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考达岗明小题必练1:名词名词是中学英语的主要词汇之一,也是新高考的重要考点名词部分主要考查名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配、名词的数(可数与不可数、单数与复数),尤其具体语境中名词的数、名词的所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词的构词法,名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等在高考试题中,名词常结合其它项目一起考查,考查题型以完形填空、语法填空为主预计2021年的新高考名词在语法填空中考查以词类变化为主;在完形填空中考查名词的辨析为主在学习过程中,要掌握常用名词的基本用法,注意一词多义和旧词新义另外要多归纳总结,做题时要结合语境考追透瓠考点1可数名词的复数【典例】(2020•浙江卷)Latertheylearnedtoworkwiththe(season)plantingattherighttimeandindryareasmakinguseofannualfloodstoirrigate(灌溉)theirfields.【答案】seasons【解析】考查名词复数句意后来,他们学会了因地制宜,在适当的时间播种,在干旱地区,利用每年的洪水来灌溉农田分析句子,提示词的词性为可数名词,应用复数形式故填seasonso【技法点拨】
(1)规则变化反对,不可数名词故填disagreementSorryIcan,treadtheexpressonherface.【答案】expression【解析】结合句意”对不起,我无法理解她脸上的表情分析句子结构可知,空处需用名词作宾语;express的名词是expression“表情”,此处表示特指她脸上的表情需用单数故填expressiorioReachingthisagreementsoquicklywasagreatachieve.【答案】achievement【解析】great了不起的,形容词,后需接名词;achieve的名词是achievement成就,可数名词,由空前不定冠词a可知,空处名词用单数形式故填achievementThevillagershereallrespecthimforhisdevotetothehealthcare.【答案】devotion【解析】句意这里的村民都尊敬他对医疗保健的献身精神devotion译为奉献,忠诚,是不可数名词;his后应接名词形式,故填devotionTheywerenotintheleastworriedaboutthepossiblethatsweetscouldrottheteeth.【答案】possibility【解析】句意他们一点也不担心糖果有可能会腐蚀牙齿由空前的the可知,设空处应用提示词的名词形式作wereworriedabout的宾语possibility”可能性,可能发生的事物”,故填possibility.Thegirlkeptworkinghardandgainedadmittotheworld-famousuniversity.【答案】admission【解析】由后文theworld-famousuniversity可知此处应是“上大学,admissionto允许进入,固定短语结合句意,故填admissionAnyhowtheydidnttrustmesotheydidntdeserveaanexplain.【答案】explanation【解析】句意不管怎样他们都不信任我,所以他们不值得解释aan后加名词单数形式,故填explanationoIexplainedthateachpersonhasdifferentideasofwhatfreeis.【答案】freedom【解析】句意我解释说,每个人对自由有不同的理解free形容词,自由的,其名词形式是freedom自由结合句意可知,本空应该是名词形式故填freedomThevillagewherehewasbornhaschangedbeyond介词/超出recognize.【答案】recognition【解析】考查不可数名词beyond是介词,后接名词作宾语,recognize认出,是动词,其名词形式是recognitionbeyondrecognition无法辨认,故填recognitionTherehasbeennorespondtohisremarksfromthegovernment.【答案】response【解析】句意政府没有对他的言论作出回应havenoresponseto...对没有回应固定短语,故填responseoDifferentpersonshavedifferentbelieve.【答案】beliefs【解析】different后跟名词believe的名词是belief意为“信仰,信念,由different可知belief应该用复数,即beliefs故填beliefsMyparentsareinahugeargueandIamreallyupsetaboutit.【答案】argument【解析】考查名词单数形容词修饰名词,根据前面的不定冠词a可知,此处用名词单数argument争论故填argumentoWehaveourfurnituremovedtothenewhousewhenthedecorateofthehouseisfinished.【答案】decoration【解析】句意房子装修完毕后,我们把家具搬到新房子里去了定冠词the后要使用其名词形式,decoration装饰,装修,不可数名词结合句意,故填decorationNotonlyfoodandclothingbutalsomedicaltreathasbeenprovidedforthepeoplewhoneeditinthefloodedareas.【答案】treatment【解析】句意不仅为受灾地区的人们提供了食物和衣服,而且还为他们提供了医疗服务结合句意和空格前的形容词medical可知,此处应是treat的名词形式treatment故填treatmentoIregardcreativebothasagiftandasaskill.【答案】creativity【解析】句意我认为创造力既是一种天赋,也是一种技能regardsth.as..•把某事物看作,regard后接名词creativity创造性为不可数名词故填creativityHelosttheelectbyonevote.【答案】election【解析】句意他因一票之差落选了分析句子可知,空格处做lost的宾语,且前面有定冠词,所以,要用名词elect的名词election“选举”故填electionNowadaysconcertsheldinsportsstadiumarecommonanditseemsthateveryfewyearthereisanewboybandtryingtobringbackthemagicoftheBeatles.【答案】years【解析】句意如今,在体育场举行音乐会是很常见的,似乎每隔几年就会有一个新的男孩乐队试图重现披头土的魔力year年,名词;everyfew修饰可数名词复数,故填years
36.Visitorswerestruckbythenaturalsceneryherewhichwasbeautifulbeyond.describe【答案】description【解析】句意:游客们被这里的自然风光所吸引,那是无法形容的美丽beyonddescription是固定短语,意为无法形容“,故填descriptionHisvividdescriptionsofcountrylifequicklybecamepopularwhichestablishedhisasoneofAmericasgreatestwriters.A.trustB.contactC.reputationD.theory【答案】C【解析】句意他对乡村生活的生动描述迅速流行起来,这树立了他作为美国伟大作家之一的声誉A.trust信任;B.contact联系;C.reputation声誉;D.theory理论根据句意尤其是greatestwriters可知此处用reputation声誉”符合语境,故选C项Nowadaysthefortravellingisshiftedfromshoppingtofoodandscenery.pension【答案】A【解析】句意当今,旅行的重点从购物转变成了品尝美食和欣赏风景A.priority优先;优先权;B.potential潜在的可能的;C.proportion比例占比;D.pension退休金抚恤金故选AWecanobservethatartificialintelligencehasalreadymadeanonourlivesinmanyways.A.statementB.impactC.impressionD.judgment【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析句意我们能够看到人工智能在许多方面已经对我们的生活产生了强烈的影响statement“陈述说明;impact强烈的影响,冲击力”;impression”印象,感想;judgement”判断力判断”故选BThethatthereislifeonotherplanetsintheuniversehasalwaysinspiredscientiststoexploretheouterspace.A.adviceB.orderC.possibilityD.invitation【答案】C【解析】句意宇宙中其它星球上存在生命这种可能性总是激励科学家们去探索外部空间A.advice建议;B.order命令;C.possibility可能性;D.invitation邀请故选C注意:名词前有man或woman修饰,变复数时作定语的man或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数如womandoctorfwomendoctors
(2)不规则变化
①常见单复数同形的名词Chinese中国人;sheep绵羊;deer鹿;series系列;means方式;works工厂;fish鱼;fruit水果等其中fishfruit表示种类时可加复数词尾即fishesfruits
②自身有特殊变化的名词child孩子-childrenman男人fmentooth牙一teethfoot脚,英尺一feetmouse老鼠fmicephenomenon现象fphenomenamedium传播媒介fmedia考点2名词的语法功能(2020•山东卷)Historical(accurate)isimportantbutsoisentertainment.【答案】accuracy【解析1句意:历史的准确性很重要,但娱乐也很重要此处作主语,位于形容词historical之后,应使用名词,意为“历史的准确性”故填accuracy【技法点拨】Theyoungwomanplayedanimportantpartinthematter.那年轻女人在这彳牛事上举足轻重HisgrandpajoinedtheRedArmyattheageoffifteen他爷爷十五岁时参加红军
(1)作及物动词的直接宾语Imetyourelderbrotherinthestreeto我在街上碰见你哥哥了HaveyoufinishedthelettertoJane你写完给珍的信了吗?
(2)作及物动词的间接宾语Itoldmystudentsafunnystory.我给学生们讲一个有趣的故事Sheaskedthedoctoranotherquestion.她问了医生另一个问题
(3)作介词的宾语After20years,travelinghesettleddowninLiangxiang.二十年的流浪后,他在良乡定居Doyoustillaskyourparentsformoney你还向爸妈要钱吗?Itsagoodideatoplanttreeshere.在这里栽些树是个好主意Sheisnowaprofessorwhileherhusbandremainsaworker.她现在是教授而丈夫仍是个工人TheyelectedTomheadoftheworkshop.他们推选汤姆当车间的头(职务名词作宾补前面不加冠词)TheoldmancalledmyuncleXiaoLi.老人喊我叔叔小李
(1)直接作定语,通常用单数形式collegestudents大学生girlfriend女友vegetablegarden菜园basketballmatch篮球赛Letsstopbythebookstoreonthewayhome.回家的路上,我们的书店停一下吧!Heboughttheshoesinthatshoeshop.这双鞋他是在那个鞋店买的
(2)名词所有格作定语studentsbooks学生用书Chinascapital中国的首都theworldspopulation世界人口
(3)manwomangentleman作定语manwomangentleman作定语时可以用单数和复数两种形式,但必须随所修饰名词的数而定Hesaidthattwowomendoctorswouldcometoourvillagethenextday.他说明天有两个女医生到我们村子来Therearemanymenteachersinourschool.我们学校有很多男教师
(4)某些常用复数的名词用作定语某些常用复数的名词,当它们用作定语时,也须用复数形式armsproduction武器生产clothesshop服装商店salesdepartment营业部agoodstrain货车savingsbank储蓄所foreignlanguagesdepartment夕卜语系
(5)单位名称、报纸、广播、电视等的标题中经常出现复数名词作定语LearningSkillscenter学习技巧交流中心TheBoysClub男孩俱乐部
(6)表示类别时名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯apeasantfamily/boy(peasant习惯直接作定语)aworkersfamily(worker习惯用所有格作定语)
(7)两种定语有时并存但意义不一样womendrivers女司机thewomansdriver这位妇女的司机girlfriend女朋友thegirTsfriend这女孩的朋友mothertongue母语motherstongue母亲的舌头
(8)名词作定语强调被修饰成分的内容或职能,与其同根的形容词作定语则强调特点或属性goldwatch金表(指手表是含金的)goldenwatch金色的表(指表是金色的,但不一定含金)时间名词、数量名词、距离名词等有时可以作状语Thesoldierswalked50kilometersatanight.战士们一夜行军五十公里Yoursuitcaseweighs10kilograms.你的手提箱重10千克考点3名词辨析(2020•山东卷•完形填空)MolaigrewupinatinyvillageinIndia.Thevillagelaynearsomewetlandswhichbecamehissecond
1.Helearnedthevalueandbeautyof2therefromaveryyoungage.Whenhewas16Molaibegantonoticesomethingdisturbinghappeningaroundhishome.Afloodhadhittheareaearlierthatyearandthe3itcausedhaddrivenawayanumberofbirds.Besidesthenumberofsnakeshaddeclinedaswell.Herealizedthatitwasbecausetherewerentenoughtreestoprotectthemfromthe4Thesolutionofcoursewastoplanttreessotheanimalscouldseek5duringthedaytime.Heturnedtothe6departmentforhelpbutwastoldthatnothingwouldgrowthere.HoweverMolaiwentlookingonhisownanddiscoveredanearbyislandwherehebegantoplanttrees.【答案】【解析】.考查名词词义辨析句意:这个村庄位于一些湿地附近,那里成了他的第二个家A.dream梦想;B.job工作;C.home家;D.choice选择根据空前的second可知,他出生的村庄是他的家,村庄附近的一些“湿地”成为了他的第二个“家”故选C.考查名词词义辨析句意:他从小就在那里了解到了大自然的价值和美丽A.nature自然;B.youth青春年轻;C.culture文化;D.knowledge知识湿地展现了“大自然”的价值和美故选A.考查名词词义辨析句意:那年早些时候,一场洪水袭击了这个地区,洪水造成的损害赶走了很多鸟类A.waste废物;B.tension紧张;C.pain疼痛,痛苦;D.damage损害,伤害洪水侵袭这个地区,它会“损害”庄稼、树木,这些都会导致鸟儿们离开故选D.考查名词词义辨析句意:他意识到这是因为没有足够的树来保护它们免受炎热的影响A.noise噪音;B.heat热;C.disease疾病;D.dust尘土根据常识可知,树木可以提供阴凉,从而保护鸟类和蛇类免受炎热的影响故选B.考查名词词义辨析句意当然,解决的办法是种树,这样动物们就可以在白天寻找栖身之处A.directions方向;B.partners伙伴,合作伙伴;C.help帮助;D.shelter遮蔽,庇护,遮蔽物树木可以给动物们提供“遮蔽”故选D.考查名词词义辨析句意:他向森林部门求助,但被告知那里什么也不长A.labor劳动;B.police警察;C.forest森林;D.finance财政,金融根据前一句中的“Thesolutionofcoursewastoplanttrees”可知,Molai想要种树,所以他应该向“森林”部门求助故选C考员裒地Filledwithcurioustheartistpackedhisbagsandleft.【答案】curiosity【解析】介词with的宾语应该由名词充当,故用名词形式curiosityThefarsideofthemoonisofparticularinterestingtoscientistsbecauseithasalotofdeepcraters环形山,moresothanthefamiliarnearside.【答案】interest【解析】此处考查beofinterest该短语相当于beinterestingofparticularinterest相当于particularlyinteresting形容词particular应修饰名词interestChineseNewYearisacelebratemarkingtheendofthewinterseasonandthebeginningofspring.【答案】celebration【解析】根据空白处之前的a和后面的非谓语动词marking可知此处应填名词celebrationoWhentheywerefreefromworktheyinvitedustolocaleventsandletusknowofaninterestingcompetetowatchtogetherwiththestorybehindit.【答案】competition【解析】句意当他们下班后,他们邀请我们参加当地的活动,他们告诉我们一个有趣的比赛可以观看,以及背后的故事由空格前的interesting形容词,修饰名词故填competitionAmere5to10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromallcause.【答案】causes【解析】句意每天跑步只需5到10分钟,就能降低患心脏病的风险和因各种原因导致的早期死亡cause是一个可数名词,表示“原因”,由空格前的all可知,此处应该用复数形式,故填causesoMakingChinesedishisseenasespeciallytroublesome.【答案】dishes【解析】根据修饰词Chinese可知用可数名词的复数dishes表示〃中国菜〃I’masciencewhostudiesanimalssuchasapesandmonkeys.【答案】scientist【解析】句意:我是研究猿和猴子等动物的科学家设空处作表语,说明主语的身份;根据提示词science可知填scientistoWewouldmuchappreciateguidefromanexpertinthisfield.【答案】guidance【解析】句意我们非常感谢该领域专家的指导根据句意可知I空处需用名词作appreciate的宾语;guide的名词形式是guidance故填guidanceTheyoftengiveperforminpubsatweekends.【答案】performances【解析】performance名词,表演give是及物动词,后面加名词或者代词根据Theyoften可知,用复数,故填performancesTomwasdoinghishomeworkandtheboyswhowereplayingoutsidehishouseaddedanxioustohim.【答案】anxiety【解析】anxiety焦虑,令人焦虑的事;anxiety作“令人着急、焦虑的事”解,是可数名词,引申可表示为某事焦虑,常译成“渴望,热望,焦虑”,是不可数名词故填anxietyWeallhaveanexpectthathecanpassthedrivingtestnextweek.【答案】expectation【解析】本空要使用名词做宾语,名词expectation“期盼”是可数名词,根据an可知,使用单数形式,故填expectationWehadnohesitateinhelpingthesuffererswhentheterribleearthquakehitthecountry.【答案】hesitation【解析】havenohesitationindoingsth.毫不犹豫地做某事,固定搭配故填hesitationThearriveoftheplanehasbeendelayedduetothefog.【答案】arrival【解析】此处用名词作主语,arrival名词,到达故填arrivalInmanywaysmydisablehashelpedmegrowstrongerpsychologicallyandbecomemoreindependent.【答案】disability【解析】形容词性物主代词后跟名词形式,disable的名词形式是disability根据has可知,此处使用其单数形式,故填disabilityComparedtotheadvantagesoftheInternetthoseofthetelevisionalonewillnotbeenoughtoensureitssurviveandmanypeoplethinkthelatterwillbereplaced.【答案】survival【解析】its是形容词性物主代词,修饰名词,survive是动词,其名词是survival意为幸存,生存故填survivalYou,dbettertakeintoaccountyourownstrongandweaknessesbeforechoosingamajor.【答案】strengths【解析】your是形容词性物主代词,后面要接名词;strength力量,优势,可数名词,根据后面的andweaknesses可知,此处应用相应的名词复数形式故填strengthsThelittleboywascuriousabouteverythingaroundhimandhisparentsalwayssatisfiedhiscurious.【答案】curiosity【解析】his为形容词性物主代词,后面需接名词,curiosity好奇心,不可数名词故填curiosityIlikediscoveringthedifferentbetweendifferentcultures.【答案】difference【解析】根据the可知,此处用名词做宾语,difference差异,故填differenceTheheadmasterdidntseemtobeawarethatthereshouldhavebeensomuchdisagreeaboutthedecision.【答案】disagreement【解析】much修饰不可数名词disagree不同意反对,动词原形disagreement不同意,情况方法例词一般情况加一Sstudentsteachersdoctorstables以sxchsh结尾加一es(如果词尾-ch发音为/k/要+s如stomachs)glassesdishesboxeswatches以辅音字母+y结尾变y为i再加一esfamiliesbabiesarmiesbodies以元音字母+y结尾加一sboystoyspianosphotos以f或fe结尾大都变f或fe为v再加—esthieveswivesknivesshelveslives少数加一sbeliefsproofsroofschiefs以结尾通常加一Sradiosvideoszoostobaccos有的加一esheroespotatoestomatoes以一o结尾的名词加一es的情况Negroesheroesechoespotatoestomatoes口诀黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿既可以加一es也可以加一s的情况zerosesmosquitosesvolcanoses以一f或一fe结尾的名词把f或fe去掉,加-ves树叶leafTeaves半数half-halves自己self-selves妻子wife-wives刀knife-knives长条面包loaf-loves架shelf-shelves狼wolf-wolves小偷thief-thieves生命life-lives口诀树叶半数自己黄,妻子拿刀去割粮;架后窜出一只狼,就像小偷逃命忙直接在词尾加-s相信belief-beliefs;悬崖cliff-cliffs证据proof-proofs口诀相信证据在悬崖的顶房上顶房(即房顶、屋顶)roof-roofs以上两种情况均可码头wharf侏儒dwarf围围巾scarf手绢handkerchief码头侏儒围围巾,手绢复数变二心
1.A.dreamB.jobC.homeD.choice
2.A.natureB.youthC.cultureD.knowledge
3.A.wasteB.tensionC.painD.damage
4.A.noiseB.heatC.diseaseD.dust
5.A.directionsB.partnersC.helpD.shelter
6.A.laborB.policeC.forestD.finance。