括那些由业余天文学家操作的望远镜，他们能够实时观测到撞击的影响并做出观测因此答案为BAccordingtothepassagehowhaveamateurastronomerscontributedtoastronomyByhelpingclassifygalaxies.Bydiscoveringcometsandcelestialoccurrences.Byobservingoldphotographsofthenightsky.Alloftheabove.Answer:D解析根据文章第二段所述，业余天文学家帮助天文学家更好地了解地球因星变化、分类银河系甚至搜索外星信号他们发现了彗星和其他天体变化、发现之前未知的物体以及观测老照片揭示新的现象故选DWhatisBirdFlowAmigrationpatternpredictionmodelforbirds.Anonlinedatabaseforbirdobservationrecords.Acoordinationplatformforamateurandprofessionalresearchers.AstudypublishedinNature.Answer:A解析根据文章第三段，BirdFlow是一个模型，它使用在线数据库eBird的记录来预测北美鸟类物种迁徙到哪里因此答案为AWhatisthebenefitofgatheringdatafrommultiplecontributorsincommunityscienceItallowsforfurthercalibrationandconfirmationofobservations.Iteliminatestheneedforprofessionalscientists.Itresultsinfasterpublicationofscientificdata.Itprovidesmorefundingopportunitiesforresearch.Answer:A解析根据文章第四段，从多个贡献者收集数据的社区科学的优点是可以进一步校准和确认观测结果因此答案为AWhatisthemainideaofthepassageAmateurastronomershavecontributedsignificantlytoastronomyashaveamateurornithologiststobirdmigration.Theroleofamateurscientistsshouldnotbeoverlookedastheycanassistwithobservationsanddataanalysis.Professionalresearchersarebecomingtoospecializedanddependentonspecificinstruments.Thecoordinationbetweenamateurandprofessionalresearchersiskeytounderstandingvariousphenomena.Answer:B解析本篇文章主要讲述了业余天文学家在天文领域以及业余鸟类学家在鸟类物种迁徙领域对科学的贡献同时强调业余科学家发挥的作用不应被忽视，他们可以协助观察和数据分析因此答案为BoWhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassageAmateurastronomersdiscoveredcelestialoccurrences.eBirdreceivescontributionsfromprofessionalornithologists.TheroleofamateurscientistsisbecomingmoreimportantCommunitysciencebenefitsfromgatheringdatafrommultiplecontributors.Answer:B解析根据文章第三段，eBird接受来自业余鸟类学家的数百万条记录，而不是专业鸟类学家因此选BWhobenefitedfromtherapiddistributionandpublicationofinformationbyamateurscientistsinthecaseoftheDARTimpactOnlyamateurscientists.Professionalresearchersandthegeneralpublic.Onlythecoordinationbetweenamateurandprofessionalresearchers.Noneoftheabove.Answer:B解析根据文章第四段，业余科学家快速收集，分发和发布信息得到了价值，研究人员和公众都受益于这个事件的信息因此答案为BWhatistheauthorsattitudetowardtheroleofamateurscientistsinscientificresearchSkeptical.Positive.Negative.Indifferent.Answer:B解析通过文章最后一句话可知，作者鼓励更多的工作研究人员考虑如何创造性利用他们的业余同事的热情来协助观察和数据分析因此可以看出作者持积极态度因此答案为B【全文逐句对照翻译】去年9月，美国宇航局的双小行星重定向测试DART航天器故意与一颗小行星相撞，许多望远镜都对这一事件进行了训练LastSeptemberNASAsDoubleAsteroidRedirectionTestDARTspacecraftintentionallycollidedwithanasteroidandmanytelescopesweretrainedontheevent.在这些望远镜中，有一些是由业余天文学家操作的，他们是熟练的天文观测者，但不是全职从事天文学工作Amongthesetelescopeswerethoseoperatedbyamateurastronomerswhoareskilledskywatchersbutdonotworkfull-timeinastronomy.其中一些位于法国拉西乌恩岛的团队和一个位于内罗毕的团队能够实时观察其影响SomeoftheseteamsonFrancesReunionislandandoneinNairobiwereabletowatchtheimpactinrealtime.这些业余天文学家的观测结果为发表在《自然》杂志上的一项研究做出了贡献，该研究描述了这颗名为Dimorphos的小行星是如何在航天器撞击它时暂时变得更亮、更红的TheobservationsmadebytheseamateurastronomerscontributedtoastudypublishedinNaturewhichdescribedhowtheasteroidnamedDimorphosbecametemporarilybrighterandredderasthespacecrafthitit.这一事件是业余天文学家对理解天体现象所作贡献的又一个例子Thiseventisyetanotherexampleofthecontributionthatamateurastronomershavemadetounderstandingcelestialphenomena.过去，它们曾帮助天文学家更好地了解变星，对星系进行分类，甚至搜索地外信号Inthepasttheyhavehelpedastronomersbetterunderstandvariablestarsclassifygalaxiesandevensearchforextraterrestrialsignals.业余天文学家发现了彗星和其他天体现象，确定了以前未知的天体并观察了夜空的旧照片，以发现新的现象Amateurastronomershavediscoveredcometsandothercelestialoccurrencesidentifiedpreviouslyunknownobjectsandobservedoldphotographsofthenightskytouncovernewphenomena.业余和专业研究人员之间的协调并不是天文学所独有的Thecoordinationbetweenamateurandprofessionalresearchersisnotuniquetoastronomy.今年1月，研究人员发布了BirdFlow模型，该模型利用一个名为eBird的在线数据库的记录来预测北美鸟类物种将迁移到哪里该数据库每年都会收到来自业余鸟类学家的数百万份贡献。