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浙江省高考冲刺针对专项练习-阅读理解开展方式类题AmyloidisaproteinwhichaccumulatesinpartsofthebrainsofthosewithAlzheimerswhichisanestablishedsignoftheillness.Lecanemabcontainingaspecialantibodyisfoundtobeabletoattachitselftoamyloidandthenattractsimmune-systemcellstocleartheproteinaway(andmeasurablydidsointhosereceivingthedrug).ThatsuggestsamyloiddoesindeeddirectlycreateproblemsassociatedwithdementiaandthatLecanemabcanslowdownthedevelopmentofthedisease.•••【
1、题1]Theauthorexplainstheeffectivenessofthenewdrugby.illustratinghowthedruginteractswithamyloidinbodydescribinghowimmune-systemworksindetailmakingcomparisonsbetweentwogroupsofparticipantsquotingthecommentsofotherscientists•••Gonzalez-Varoandcolleaguesreporthowplantsmightbeabletokeeppacewithrapidclimatechangethroughthehelpofmigratingbirds.Theyanalyzedanimpressivedatasetof949differentseed-dispersalinteractionsbetweenbirdandplantcommunitiestogetherwithdataonentirefruitingtimesandmigratorypatternsofbirdsacrossEurope.•••【小题2]HowdidGonzalez-VaroandhiscolleaguescarryouttheresearchA.Bystudyingrelateddata.B.Byconductingfieldresearch.C.Byinterviewingplantexperts.D.Bydoingcomprehensivesurveys.OneChinesestartuphasapparentlydevelopedtechnologythatallowsittoidentifyindividualsbytheirwalkeveniftheirfaceiscoveredortheyhavetheirbacktothecameraKnownasgaitrecognition^thetechnologyinventedbyartificialintelligencestartupWatrixanalysesthousandsofmetrics(指标)aboutapersonswalkfromtheirbodyshapeandtheangleofarmmovementtotheirpostureandwhethertheyhaveatoe-inortoe-outgait.Alltheseindividualfeaturesgointodatabasethatthesoftwarethengoesthroughwhenattemptingtoidentifypeople.AccordingtoanofficialstatementfromWatrixtheaccuracyrateofgaittechnologyatthelaboratorylevelexceeds96percent.•••[
1、题3]HowcouldWatrixguaranteetheaccuracyof“gaitrecognitionBycheckingtheangleofpeoplesarmmovement.Bycombiningfacialrecognitionwithpeopleswalk.Bysettingupadatabaseofnumerousindividualsmetrics.Byanalyzingthousandsoffeaturesofpeopleslegsandtoes.Givenhowvaluableintelligenceandautomationarewewillcontinuetoimproveourtechnologyifweareatallableto.Atacertainpointwewillbuildmachinesthataresmarterthanweare.Oncewehavemachinesthataresmarterthanwearetheywillbegintoimprovethemselves.Theconcernisreallythatwewillbuildmachinesthataremuchmorecompetentthanweare.Andtheslightestdivergence(分歧)betweentheirgoalsandourowncoulddestroyus.Justthinkabouthowwerelatetoants.Wedonthatethem.Wedontgooutofourwaytoharmthem.Infactsometimeswetakepainsnottoharmthem.Westepoverthemonthesidewalk.Butwhenevertheirpresenceseriouslyconflictswithoneofourgoalswewillkillthemwithouthesitation.Theconcernisthatwewillonedaybuildmachinesthatwhethertheyreconsciousornotcouldtreatuswithsimilardisregard.Thebarefactisthatwewillcontinuetoimproveourintelligentmachines.Wehaveproblemsthatwedesperatelyneedtosolve.Sowewilldothisifwecan.Thetrainisalreadyoutofthestationandtheresnobraketopull.Ifwebuildmachinesthataremoreintelligentthanwearetheywillverylikelydevelopinwaysthatwecantimagineandtranscendusinwaysthatwecantimagine.SoimaginewehituponadesignofsuperintelligentAlthathasnosafetyconcerns.Thismachinewouldbetheperfectlabor-savingdevice.Itcandesignthemachinethatcanbuildthemachinewhichcandoanyphysicalworkpoweredbysunlightmoreorlessforthecostofrawmaterials.Soweretalkingabouttheendofhumanlabour.Werealsotalkingabouttheendofmostintellectualwork.SowhatwouldapeslikeourselvesdointhesecircumstancesButthemomentweadmitthatinformationprocessingisthesourceofintelligencewehavetoadmitthatweareintheprocessofbuildingsomesortofgod.Nowwouldbeagoodtimetomakesureitsagodwecanlivewith.[小题4]HowisthepassagemainlydevelopedA.Bymakingcomparisons.B.Bygivingassumptions.C.Byshowingvalidevidence.D.Byanalyzingstatistics.LizardsthatonceresidedinforestsbutnowhangaroundurbanareasofPuertoRicohavegeneticallymorphed(变化)tosurvivelifeinthecityresearchershavefound.ThePuertoRicancrestedanoleabrownlizardwithabrightorangethroatfanhassproutedspecialscales(鳞片)tobetterclingtosmoothsurfacessuchaswallsandwindowsscientistssay.“Wearewatchingevolutionasitsunfolding/saidKristinWinchellabiologyprofessor.AsurbanizationintensifiesaroundtheworlditsimportanttounderstandhoworganismsadaptandhumanscandesigncitiesinwaysthatsupportallspeciesWinchellsaid.Thestudyanalyzed96Anolislizardscomparingthegeneticmakeupofforest-dwellerstothoselivinginPuertoRicoscapital.Scientistsfoundthat33geneswithinthelizardgenomewererepeatedlyassociatedwithurbanization.•••【小题5]HowdidtheresearchersconductthestudyA.Byanalyzingpreviousresearchdata.B.Bycomparingdifferentlizardspecies.C.Bycitingthefamousscientists*words.D.BystudyingAnolislizardsinurbanandnaturalareas.Mychildhoodwasapaintedpictureofsunnyskyandrollinggreenfieldsstretchingtothehorizon.Ittastedofsharpberriesandsmeltofsourgrapes.Myfamilylivedinacabin(<|、木屋)inthecountrysidebutIlivedinmymothersarms.Theyweresodelicatebutstrongherredhairfallingaroundmelikeacurtainseparatingmefromtheworld.Childhoodwassimple.Thebordersofmyvillagewerethefurthestmytroubleswentandmonstersonlylivedinthepagesofbooks.Everydaywasawakingdreamofrunningracesandmuddyknees.Myvillagewasarchaicdyingcabinshousingdyingfarmerswithdyingtraditions.Therewerentmanychildrenbutmeandtheotherboys;boysofbutchersandsellersformedourowngroup.Theycalleduswild.Isupposewewere.Treesandmountainsformedourplaygroundsandfightsbrokeoutaseasilyassuddenlaughter.Liberatedfromtherestrictionsofsocietywewouldboundintothewoodsdeeperanddeeperuntilwefoundalakewhichwithawildyellwewouldjumpintoallatonce.Mymostvividmemoriesfromboyhoodcenteraroundthatlake.Watershonebrightlyandthesoundsofourscreamsbrokeintotheoutcryfrombirds.Theshockofcoldwateragainstsweatingskinwouldwakeeverynerveinmybodyandmybarefeetwouldhitthesinkingmuddybottom.Aswesubmerged(淹没)timewouldsuspendmovementsslowingasbubblesrosearoundus.Iwasdrowning.Iwasliving.Iwasliving.Iwasdrowning.Fortimelessnessorasecond(bothfeltthesame)wewouldsuspendcurlupandthenbeforcedbackoutintobreathingair.Weshouldhaveknownthatitwouldntlastforever.Yetevenunderthebestcircumstancestheressomethingsotragicaboutgrowingup:tohaveyourperspectiveonthepeopleandlifearoundyouchange;toalwaysstruggletoreachamirroronlytofindyourselftallenoughtoseeyourreflectiononeday.Andfindadifferentpersonstaringbackoutatyou.【小题6]HowdoestheauthorintroducehismemoriesofthelakeA.Bysharingfeelings.B.Byexpressingideas.C.Bymakingcomparisons.D.Bydescribingcharacters.DoctorsattheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFranciscointheUShavedevelopedapieceofsoftwarethatcanreadminds.TheprojectsupportedbyFacebookhopestohelppeoplewhobecauseofmedicalconditionsareunabletocommunicatewithothers.Untilnowtechnologiesthathavehelpedspeech-impaired(语言障碍)peoplecommunicatehavebeentooslowtoallowanaturalconversation.Peoplefindthesethingsupsettingtouse.Thisnewwayusesbrainsignalstochangeapersonsthoughtsintotext.Whenwewanttospeakthebrainsendssignalstomakethelipsjawandtonguemoveintherightwaytomakeanunderstandablesound.Bydiscoveringthesebrainsignalsthenewsoftwareisabletopredictwhatapersonwanttosayquicklyenoughtoholdaconversation.•••【小题7]HowdoesthesoftwarehelppeopleA.Bychangingpeoplesmindintotext.B.Bysendingsignalstotheirlips.C.Byorganizingconversationsforthem.D.Bytrainingthemhowtospeak.Astudyhasfoundthatpeoplewhoareliteratehadathirdtheriskofdevelopingdementia(痴呆症)comparedwiththosewhohadneverlearnttoreadandwrite.Thescientists-behindthestudysuggestedthatlearningtoreadmayrevealnewintellectualworldsandpromotealifeofthemindthatmighthelptokeepbrainssharpintooldage.“Ifoneacquirestheabilitytoreadandwritethatopensupopportunitiestoengageincognitivelystimulatingactivities/MiguelArceRenteriafromColumbiaUniversityMedicalCentresaid.zzEvenwithloweducationyoucanreadnewspapersandbooks.Thatprovidesopportunitiesforconstantstimulationthatcanlastfortherestofyourlife.Maybethatmightconferprotectionandreducetheeffectsofdementia/TheresearchpublishedinthejournalNeurologylookedatalmost1000olderpeopleinNewYorkchosenbecausetheyhadreceivedlittleeducationaschildren.Theaverageagewas77andmorethan90percentwereimmigrants.AllofthemhadhadOuryearsorlessofeducationwithaboutaquarterdescribingthemselvesasilliterate.Amongthosewhodidnotread35percenthaddementiaatthestartofthestudyincreasingto48percentfouryearslater.Amongtheliteraterespondents18percenthaddementiaattheoutsetrisingto27percent.Afteradjustingforsocialclassageandotherriskfactorsthescientistscalculatedthatilliteratepeoplewerethreetimesmorelikelytohavedementia.Theywerealsotwiceaslikelytocontractitoverthefouryearsoftheinvestigation.Itisimpossibletosayforcertainthatthelinkmeansthatliteracydelaysdementia.ItmaybethatpeoplewhomanagedtogetabettereducationbeforearrivingintheUSwerealsodifferentinotherways.HoweverDrArceRenteriasaid:zzWhatthisprovidesisstrongevidenceforaprettystronglink.”【小题8]HowdidtheresearchersdrawtheconclusionA.Bycarryingouttests.B.Bymakingacomparison.C.Byworkingonanassumption.D.Byanalyzingdifferentanswers.Advancedtechnologybringswithitalotofbenefitstous.Youcannowpreventthespeechofasingletargetpersonfrombeingrecordedbyusingadevicecalledvoicejammer.Voicejammersworkmuchlikenoise-cancellingheadphoneswhicheffectivelyremoveunwantedbackgroundsoundwavesoutofexistencebyplayingbackacopyoftheunwantedsoundwithiswavepatterninverted(反向的).Suchvoicejammersgenerallystopelectroniceavesdropping(窃听)onconversationsbybroadcastinginversesoundwavesthataffectallmicrophoneswithinearshot.Thiscanpreventnearbypeoplesphonesfrompickinguptheirvoicesiftheytrytomakeacallandcanstoptheminteractingwithsmartassistantswarningthatsomethingstrangeisgoingon.NowQibenYanatMichiganStateUniversityandhiscolleagueshavecreatedavoicejammerthatcantargetaspecificvoicewithoutcausinginterruptiontoanyoneelse.Theydidthisbytraininganartificialintelligencecalledaneuralnetworktoisolate(隔断)aspeakersvoiceallowingthejammertocreateaninversesoundmatchedtotheirspeech.RatherthansendinganaudiblesoundtheirtoolcalledNeuralEnhancedCancellation(NEC)makesuseofabugfoundinallbutthemostexpensivemicrophones.Thisbugintroducessoundsatsetdistancesaboveandbelowthemicrophonesrecordingfrequencies.NECisabletoplayitsinversespeechintheultrasonic(超声波)rangesothathumanscanthearit.Doingthisatthepointofrecordingprovidesthenecessaryfrequenciestosecretlyblockanaudiblevoice.TheteamfoundthatNECblockedvoicesonarangeofsmartphonesfromAppleXiaomiandSamsungatadistanceofupto
3.6metres.Andthistechnologycouldbeuseful.[小题9]HowdovoicejammerspreventaspeechfrombeingrecordedA.Byplayinginversesoundwaves.B.Byinteractingwithsmartassistants.C.Bykeepingwavepatternunchanged.D.Bybroadcastingdifferentsoundwaves.MostteenagerskilltimeplayingvideogamesorsurfingTikTok.NotWilliamGadourya14-year-oldfromMathaQuebec.WilliamGadouryhasbeencrazyabouttheMayansformostofhischildhoodeversincehisgrandparentsboughthimbooksaboutthecivilization.Whatstartedasahobbyatage12snowballedintoseriousresearchandhetheorizedthatthelocationsofMayancitiesmightcorrespondtostarsinMayanconstellations(星座).UsingancientbooksGadouryanalyzed22MayanconstellationmapsandcoveredthepositionsontoGoogleEarthimagesoftheYucatanPeninsulawhichtothisdayishometolargelocalpopulationsandsomebest-preservedarchitecturefromMayanculture.HewouldtracktheconstellationsfromGoogleEarthusingspecialsheetscoveringthemontothepositionofMayancitiesonapapermap.Theteenwasabletoshowthat117Mayancitiesmatchedupwiththepositionofthestarswiththebrighteststarsrepresentingbiggercities.•••【小题10]HowdidGadourycarryouthisresearchaccordingtoParagraph2A.Bytrackingthebest-preservedbuildingonmaps.B.Byanalyzing117Mayancitiesinancientbooks.C.Bycheckingstarmapsagainstsatelliteimages.D.ByupdatingtheGoogleEarthontheInternet.Radiocarbondatinghasrevealedtwofake(伪造的)paintingsinFrance-probablythefirsttimethetechniquehasbeenusedinapoliceinvestigation.Thepaintingsweresupposedlyworksfromaroundtheearlytwentiethcentury.ButateamledbyscientistLucileBeckattheUniversityofParis-Saclaydatedthemtosometimewithinthepast70years.Theuseofradiocarbondatingisgainingpopularitythankstoadvancesthatrequiresmallersamplesthaneverbefore.Removingtiniersamplesfromartworkisbecomingmorepalatabletomuseumsandownersofpaintings.Ifthereisachancethatapaintingisgenuine-andthereforevaluable-theydontwantthecollectionoflargersamplestodamageit.Alllivingthingstakeincarbonincludingradioactivecarbon-14fromtheatmosphereandfromfood.Whenaplantcommonlyusedtomakeoilpaintingclothdiesthecarbon-14thatitcontainedcontinuestofalloff.RadiocarbondatingmeasureswhatslefttoestimatethetimethatspassedsaysMariaelenaFediaphysicistattheNationalInstituteforNuclearPhysicsinFlorenceItaly.Atomic-bomb(原子弹)testingwhichbeganinthe1940sandtookoffinthe1950squicklyincreasedtheamountofcarbon-14intheatmosphere.Carbon-14peakedaround1964andwentdownafterapartialbanonnucleartests.Researcherscaneasilyidentifymaterialscontainingmodernbomb-producedradiocarbonbecausetheircarbon-14concentrationsarehigherthanpre-1950slevels.Becksteamtesteditssamplestoseewhethertheyborethefeatureofthatbomb-producedradioactivecarbon-
14.Thecanvasfiberfromthepaintingsclearlycontainedcarbonfromeitherthemid-1950soraftertheyear2000theresearchersreported.Beckacknowledgedthatideallytheteamwoulddofurtherchemicalanalysistosupportitsfindingsbuttheresearcherswerelimitedbythetighttime.【/J、题11]HowdoesradiocarbondatingworkA.Byanalyzingsamplesfromartwork.B.Byremovingthesmallersamples.C.Bymeasuringthecarbon-14left.D.Bytestingthecarboninthesample.InanewstudyIowaPsychologistEdWassermangavethepigeonscomplexcategorizationteststhathigh-levelthinkingwouldnotaidinsolving.Insteadthepigeonsbytrialanderroreventuallywereabletomemorizeenoughsituationsinthetest.Thisbasicprocessofmakingassociations-consideredalower-levelthinkingtechnique-isthesamebetweenthetest-takingpigeonsandthelatestAladvances.Theresearcherssoughttofigureouttwotypesoflearning:onedeclarativelearningjsbasedonexercisingreasonaccordingtoasetofrulesorstrategies-aso-calledhigherleveloflearningownedmostlybypeople.Theotherassociativelearningcentersonrecognizingandmakingconnectionsbetweenobjectsorpatternssuchassky-blueandwater-wetWassermansteamdesignedadifficulttesttofindoutwhetherthepigeonsusedeclarativeorassociativelearning.Eachtestpigeonwasshownastimulus(闻J激)andhadtodecidebypecking(啄)abuttonontherightoronthelefttowhichcategorythatstimulusbelongedWhatmadethetestsodemandingwasthatnorulesorlogicwouldhelpfinishthetask.Theyhavetomemorizetheindividualstimuliorregionsfromwherethestimulioccur.Overhundredsofteststhefourtestpigeonseventuallyuppedtheirscorefrom50%toanaverageof68%right.“ThepigeonsarelikeAlmasters/WassermanSays.Bothofthememployassociativelearningandvetthatbase-levelthinkingiswhatallowedthepigeonstoultimatelyscoresuccessfully/Ifpeopleworetotakethesametesttheydscorepoorlyandwouldprobablygiveupbecausetheyrelysoheavilyonrulesorstrategies.Thoseruleswouldgetinthewayoflearning.Thepigeondoesnthavethathigh-levelthinkingprocess.Butitdoesntgetinthewayoftheirlearning.Infactinsomewaysitfacilitatesit.“PeoplearestunnedbyAldoingamazingthingsusingalearningalgorithm(算法)muchlikethepigeon/Wassermansaysyetwhenpeopletalkaboutassociativelearninginhumansandanimalsitisdiscountedasinflexibleanduncomplicated/[小题12]HowdidthepigeonimprovetheirperformanceinthetestA.Bypeckingthestimuli.B.Byfindingrulesorlogic.C.Bycompactingwitheachother.D.Bymakingnumerousattempts.WeallknowthateatinglaterinthedayisntgoodforourwaistlinesbutwhyAnewstudyweighedinonthatquestionbycomparingpeoplewhoatethesamefoods-butatdifferenttimesintheday.Z/Doesthetimethatweeatmatterwheneverythingelseiskeptconsistent”saidfirstauthorNinaVujovicaresearcheratBostonsBrighamandWomensHospital.Theanswerwasyes-eatinglaterinthedaywilldoubleyouroddsofbeinghungrieraccordingtothestudypublishedinthejournalCellMetabolism(新陈代谢).Thestudydoesshoweatinglaterresultsinanincreaseinhungerimpactshormonesandalsochangesgeneexpressionespeciallyintermsoffatmetabolismwithatendencytowardslessfatbreakdownandmorefatdeposition/saidDr.BhanuPrakashKollaaprofessorofpsychiatryandpsychologyattheMayoClinicCollegeofMedicine.Thestudywassmall-only16overweightorobesepeople-butcarefullyplannedtoeliminateotherpotentialcausesofweightgain.Allparticipantswereingoodhealthwithnohistoryofdiabetesorshiftworkandhadregularphysicalactivity.Eachpersoninthestudykepttoastricthealthysleep/wakescheduleforaboutthreeweeksandwereprovidedwithpreparedmealsatfixedtimesforthreedaysbeforethelabexperimentbegan.Participantswerethendividedintotwogroupsrandomly.Onegroupatecalorie-controlledmealsat8amnoonand4pmwhiletheotheratethesamemealsfourhourslateratnoon4pmand8pmforthesixdaysreportedinthestudy.Measuresofhungerandappetiteweregathered18timeseachwhiletestsforbodyfattemperatureandenergyexpendituresweregatheredonthreeseparatedays.Afterabreakofafewweeksthesameparticipantsreversedtheprocedure-thosewhohadeatenearliermovedtothelateeatinggroupandviceversathususingeachpersonastheirowncontrol.Resultsshowedthathungerpangsdoubledforthoseonanight-eatingregime规贝
1.Peoplewhoatelaterinthedayalsoreportedadesireforsaltyfoodsmeatandtoalesserextentadesirefordairyfoodsandvegetables.[小题13]HowwastheexperimentperformedA.Byconductingalarge-scaledtest.B.Byanalyzingthecausesofthephenomenon.C.Bycollectingmanydatatofacilitatethestudy.D.Bygivingexamplestoprovethescientificresearch.NotplaisaLondon-basedfirmthatmakesaseaweed-basedsubstituteforsingle-useplasticpackaging.AlthoughsomeofNotpla*sproductsaresuitabletobeeatentheyaredesignedtobedissolvedafterusage.Thecompanysfilmwrapismadeofseaweedlininginsteadofaconventionalplastic-basedcoating.Thismakesthefilmfullybiodegradableandidealforuseaspackagingforcupboardandbathroomsupplieslikecoffeeandtoiletpaper.AccordingtotheUnitedNations331millionkilogramsofplasticgarbageisproducedannuallyaroundtheworld.Roughly60%oftheestimated
9.15billiontonsofplasticproducedsincetheearly1950shasbeentakentolandfillsorabandonedoutdoors.•••【小题14]Howdoestheauthormainlydevelopparagraph2A.Bycomparingfacts.B.Bygivingexamples.C.Byraisingquestions.D.Bypresentingfigures.参考答案AACBDAABACCDCD。